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OCR for page 365
Index
A
Abstinence, as a health education outcome,
38, 52, 63, 78
Academic researchers, 98, 198, 203
Accessibility of services. See Counseling and
testing projects
Accidental samples, 327, 328, 329
Adequacy of services. See Counseling and
testing projects
Administrative records, 17, 88-90, 91-92,
105-106, 111
Advertising, paid, 64
Aggregate analysis of effectiveness, 75
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome). See also Ethnographic
studies; Natural history studies
attitudes toward, 53, 80, 154, 158
demonstration projects, 91-92, 142, 167
epidemiology of, 166, 207, 213
incubation period of, 37
knowledge about, 41 45, 62, 65, 73, 154,
158
news coverage about, 76
prevalence rates, 80, 106n.4, 164, 165,
287n.67
research, 98, 149, 165, 198, 201, 213, 251,
268, 274, 290-291, 293
treatment, 80, 122, 338
AIDS hotline, 25, 62, 66-67, 68-69, 70-71,
74, 7~76, 78, 80
Alcohol
365
and reporting bias, 243-244, 263
compliance with treatment for alcoholism,
136
ALIVE, cohort of drug users, 167
Allegheny County, Pa, seroprevalence
survey, 233, 235-236
American Social Heals Association, 66, 80
America Responds to AIDS, 50, 51, 59, 60,
61, 63, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 335
Anal intercourse
reporting bias, 242, 243, 244-245, 248,
282
Anonymity
HIV testing, 111, 120, 146, 161
in surveys, 217, 232, 236, 296, 321-322
Antabuse and treatment compliance, 136
Antismoking, program evaluation of, 15, 323
Archival data, 74, 78, 153
Arrestees, as sampling frame, 329
Assumptions
covariance analysis, 16~170
interrupted time series analysis, 14~147
matching studies, 163-164
modeling techniques, 175-179, 180
natural experiments, 161
nonrandomized studies, 126, 186-187
randomized experiments, 125
regression designs, 14~150, 152
survey measures, 244 245
Attrition, 23, 98, 120, 125, 129n.10,
131-132, 186
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366 ~ INDEX
modeling, 135, 325-326
prevention, 135-136, 317, 318, 321-325
Autocorrelated error, 149
B
Before-and-after evaluation designs, 93-94,
184
Behavioral change, 40, 45, 5~55, 166
and knowledge of serostatus, 115
counseling and testing projects, 102, 332
measurement of, 46, 93, 116-117,
209-210, 245
motivation, 125
theory, 28
Behavioral outcomes, 35, 37-38, 41 44
Behavioral surveys. See Drug use, surveys;
Sexual behavior, surveys
Bias, 47. See also Reporting bias; Selection
bias
Biological outcomes, 35, 37-41, 154-155,
211
Bisexual men, studies of, 163, 167, 287n.67,
327-328
Blacks
AIDS cases among, 52
drug use among, 289n.68, 291, 292
and reports of sexual behaviors, 263
Bleach distribution, 89, 99, 148, 332
Blinded experiments, 26n.8, 143
Blocking, in a research design, 320
Blood banks, as HIV test sites, 103
Blood samples, 223-224, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 238
Breast cancer, observational and randomized
studies of, 138-139
Broadcast Advertisers Reports, 66, 68, 70
C
Califorriia, 287-288, 293
Department of Health Services survey, 218,
23~231
"Captive" populations, 292
Case studies, 18, 30, 126n.5.
community-based organizations, 86-88, 91,
92, 318-319
counseling and testing projects, 110,
112-113, 114, 317, 318-319, 339-340
Causation, 124, 126, 127, 131, 171-172, 188
Censuses, 18, 90-91
Centers for Disease Control, 34, 98, 167,
198, 317, 319, 330, 335
CBO grants program, 46, 83, 84, 85, 87,
90, 99
Center for Prevention Services (CPS),
83~4, 85, 88, 90, 102, 106,318,335,
338
counseling and testing projects, 102-1Q4,
105, 106, 110, 204, 338-340
data collection, 17, 91-92, 96, 159, 211,
336, 341
hotline, 25, 62, 66-67, 68~9, 70-71, 74,
75-76, 78, 80
media campaign, 5~51, 52, 65, 66, 78,
79, 158-159
National AIDS Information and Education
Program (NAEP), 50, 52, 54, 60-61,
79, 84, 158, 159, 318, 335
oversight, 121, 202-203, 205
surveys, 234, 326, 340 ~
Children, media campaign and, 52
Client barriers. See Counseling and testing
projects
Client completion. See Counseling and
testing projects
Client surveys, 106-109, 111, 113, 339, 341
Clofibrate and treatment compliance,
132-133, 135
Cognition, 267, 296, 337
Cognitive pretesting of behavioral surveys,
98
Cognitive research strategies, 284 286
Cohort studies. See Longitudinal studies
Community acceptance of evaluation, 23,
14~142
Community-based organizations
case studies, 17, 8~88, 89, 91, 92,
318~319
evaluation of, 27-28, 83-86, 143, 149,
162, 183, 197-198, 321
formative evaluation, 16
outcome evaluation, 37, 93-100
OCR for page 367
INDEX ~ 367
process evaluation, 84, 86-93, 99n.11
program objectives, 34, 46
project review team, 200 205
randomized studies, 94-97, 98, 100, 200,
33~331, 332
recommendations, 91
Comparability design, 126, 188
matching, 161-168
natural expenments, 159-161
quasi-experunents, 111 159
Comparative tests, 116
Comparison groups, 126n.4, 187
matching designs, 162-163
modeling designs, 168, 173, 175-176
natural expenments, 159
regression designs, 152-153
time series designs, 146, 147-148, 149
Compensation, and treatment compliance, 98,
235, 236, 321, 322-323
Compensatory behavior, 131, 134
Competing hypotheses for change, 20, 76,
93, 115, 138, 146, 147, 150-152, 153,
158, 183, 184, 186, 188
Complementary prevention behaviors, 41,
42-43
Compliance, with treatment, 98, 131,
132-133, 135-136, 235, 236, 321,
322-323
Compromised expenments. See Randomized
experiments
Computer-assisted telephone interviewing,
227
Concept testing, 55-56
Condoms, 267-268, 286-287
distribution, 89, 99
media campaign and, 52-53, 55, 211 245
sales as outcome measure, 25, 62, 74,
78-79, 184
use as behavioral outcome, 42, 47, 141,
278
Confidence intervals, 125
Confidentiality, 98, 338
HIV testing, 104, 120, 146
in surveys, 217, 321-322, 341
Confounding variables, 125, 144, 153, 163,
16~169
Consistency in estimates, 181n.49
Construct validity, 247-248
Content validity, 247
Contracting for evaluation, 29, 197-199, 318
Control groups, 47, 93, 126n.4
alternative treatment, 116, 117-119, 331,
332
compensatory behavior, 131, 134
media campaign markets, 62, 64
natural experiments, 161
nonexperimental studies, 20
randomized experiments, 21, 22, 12~130,
131-132, 137
spillover effects, 133-134
Convenience sampling, 111, 317, 318,
32~330
Copy testing, 57-59, 63, 337
Coronary heart disease and treatment
compliance, 132-133, 135
Cost-effectiveness analysis, 17-18, 64, 79
Costs
advertising, 64, 65
CBO studies, 92-93
media campaign evaluation, 60, 65, 71, 80
randomized experiments, 31-32, 5~51,
138-139
Counseling and testing projects
accessibility, 104 105, 109, 112, 338,
339~340
adequacy, 104 105, 109-110, 338
case studies, 110, 112-113, 114, 317,
31~319, 33~340
client barriers, 104-105, 109
client completion, 10~105, 109
data collection, 17, 90, 104, 105-106, 113,
120
evaluation of, 27-28, 43, 197, 200, 203,
204, 326, 331, 332
monitoring, 335, 34~341
observational evaluation, 110
outcome evaluation, 24, 37, 110122
process evaluation, 18, 103-114, 317
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368 ~ INDEX
program objectives, 34, 83, 102, 338
recommendations, 104, 112, 118
referral services, 335, 338-340
sample studies, 327-330
side effects, 36
Counter-hypotheses. See Competing
hypotheses for change
Covariance analysis, 127, 161, 168-171, 187
Criminality and "risky" behavior, 243, 295
Criterion validity, 247
Cross-sectional data, 157-158, 179, 180, 259
Cross-site analysis, 96-97, 200, 201, 203,
205
Cultivating and tracking respondents,
32~325
D
Data collection
availability, 127-128
CBOs. See Community-based organizations
Counseling and testing. See Counseling
and testing projects
covariance analysis, 170
dianes, 242, 322
drug use. See Drug use, surveys
ethnographic. See Ethnographic studies
interrupted time series analysis, 147-149
matching studies, 164-165, 166-168
media campaign. See Media campaign
natural experiments, 161
quality, 46-48, 180n.48
q''nci experimental designs, 153-159
regression designs, 152
selection modeling, 176-180
sexual behavior. See Sexual behavior,
surveys
sharing, 204 205
surveys, 207-210, 216, 217-224, 278n.57
Delayed treatment, 22, 115, 141-142. See
also Wait-list controls
Demographic data, 106, 109, 135, 164 165,
173, 289, 326
Dianes, 242, 322. See also Data collection
Differential reporting bias, 274-275
Differential validity, 47
Direct observation. See Case studies; Client
surveys
Disaggregated analysis of effectiveness, 75
Disulfimm and treatment compliance, 136
Dose-response relationship, 188
Double-blind tests, 26n.8. See also Blinded
experiments
Drug treatment centers, 37, 42, 43, 118, 329
Drug use, 98, 324, 326, 327
behavior, 126, 128, 148, 181, 213
CBO projects, 87, 89, 100, 332
cohort studies, 167-168, 268
counseling and testing services, 116n.10,
118, 119, 121n.12
ethnographic differences, 28~289, 291,
292, 293, 294, 295
measurement bias, 268-275
parmers, 249, 324
reporting bias, 243-244
self-reports, 209, 245n.25, 267-268, 276,
277, 278
seroconversion rates, 39
surveys, 263-275, 328-330
E
Education, as an independent variable,
106n.4, 163, 245n.26
Effect size, 183-184, 32~321
Effectiveness evaluation, 61, 125, 155, 170,
185n.55
community-based organizations, 93-100
counseling and testing, 115, 116
media campaign, 64, 71-72, 75-77
sample sizes, 317, 318, 319-320
Efficacy evaluation, 53, 319~320
community-based organizations, 99 100
media campaign, 61-66, 71
Empirical evidence, 172, 181, 249~275, 281
Empirical studies
drug use, 263-275
memory, 279
sexual behaviors, 240263
Epidemic dynamics, 35n.1
OCR for page 369
INDEX I 369
Epidemiology, 1669 207, 213, 295
Error structure, 169, 179, 211-213, 240,
245n.27
Ethics, in conducting research, 22, 23, 24,
95, 102, 114, 115-116, 124n.1,
130n.11, 137, 141-142, 185, 331-332
Ethnicity, 106n.4, 154, 169-170, 287-288,
293
Ethnographic studies, 277, 279, 286-295,
296
Evaluation, 15, 140, 188-189, 331
collaborative contracting, 197-199
costs of. See Costs
interpretation of results, 186-189, 201
management of, 27-32
measurement. See Measurement
objectives, 317-318
oversight, 200-205
research design, 18-27, 127-128. See also
Before-and-after evaluation designs;
Community-based orgar~ions;
Counseling and testing projects;
Covariance analysis; Matching; Media
campaign; Modeling; Nonexpenmental
studies; Q I-experimental studies
types of, 16-18
validity, 325-326
Experimental studies, 118-119, 280, 296
F
Face validity, 247
Fallibility of measurement, 211-213
Families, media campaign and, 52
Family planning, as outcome measure, 42-43
Feasibility of research, 27-28
CBO studies, 96
randomized experiments, 24, 138-139,
143-144, 323
surveys, 214, 275
Federal agencies, 30-31, 324
Federal Judicial Center, threshold conditions
for randomization, 23
Fertility rates, 39. See also Pregnancy rates
Focus groups, 55-56, 279
Follow-up interviews, 120, 323, 324
Formative evaluation, 1~17, 18, 137
media campaign, 53-61, 337
Funding
community-based organizations, 83~4, 85,
95, 96
counseling and testing services, 102, 115,
347-348
evaluation, 139
selection modeling, 182
G
General Social Survey (GSS), 224-225,
22~227, 238-239, 260
Geographic variations, 28, 75, 76, 110, 154
Government Accounting Office, 65
H
Hawthorne effect, 23, 143n.23
Head Start, program evaluation of, 169~170
Health education/risk reduction projects. See
Community-based organizations
"Heckman lambda" method, 174
Hepatitis B. infection rate as indicator of
behavioral change, 274, 278
Heroin use. See Drug use, surveys
Heterosexuals. See Sexual behavior, surveys
High-risk populations, 111, 114
Highway fatalities, examples of tune series
analyses, 146, 147
Hill's criteria for observational studies, 188
Hispanics
AIDS cases among, 52
attitudes toward homosexuality, 287-288
Historical controls, 174, 179-180, 187,
293-294
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency walrus)
prevalence, 87, 110, 15~155, 233, 234,
293, 319
s~oconversion, 37, 39~0, 43
serostatus, 36, 42, 116-117, 163, 238,
286-287
HIV antibody testing, 36, 42, 43 44,
102-103, 112, 122, 146, 154, 157-158,
160, 161, 185, 236, 332, 335, 340. See
also Counseling and testing projects
HIV counseling, 42, 95, 10~104, 115-116,
119, 332. See also Counseling and
testing projects
OCR for page 370
370 ~ INDEX
HIV Counseling and Testing Report Form,
106, 107-108
"HIV Disease Intervention Skills Inventory,"
104
HIV transmission, 27, 164, 213
behavioral change, 35, 119, 180, 200210
drug use, 263, 267, 295, 328
ethnographic research, 293
fetal, 78, 154
high-nsk groups, 103, 111, 114, 228, 229,
231-232, 249
knowledge about, 35, ~11 45, 52n.2, 53,
112, 157-158
media campaign and, 56, 79
risk behavior, 41-43, 47, 181, 214, 217,
239, 244, 246, 268, 279, 292, 295-296
risk factors, 166, 215-216, 226, 230, 235,
238
risk reduction, 34-35, 37, 122, 200, 204,
205
Household surveys, 67, 69, 73, 111-112,
113-114 and the homeless, 114
Homosexuality, 217, 283, 293
criminal sanctions, 243n.24
ethnicity and attitudes towards, 287-288
self-reporting, 244, 255, 256, 276
studies of homosexual men, 163, 167,
287n.67, 327-328
Homosexual men, 217, 283, 293
AIDS cases, 287n.67
counseling and testing services, 118, 140,
141, 184, 185
HIV testing, 43, 146
and masturbation, 282
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Studies, 163,
166 167, 327-328
San Francisco surveys, 228~229, 233, 328
seroconversion rates, 39
sexual behavior data, 47, 115, 116n.10,
254, 262, 287-288
Hudson, Rock, and public awareness of
ADS, 65
I
Idea generation, 54-55
Identifying vanables, 173-174, 175-177, 179
Illiteracy and self-administered
questionnaires, 222, 276-277
Indoctrination into study, 136
Infant blindness, observational and
randomized studies of, 130, 138
Inferences
covariance analysis, 171
interrupted time series analysis, 149
matching studies, 165-166
modeling techniques, 18(}181
randomized expenments, 186
regression designs, 152-153
survey measures, 243-244
In-house expertise, 30, 318
Institutionalized populations, 114
Institutional review boards, 277
Intermediate (proximate) outcomes, 35
Interrupted time series analysis, 144,
145-149
Interviewers, 282, 284
Invalidation evidence, 249
K
Kinsey, A. C., 210215
Kinsey/NORC survey, 218, 237
L
language and cultural meaning, 57-59,
235-236, 276-277, 280, 296
survey terminology, 45, 282-283, 337
Legislation, as an interruption in a natural
experiment, 80-81, 145-146, 160
Linear regression, 168
Literacy. See ~ language and cultural meaning
Logistics of randomization, 142-144
Longitudinal (cohort) studies, 39, 127, 163,
16~168, 179, 233-234, 249, 25~260,
268, 322, 327
matching in, 162, 166 167
Los Angeles Times survey, 218, 230, 260
M
Manpower ~ sing, program evaluation of,
176, 177
Mass mailing, 50, 51, 52, 76
OCR for page 371
INDEX | 37 1
Mastectomy, observational and randomized
studies of, 138-139
Masturbation
reporting bias, 243-244, 263
self-reporting, 255, 256, 282
Matching, 20, 126, 127, 161-168, 320
Measurement. See also Methodology;
Outcome measures
bias, 241-243
drug use studies, 268-275
quality, 45, 46-48
timing, 45-46
Media campaign
data collection, 66, 72-74, 77-79
efficacy trials, 6106, 71
evaluation of, 50-51, 149, 158-159, 184,
200, 203, 204
formative evaluation, 53~1, 337
outcome evaluation, 46, 71-81
process evaluation, 18, 66 71
program objectives, 34
recommendations, 54, 64, 74, 159
Medicaid, program evaluation of, 15~152,
153
Memory and response error, 44, 279,
284-286
Mental health, impact of AIDS-related
stressors on, 36
Methadone, clinic closing as natural
experiment, 146
Methodology
AIDS surveys, 207-210, 275-276
community-based oration studies,
91-92, 97-98
counseling and testing evaluation, 110-113,
119-120
drug use empirical studies, 263-275
efficacy trials, 63-65
ethnographic studies, 286-295
fallibility of measurement, 211-213
formative evaluation, 59
measurement bias, 268-275
media campaign evaluation, 68 69, 75-79
nonresponse bias, 236-239
nonsampling issues, 239-249
process evaluation, 1~19
quality of measures, 45, 46-48
recommendations, 29-30, 295-296
recruitment and response rates, 213-236
self-reporting accuracy, 267-268
self-reporiing alternatives, 277-278
sexual behavior empirical studies, 249-263
sexual behavior survey measurement,
241-249
telephone surveys, 227-231
validity and reliability improvement,
276-286
Misassignment, in a randomized trial, 143
Model-based data analysis, 12~127,
168-182
Modeling, 149, 181-182, 231-232
assumptions, 17~179
attrition, 135, 325-326
controversy, 175
covariance analysis, 16~171
data needs, 179-180
inferences, 180-181
selection models, 173-174
structural equation models, 171-173
Monetary incentives, 98, 235, 236, 321,
322-323
Monogamy, as a health education outcome,
42, 44
Morbidity and mortality, 122, 132-133
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Studies (MACS),
163, 16~167, 322, 327
Multiple indicators, 76, 78, 147, 148, 179
Multiple Diane series analysis, 146, 147n.26,
149, 162
N
National AIDS Information Clearinghouse,
335-338
National Cancer Institute, 80
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS),
73, 157, 159, 22~226, 232, 257, 341
National Health Interview Survey (NIBS),
72-73, 76, 77-78, 79, 80, 111-112,
113-114, 157-159, 225-226, 34~341
OCR for page 372
372 ~ INDEX
National Institute on Alcohol and Alcohol
Abuse, 142
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Disease, 166
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 87,
121n.12, 142, 167
National Institute of Justice, 97, 201
National Institute of Mental Health, 95,
121n.12, 167
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 257,
258
National Opinion Research Center (NORC),
224, 225, 257
National Research Council, 245n.27
Committee on National Statistics, 204
Committee for Research on Problems of
Sex, 214
National Science Foundation, 182, 224
National Survey of Family Grown (NSFG),
224, 225-227, 257, 258n.37, 259
Natural experiments, 126, 146, 154,
159-161, 173-174, 179, 186, 348n.6
Natural history studies, 116n.10, 163, 166,
167
Needles
cleaning, 41 42, 44, 89, 141n.19, 148,
263, 267, 268, 278
exchange programs, 42
sharing, 89, 115, 263, 267-268, 27~275,
277, 278, 292-293, 328
Negative side effects, assessment of, 36
Neonatal Screening Survey, 150157
Net bias, 255
New York, N.Y., 167, 277, 292-293, 329
Nielsen, A. C., Company, 66, 69
Nonexperimental studies, 19-21, 127n.6,
131, 185
assumptions, 186
before-and-after design, 93-94, 184
costs of, 138
selection bias, 144
selection modeling, 173, 176, 182
Nonequivalent dependent variables, 76, 78,
147. See also Multiple indicators
Nonparticipant observation, 18
Nonrandomized studies, 94, 124, 182-185
assumptions, 126, 187
interpretation of results, 188 - 189
matching, 161-168
modeling of, 172
natural experiments, 159-161
quasi-experiments, 144-159, 168
Nonresponse bias, 236-239, 321-322, 326
Nonsampling issues, 239-249
Null hypothesis, 145n.24
Nutrition, program evaluation of, 149
o
Objectives, 34-36. See also Outcome
measures
Observational studies, 19, 124, 128, 129n.10,
130, 131, 138, 185
assumptions, 169-170, 186
counseling and testing projects, 110
data collection, 26-27, 182
interpretation, 18~189
research designs, 126-127
Office of Management and Budget, 65, 159,
341
Ogilvy & Mather, 51, 60
Oral sex, 243, 283, 287-288
Outcome evaluation, 16, 17, 1026, 29, 37,
137, 189
community-based org~ni7~tions, 37, 93-100
costs of, 31-32
counseling and testing projects, 24, 37,
11~122
interpretation of results, 186
media campaign, 46, 71~1
research design, 19-26
selection bias in, 125, 132
Outcome measures, 145, 146, 168, 171
behavioral, 35, 38, 4104
biological, 35, 37-41, 154-155, 211
media campaign, 62-63
program evaluation, 45-48
program objectives, 34-36
psychological, 35, 38, 14 45
Outcome variables, 187, 321
OCR for page 373
INDEX I 373
Outreach services, 89, 136, 330-331,
337-338
Oversight, 28, 29-30, 121, 20~205
p
Participant screening, 324
Partner notification, 42~3, 103, 104
Public Health Service Act, 120
Public service announcements, 50, 51-52,
53-54, 57-58, 61, 64, 66-71, 72, 74,
75-76
Purposive samples, 327, 328, 329-330
Q
Partner reports, 249-254 Quasi-experimental studies, 19, 2~21, 94,
Personal interviews, 217, 222, 226, 227, 228, 126, 127n.6, 137, 144-1459 183, 184,
231, 238 18
Physical evidence, 278
Pilot studies, 229-230, 235-236, 280,
281-283, 296
P=,umocystis carinii pneumonia, 115
Polio, and experimental trials, 26
Polygraph validation, 25~255
Population size, 164, 165
Population surveys, 109-110, 114, 326, 340
Positioning statement, 57
Pregnancy rates, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 78, 154,
155
Pretesting, 281n.63, 283-284, 296
Primary prevention behaviors, 41~2, 43
Private sector testing sites, 340
Probability sampling, 111, 157, 214-216,
224, 228, 232, 234-235, 242, 317,
318, 326-330
Probes, 284
Process evaluation, 16, 17, 137-138
community-based organizations, 84, 8~93,
99n.11
counseling and testing projects, 18,
103-114, 317
media campaign, 18, 66 71
research design, 18-19
Project Review Team, 121, 200-205
Prospective nonrandomized matching, 162
Protective behaviors, 42, 44, 119
Proxy reporting, 324
Psychological counseling, 119
Psychological outcomes, 35, 38, 41 45
Psychometric validation, 246-249
Public education, 102
Public Health Service, 45, 159, 179, 189,
296
assumptions, 187
covaIiance analysis, 168
data sources, 153-159
interrupted time series, 145-149
media campaign, 59
regression designs, 149-153
R
Race, 106n.4, 154, 169~170
Random-digit dialing, 227, 230
Random errors, 240, 241, 279
Randomized experiments, 21-26, 27, 124,
12~126, 12~129, 145n.24, 172, 189,
317, 330-331
appropriateness and feasibility of, 127,
137-144, 184, 323
attrition in, 125, 131-132
community-based organ~iions, 94-97, 98,
100, 200, 33~331, 332
compromised studies, 129~130, 131-136
costs of, 31-32, 50-51, 138-139
counseling and testing projects, 102,
11~115, 116, 117-120, 121, 204
interpretation of results, 18~189
matching in, 161
media campaign, 50-51, 6103, 64, 66,
71-74, 76-77, 79, 80
outcome evaluation, 19, 21-26, 336-337
replication of, 175-176, 182
response techniques, 28~281
sample studies, 33~332
specialists, 30
threshold conditions, 23
Recommendations
community-based organizations, 91
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374 ~ INDEX
counseling and testing services, 104, 112,
118
data collection' 159, 189
evaluation funding, 139, 142, 182
evaluation management, 27, 28, 29-30
formative evaluation, 22
media campaign, 54, 64, 74, 159
methodological research, 30, 136, 142, 182
outcome evaluation, 22, 27, 28
program objectives, 35, 36, 46
randomized experiments, 22, 136, 142
selection modeling, 182
Record keeping, 18, 113. See also
Administrative records
Referral services, 335, 338-340
Regional comparisons, 80, 292
Regression discontinuity/regression
displacement, 14S, 149-153, 155-157,
158, 159-160
Regression toward the mean, 16~165
Relapse prevention, 119
Reliability, 44, 47, 111, 240, 262, 276
Replicability, 27-28, 96, 257-263, 275
Reporting bias, 45, 47, 111, 237, 243-245,
248, 255, 268-275
Research administration, 28-31
Research consent forms, 277
Research design, 18-27, 144, 320, 323
Resources and aspirations
community-based org~ni?ahons, 92-93,
98-99
counseling and Besting evaluation, 113-114,
121-122
media campaign, 5061, 65-66, 7~71,
79-81
Response rates, 215, 216, 217-231, 235-236,
275, 322
Retrolental fibroplasia, observational and
randomized studies of, 130, 138
Retrospective nonrandomized matching,
162-163
Return rates, 322
Reverse telephone directories, 229n.13
Risk prevention behaviors. See
Complementary prevention behaviors;
Primary prevention behaviors
Rolling panel design, 68
"Running-in" period, 135-136
S
Salk vaccine, and experimental trials, 26
Sampling issues
controlling attrition, 321-326
convenience and probability sampling,
326-330
drug users, 328-330
error, 140
gay and bisexual men, 327-328
number of case studies, 318-319
sample sizes, 25-26, 128-129n.9, 317,
318, 319-321
San Francisco, Calif.
ethnographic study, 292-293
Home Health Survey, 221, 233, 230235
Men's Health Study, 167, 220, 233-234,
328
telephone survey, 219, 228-229
Schools, 94
media campaign and, 52-53
Seattle, Wash.
telephone survey, 219, 228, 22~230
Selection bias, 26, 75, 125, 129-130, 153
attrition, 131-132
comparability design, 144, 159
matching, 127, 161
modeling, 124, 126-127, 168, 169,
173-182, 187
regression designs, 149-150
in surveys, 215, 222-223, 23~239
Self-administered questionnaire (SAQ), 217,
222, 224-225, 228, 233, 235, 236,
238, 337
Self-reports, 296
alte~nauves, 277-278
drug use, 209, 234, 245n.25, 267-275,
276, 277, 278
sexual behavior, 37, 44, 24~249, 249~257,
276
Sensitivity analysis, 182n.50
Service delivery, 111, 118-119, 318-319,
338, 339
OCR for page 375
INDEX ~ 375
Sexual behavior, 98, 115, 126, 128, 163, 217
drug use and, 267
safer practices, 78, 79, 140, 141, 294
socially discouraged, 237-238
teenage activity, 257-260, 262-263
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
(Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin),
214-215, 249-251, 254
Sexual behavior
criminality affecting self-reports, 243
empirical studies, 249-263
ethnographic studies, 287-288, 291, 292,
290295
measurement and validation, 181, 241-249,
275, 276
nonresponse bias, 23~239
response rates, 217-227
seroprevalence, 231-236
surveys, 209, 213-217, 234, 241-249, 251,
254, 275-277, 279, 282, 284, 285
telephone surveys, 227-231
Sexually transmitted diseases, 37-39, 4~41,
74, 78-79, 160, 234, 246
Sexual orientation, 217, 282, 283n.65
Sexual parkers, 40, 42-43, 217, 224-225,
249, 260 261, 275, 292, 324
Shooting galleries, 42, 268, 286-287,
292-293, 295
Side effects, assessment of, 36
Significance test, 129, 320-321
Site services inventory, 105-106, 339
Skills demonstrations, 277, 278
Skills training, 24
Skip pattems, 281n.61
Smoking cessation, program evaluation of,
15, 323
Snowball samples, 328n.11
Socioeconomic status, as an independent
variable, 106n.4, 169, 236
Speed limits, examples of time series
analyses, 146, 147
Sperniicides, 42, 78-79
Spillover, 76-77, 131, 133-134
Stabilization funds, 323
Statistical methods, 126-127, 144, 184, 248,
320
assumptions, 175-177, 187
covanance analysis, 168-171
data needle, 179-180
inferences, 18~181
selection models, 173-174
structural equation models, 171-173
Story boards, 17, 57, 60, 63, 64
Stratification variables, 87-88, 14~141, 319
Structural equation modeling, 127, 171-173,
175, 179, 18~187
Surveys, 86, 9~91, 111, 114. See also
Client surveys; Drug use, surveys;
General Social Survey; Household
surveys; Kinsey/NORC survey;
Methodology; Population surveys;
National Health Interview Survey
(NHIS); National Longitudinal Survey
of Youth; National Survey of Family
Growth; San Francisco, surveys;
Sexual behavior, surveys; Telephone
surveys; Zelnilc and Kantner survey
coding, 284
cognitive pretesting, 98
exploratory work, 278-286, 279
feasibility for measuring high-risk
behaviors, 214
media campaign awareness, 56, 66, 6708,
77-78, 80
methodology, 207-210
process evaluation, 18, 19
quality of measures, 45, 4~48, 239
recruitment and response rates, 213-239
Switching replication design, 71-72, 148n.27
Systematic biases, 28S
Systematic error, 47, 240 241, 279
T
Teenagers, 55, 274n.54, 320325
media campaign and, 74
pregnancy, 78
sexually active, 257-260, 262-263
Telephone surveys, 223
media campaign evaluation, 68, 69, 70, 75
sexual behavior, 227-231
OCR for page 376
376 ~ INDEX
Television, 148, 159
advertising, 58
markets, 68, 69, 76-77, 79
Test marketing, media campaign, 62-63,
6~66
Timeliness, 45, 46, 137-138
Time series analysis, 72, 77, 158, 159-160,
184
interrupted, 144, 145-149
multiple, 146, 147n.26, 149-150, 162
Treatment
alternative, 116, 117-119, 331, 332
compliance with, 131, 132-133, 135-136,
321
delayed, 22, 115, 141
effects, 133, 168
withholding, 22, 95, 102, 114-115,
141-142, 184, 317, 321, 330, 331-332
Treatment Outcome Prospective Study, 167
U
Understanding AIDS, 52, 73
Unit of assignment, 25-26, 117-118, 134
United Kingdom
Health Education Authority, 32n.11
Social and Community Planning Research,
281-283
United States
AIDS in, 50
ethnographic research in, 291
prostitution in, 293
United States Congress, 90-91, 145-146
United States Conference of Mayors, 83, 84,
85, 95
Universities, 198, 203
Urinalysis, 255-256, 269-270, 274, 276
V
Validation, self-reports, 37, 241-242,
245-257
Validity, 44, 46, 361
attrition and, 325-326
client surveys, 111
coefficients, 248
critenon, 247
differential, 47
drug use measures, 274
face, 247
improving, 276-286
randomized studies, 186
systematic errors, 24~241
W
Wait-list controls, 71, 141. See also Delayed
treatment
Women, 39, 283n.65, 295
media campaign and, 52
pregnancy, 41~2, 154, 155
self-reporiing, 251, 255-256, 258-259,
275, 276
sexual behavior surveys, 225-226
and survey interviews, 282
y
Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects,
program evaluation of, 162n.38
z
Zelnik and Kantner survey, 257, 259
Representative terms from entire chapter:
testing projects
