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Contents
INTRODUCTION .
WHERE ARE WE NOW? THE MOTIVATION FOR CHANGE
Education in Science for the Twenty-First Century, 5
Biology in Elementary School, 6
Biology in the Middle Grades, 7
The Rationale for Middle Schools, 7; Early Adolescence Today, 8;
Science Curricula in Today's Middle Grades, 8; Teacher and Student
Perspectives on Life-Science Courses, 9; Textbooks for Life-Science Courses,
9; Conclusions, 9
Biology in High School, 10
The Importance and Teaching of Fundamental Concepts, 10; Textbooks, 11;
Teachers, 11 Conclusions, 12
CURRICULAR GOALS FOR THE NEAR FUTURE 13
Elementary School, 13
Time for Science, 13; Natural History as One Focus, 14; The Need to
Explore, 15; Achievement Tests, 15; Science Education of Elementary-School
Science Teachers, 16; Conclusions, 17; Recommendations, 17
Middle School, 18
Human Biology as a Focus, 18; Course Structure, 19; Conclusions, 20;
Recommendations, 20
High School, 20
Examples of What Is Needed, 21
Conclusions and Recommendations
X1
: The Scope of Change, 25
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. .
X11
CONTENTS
4 IMPEDIMENTS TO IMPLEMENTING CURRICULAR CHANGE:
TEXTS, TESTS, AND CLASSROOM PRACTICE 27
Textbooks, 27
The Present Situation, 27; Forces That Shape Textbooks, 30; How Can Things
Change?, 32; Recommendations, 33
Laboratory Activity, 34
The Importance of Laboratory Activity, 34; Current Failures of Laboratory
Instruction, 36; Conclusions, 37; Recommendations, 38
Tests and Testing, 40
Current Perceptions of Student Performance, 40; Standardized Tests, 41;
Teacher-Made Tests, 43; The Educational Impact of Tests, 43; Conclusions,
45; Recommendations, 46
Other Factors That Hinder Effective Education, 49
Recommendations, 51
5 IMPEDIMENTS TO IMPLEMENTING CURRICULAR CHANGE:
TRAINING AND SUPPORT OF TEACHERS
Preservice Education: Teaching the Teachers, 53
Preservice Education of High-School Biology Teachers, 53; Preservice
Education of Elementary-School, Middle-School, and Junior-High School
Teachers, 54; The Process of Induction in the Education of Precollege
Teachers, 55; Currents of Reform and Their Possible Impact, 55; Conclusions,
57; Recommendations, 57
Licensing and Certification of Teachers, 59
Licensing, 59; Certification, 62; Conclusions, 63; Recommendations, 63
Inservice Education: How Teachers Continue to Learn, 64
Background, 64; Reform Movements and Inservice Programs, 66; The
Concept of Mentors, 67; Conclusions, 69; Recommendations, 69
6 RECRUITING SCIENTISTS, TEACHERS, TECHNICIANS, AND
PHYSICIANS
The Generality of Basic Educational Goals in Science, 72
An Important Role for Universities and University Scientists, 73
Recommendations, 75
The Need for a National Fellowship Program to Attract Outstanding Young
People into Teaching, 76
Recommendations, 76
Sex, Demographics, and Recruitment, 77
Attracting Women and Minority-Group Members into Research Careers in
Biology; 78; Attracting Women and Minority-Group Members into Teaching
Careers in Biology, 79; Conclusions, 79; Recommendations, 79
. . .53
. 72
7 OTHER MODES AND CONTEXTS FOR TEACHING SCIENCE .... 81
Integrating Biology with Other Sciences, 81
Recommendations, 82
Advanced-Placement Biology, 83
The Present Advanced-Placement Program in Biology, 83; The Success of AP
Biology, 84; Opinions of Teachers and Parents, 85; Conclusions, 86;
Recommendations, 86
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CONTENTS
A Capstone High-School Course in Science, 88
Rationale: Integrating Science and Society, 88; Organization and Content, 88;
Benefits and Costs, 89; Recommendations, 89
The Roles of Special Science Schools and Centers, 90
Older, Specialized Public High Schools, 90; Magnet Schools, 91; Residential
Schools for Science and Mathematics, 92; Centers for Science and
Technology, 93; Recommendations, 93
8 ACHIEVING NATIONAL GOALS: DILEMMA AND
RESOLUTION........................................
What Have We Learned from Three Decades of Attempted
Educational Reform?, 94
lithe Need for National Leadership and Federal Funding, 96
A Role for the Scientific Community Through the National Academy
of Sciences and the National Research Council, 98
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
REFERENCES . . .
APPENDIXES
. . .
X111
....94
102
.............. 115
123
COMMITTEE MEMBERS 145
INDEX
... 147
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