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| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
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OCR for page 247
Index
A
Absenteeism from work
causes, 58-59, 62
child care and, 58, 59, 62, 74, 133, 145
effects of families on, 3, 10, 54, 62
flexible schedules and, 127
Adoption benefits, 115, 119
Adult day care, 69
Age, and employment, 39
Aid to Families With Dependent Children,
56, 84, 145, 147, 150
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers
Union, 131, 141
Amalgamated Transit Workers, 142
American Express Company, 87
American Federation of Government
Employees, 141
American Federation of State, County, and
Municipal Employees, 130, 141
American Society of Personnel Administra-
tors survey, 136
Antinepotism rules, 136
Association of Flight Attendants, 142
AT&T
child care program, 134, 135
parental leave policy, 144
B
Baby boomers, 23
Bank of America, child care initiative,
134
247
Belgium
child care programs, 168
economic performance, 171, 173
holiday and vacation leave, 160
income distribution, 175
part-time work, 165
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare expenditures, 157, 159
Benefits (nonwage), 9
evolution, 23, 40
government role in shaping, 12
levels of compensation, 23
payment, 13-14
providers, 12-13
union role in obtaining, 11 - 12
see also Family-related benefits;
Standard employee benefits;
Voluntary benefits and programs
Blacks
disabled, 84-85
educational attainment, 40
family structure, 49
family-work conflicts, 50
health insurance status, 109
income, 28, 33-34
labor force participation, 24, 25
life satisfaction, 50
poverty rates, 30, 65-66, 76
single-adult households, 28, 30
unemployment, 40
in unions, 36
OCR for page 248
248
C
Cafeteria plans, see Flexible benefit
programs
California
Child Care Initiative, 134
disability laws, 93, 148
Canada
child allowance programs, 147, 151
economic performance, 171, 173
income distribution, 175
part-time work, 164, 165, 166
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare programs, 156, 157, 159
Caregivers
depression, 46
for disabled adults, 85
earnings, 79
for elderly people, 73-74
family day care providers, 129
Center care, 22, 79-80
Chicago Five Hospital Home-Bound Elderly
Program, 71
Child care
and absenteeism, 58, 59, 62, 74
availability and need, 3, 56, 59, 64, 81
by babysitters (in-house), 77, 79
benefits to employers, 74-75, 145
in Canada and Western Europe, 168-170
center-based, 77, 78, 79-80, 86
and child development, 47, 62, 83
costs of, 56, 64, 81-82, 83
development block grant program, 152
and elder care by women, 73-74
employee participation, 102, 134
employers' concerns about education
and, 77
employer-sponsored, 2, 4, 22, 84, 115,
119, 128, 132, 145
family day care, 77, 79, 86
finding, 59
firm size and, 102, 137-138
government programs, 81-82, 84, 146,
147, 151-152
health and safety concerns, 48
insurance liability issues, 134
legislative initiatives, 146-147, 152
by nannies, 77, 78-79
occupational status and, 61-62
by parents, 43, 52, 77-78, 80
patterns and trends, 75-76
problems of parents, 16, 56
and productivity at work, 60
quality, 47-48, 59, 64, 83-84
INDEX
regulation, 79, 80, 83
by relatives, 56, 77, 78-79
resource and referral services, 134-135,
146, 153
for school-age children, 59, 133
school-based, 77, 78, 79-80
self-care, 78
for sick children, 133
in single-parent families' 76
summer camp programs, 133
types, 77-80, 115
union negotiations for, 131, 141-142
vouchers, discounts, 115, 133, 146
and work schedule, 56, 77, 86, 128, 133
work-site centers, 131-133, 147
Child development
child care and, 47, 62, 83
mother's work status and, 46, 127
in single-parent families, 3
work and, 3, 47-48
Child labor laws, 131
Childbearing
costs in wages lasts, 123
women's employment and, 24, 56
Children
demands on parents. 31
effects of job-related travels on, 52
gender stereotypes, 47
health insurance coverage, 110, 112,
148
homeless, 76
latchkey, 78, 81
in poverty, 28, 76
responsibilities A in families, 20
well-being, 62
Children's age
and care arrangements, 79-80
and changes in work locations, 61
and child care availability, 47, 59
and labor force participation by mothers,
26-27, 57, 75
and parental absenteeism from work, 58
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 88, 118
Civil Service Employee Association, 141
Civil Service Retirement System, 98
Collective bargaining, 11-12
family care initiatives, 140-145
goals, 20, 22, 36, 41
in Western Europe, 161
Communication Workers of America,
141, 144
Community care, 69-72
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconcilia-
tion Act of 1985, 99
OCR for page 249
INDEX
Counseling, 115-116, 128, 135
Cross-national comparisons
alternative schedules and locations, 166-
168
evolution of social welfare provisions,
155-156
government-supported child care
programs, 168-170
holidays and vacations, 160-161
maternity and family leaves, 161-164
part-time work, 164-166
quality of life, 170-177
social welfare expenditures, 157-160
see also individual countries
Cuban Americans, 49
Current Population Survey, 35, 57, 84, 101,
105, 109, 128
D
Data collection, 197-198
constraints, 9-10
establishment-level, 239-240
on individuals and families, 237-239
needs, 5, 237-240
Day care centers, employer-supported, 11
Death benefits, 88, 116
Demonstration projects, 5, 71
Denmark
child care programs, 168, 169
economic performance, 171, 173
holiday and vacation leave, 160, 161
income distribution, 175
maternity leave, 161, 162
part-time work, 165
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare expenditures, 157, 159
Department of Veterans Affairs, 70, 71
Dependent care, 4
approaches, 16
availability, 3
costs, 86
counseling programs, 135
for disabled adults, 84-85
employer-supported, 2, 85-86, 131-134
firm size and, 138
flextime and, 127-128
government-supported, 16
and health of caregiver, 46, 49, 54
and labor force participation, 57
life cycle and responsibilities, 86
regulation, 86
by relatives, 19, 57
tax credits, 12, 16, 72, 82, 146, 147
249
work schedule and, 52
see also Child care; Elder care; Quality
of dependent care
Dependent Care Assistance Plans, 115, 137,
141-142, 146
Dependents (other than children)
effects of work on, 48-49
Depression
in caregivers, 46, 54
in employed wives, 46
in husbands of employed women, 46
Direct services
providers, 13
see also Child care; Counseling; Elder
care; Health insurance
Disabled adults/disability
care for, 19, 49, 54, 57, 84-85
definition, 84
earnings, 85
employer programs, 4
funding for programs, 85
in nursing homes, 84
participation in programs, 85
prevalence and severity, 84
race/ethnicity, 84-85
rehabilitation programs, 85
spouses, 49, 85
work losses, 84
Disability insurance/programs, 4, 23, 85, 88,
100
availability, 118
costs, 92-96
employee participation, 102, 107
employer costs, 104
firm size and, 102
life-cycle stage and, 115-116
long-term, 96, 97, 100, 102, 107
pregnancy-related claims, 124
short-term programs, 92, 100, 112, 117,
121
state laws, 93-95, 117
Disability leave, 111, 115
Discounts on goods and services, 96, 102
Discrimination
effects on workers, 15-16
maternity-related, 121 -122
Divorce
and health coverage, 115
hours worked and, 51
and labor force participation by women,
20-21, 24, 29, 46
Dual-earner families
careers of both parents, 61-62
child care as percentage of income, 82
OCR for page 250
250
earnings, 30-31
employment, 30-31
evolution of, 20-21
family performance, 44, 62
flexible benefit plans, 137
growth, 1, 7, 23, 41
household responsibilities, 31, 52
job performance, 44, 62
marital satisfaction, 46, 62
social acceptability, 23-24
E
Earned time off policies, 115
Earnings
of disabled adults, 85
and employment, 24-39; see also Family
income; Income
and health insurance status, 109
marital status and, 55
race/ethnicity and, 37-38
Economic conditions
and family structure, 49
and labor force participation rates, 40
Economic performance
and quality of life, 170-177
and wages, 24
Economic Recovery Act off 1981, 137
Economic security, 15, 46
Economies
industrial, 19-21
preindustrial, 18-19
Education
on benefit programs, 5
and earnings, 25-26
employers' concerns, 77
and employment, 25-26, 39, 76-77
and labor force composition, 24
and labor force participation by women,
25-26
and labor shortages, 40
public, 20, 76
quality, 76-77
and race segregation, 38
sex differences, 25
subsidized, 96, 102
. . . .
union bargaining initiatives, 141 - 142
Elder care
and absenteeism, 58
availability, 70
and child care by women, 73-74
by children, 57
community-based programs, 70-72
costs, 64, 66, 73
INDEX
elements, 73
employer-based programs, 4, 116, 119
and family responsibilities, 66, 73
federal support, 70-72
geographic mobility and, 72
home, 66-70, 86
long-term, use, 67
need for, 48
noninstitutional services, 69
in nursing homes, 66-69, 71, 86
paid, 66, 68, 69-72, 86
payment, 70-71
predictor of institutionalization, 72
problems in obtaining, 16
projections, 67
providers, 73
by relatives, 2, 19, 46, 57, 66, 68, 71-74
time expenditures, 74
types, 66-68
unpaid, 72-74
women's employment and, 31, 49, 72,
73-74
Elderly people
economic status and health, 86
frail, 66, 70, 71, 72
geographic distribution, 65, 72
income, 65, 66
living arrangements, 65, 70
population growth, 31, 48, 64-65, 72
in poverty, 65-66
use of long-term care, 67
use of paid home and community
services, 70-71
Empire State Child Care system, 132, 140
Employee Assistance Programs, 115, 119,
135
Employee Retirement Income Security Act,
96, 98
Employer-supported policies and programs
alternative schedules and locations, 124-
130
bases for changes, 10-11
business conditions and, 143-145
costs, 12, 104, 144, 242
counseling, 135, 191-192
dependent care, 4, 22, 131-134, 192-193
development, implementation, and
dissemination, 5, 195-197
direct provision of services, 4-5, 13,
190-191
effects on employers, 4-5, 123-124,
133-134, 145, 153
effects on families, 4-5, 53-54
employee participation, 97, 102
OCR for page 251
INDEX
flexible benefits, 4, 194-195
government support, 5
health insurance, 2, 5, 16-17, 193-194
industry and occupational differences'
139
legal constraints, 130-131
by life-cycle stages, 115-116
research needs, 242
resource and referral services, 4, 84,
134-135
size of firm and, 2, 12, 97, 101, 102,
112, 138-139
types, 2
unionization and, 11, 140
women employees and, 139
workplace culture and, 140, 143
see also Benefits; Insurance; Leave
Employment
definition, 9
and earnings, 24-39
and health insurance status, 109
interdependence between families and,
43
projected trends, 39-40, 41
by sector, 34-35
status by working status of spouse, 28
see also Self-employment; Work
Equal employment opportunity, 8, 15-16
government programs, 148-150, 131
Equal Employment Opportunity Commis-
sion, 121-122
Europe, see Western Europe; and specific
countries
European Economic Community, parental
leave legislation, 163-164
Extended family constellations, 19
F
Fair Labor Standards Act, 130
Families
changes in composition, 1, 7, 18-21, 40
definition, 9, 26
economic well-being, 41
effects of work, 2-3, 44-54, 181, 240
241
effects on work, 3, 23, 54-62, 181-183,
241
in industrial economies, 19-20
interdependence between employment
and, 43
in preindustrial economies, 18-19
size trends, 30-31
traditional, 20, 22
251
see also Dual-earner families; Extended
family constellations; Household
responsibilities; Low-income families;
Minority families; Single-adult
households; Single-earner families
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1990,
150
Family Assistance Act of 1988, 150
Family assistance programs, 40, 151
Family day care, 79
Family income
distribution trends, 29
household composition and location, 33
race/ethnicity and, 33-34
Family leave
Canada and Western Europe, 161-164
costs of implementing policies, 149-150
effects on families, 4, 154
employer contributions, 105-106
legislation, 120-121
by occupation, 119
types and definition, 117
union bargaining initiatives, 141-142
in United States, 148-150
Family-related benefits
alternative schedules and locations, 124-
131
employer-sponsored programs, 114-138
family support services, 131-136
flexible benefit programs, 136-138
and health insurance, 2
legal constraints, 130-131
see also Child care; Employer-supported
policies and programs
Family status
and effects of terms of employment, 43
and employment and earnings, 26-27, 40,
41
Fathers
child care by, 52, 77, 80
responsibilities, 20
use of leave, 122-123, 163
Federal Employees Health Insurance System,
137
Federal Unemployment Tax Act of 1939,
92
Female-headed families
benefit coverage, 102
earnings, 41
labor force participation by mothers, 76
minorities, 49
poverty rates, 76
prevalence, 28, 41
Fertility, and labor force composition, 24
OCR for page 252
252
Financial assistance programs, by life-cycle
stages of employees, 115-116
Finland
child care programs, 169
economic performance, 171, 173
expenditures on social welfare, 159
maternity leave, 161
income distribution, 175
part-time work, 164, 165
quality of life, 174, 176
Flexible benefit programs, 4, 114, 153
disadvantages, 144
employee satisfaction, 137
firm size and, 138-139
health insurance, 136-137
by occupation, 119
Flexible spending accounts, 13, 137, 138
Flexibile work schedules, 114
advantages to employees, 167
benefits to employers, 145
compressed work week, 125, 127, 131,
167
effects, 2, 3, 4, 127, 188-189
employee abuses, 127
firm size and, 138
flextime, 125, 127, 128, 131, 138, 145,
167
home-based work, 125, 128-129, 153
job sharing, 125, 128, 167
legal constraints, 130-131
life-cycle stages and, 115
maxiflex, 127
occupation and, 167
and overtime, 131
phased retirement, 125
regulation, 129
union bargaining initiatives, 141-142
in Western Europe, 167
Food stamps, 65
Ford, Henry, 22
Ford Foundation, 133
Ford Motor Company, welfare capitalism in,
21-22
Framingham Heart Study, 53
France
child care programs, 168-169
economic performance, 171, 173
holiday and vacation leave, 160
income distribution, 175
maternity leave, 161
part-time work, 165, 166
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare expenditures, 157, 159
Funeral leave, 97, 101, 107
INDEX
G
Gender stereotypes' 47
Geographic mobility of workers
effects of family on, 54, 62
and elder care, 72
Germany
economic performance, 171, 173
health insurance, 162
holiday and vacation leave, 160, 161
income distribution, 175
maternity leave, 161, 162
part-time work, 165, 166
quality of life, 174, 176
social insurance, 156, 166
social welfare expenditures, 157, 159
Government programs and policies, 8
alternative policies, 198-201
benefit programs in United States, 90-91;
see also specific programs
Canada and Western Europe, 168-170
for child care, 132
exemptions from benefit coverage, 12
for elder care, 70
employee participation, 97
equal employment opportunity, 148-150
family leave, 148-150
tax credits and incentives, 12, 14, 23,
146-148
for working poor, 150-152
see also Public sector
Great Depression, 22, 88
Greece
maternity leave, 162
H
Hawaii, disability laws, 93, 148
Head Start, 77, 83, 84
Health
caregivers, 54
children in care settings, 48
job satisfaction and, 52
multiple roles and, 52-53
outcomes in Western Europe, 176
social support at work and, 53
work and, 45-46, 62
Health care
costs and coverage, 16, 99
government role, 16-17
long-term, 16
physician visits by uninsured people,
110-111
uncompensated care costs, 111
OCR for page 253
INDEX
Health insurance, 5, 8, 11, 96, 98-99
for children, 110, 112, 148
cost, availability, and participation, 15,
98-99, 105-109, 112, 152
coverage, 105-109, 143-144
employee participation, 97, 102, 107
employer costs, 96, 99, 104, 112, 143-
144
family coverage, 107, 108, 109, 115
family-oriented benefits and, 2
flexible coverage plans, 136-137
firm size and, 12, 99, 102, 106, 109
government initiatives, 152
life-cycle stage and, 115-116
long-term care, 119
mandatory employer-provided, 16-17, 152
maternity leave and, 123
nonparticipants, characteristics of, 108
occupation and, 119
regulation, 99
as a standard benefit, 89
union negotiations for, 89
see also Uninsured Americans
Health Interview Survey, 110
Health promotion plans, 115, 119
High school dropouts, 39, 56
Hispanics
economic conditions within communities,
49
educational attainment, 40
health insurance status, 109
income, 28, 33-34
labor force participation, 24, 25-26
poverty rates, 30, 66, 76, 109
single-adult households, 28, 30
unemployment, 40
in unions, 36
Holiday leave, 96, 97, 101, 107, 115, 160-161
Home care for elderly people
benefits, 71
demonstration projects, 71
and nursing home and hospital use, 71
paid, 69-72
tax incentives, 72
unpaid, 72-74
see also Elder care
Home health aides, 69
Home-based work, 125, 128-131
Homemakers
full-time, 2, 7, 22, 145
help for elderly people, 69
men as, 30
Household responsibilities
discrimination, 15-16
253
in dual-earner families, 31
and health, 46
housework, 43
and job-related travel, 52
lack of time for, 3
of men, 25, 31, 43
and productivity at work, 60
specialization in, 19
and stress, 43
technology and, 20
of women, 31, 43, 60
see also Child care; Elder care
Households, definition of, 25
Housing subsidies, 65
IBM,74,135, 144
Income, 44-45
and availability of benefits, 112, 158
child care costs as percentage of, 82
of elderly people, 65
household, 33
and men and women by occupation, 32-
33
minimum, 15, 20
race/ethnicity and, 28, 33-34, 37
real, and benefits, 3
and stress, 60
supplements, 15
tax rates, 3
in Western Europe, 175
and work-family interference, 62
see also Family income; Wages
Identity, work and, 44-45
Industrialization, and labor force composi-
tion, 24
Industry
benefit differences by, 103
and earnings variation, 34-35
and employer costs for benefits, 104
and employer-sponsored programs, 2,
101, 139
private-public partnerships in education,
77
and unionization, 34-36
Infants
attachment to mothers, 48
leave for care, 122, 149
out-of-home care, 47, 59, 79, 81, 86
Insurance, see Health insurance; Life
insurance
Internal Revenue Service, on-site child care
for employees, 132
OCR for page 254
254
International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers, 142, 144
International comparisons, see Cross
. . .
national comparisons
International Ladies Garment Workers, 142
International Union of Electrical Workers,
142
Italy
economic performance, 171, 173
holiday and vacation leave, 160
income distribution, 175
maternity leave, 162
part-time work, 164, 165
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare expenditures, 157, 159
J
Job demands, see Terms of employment
Job performance
in dual-earner families, 44
effects of families, 54, 62
Job satisfaction, 52, 74, 127, 130, 133
Job sharing, 125, 127, 128, 167
Jobs
availability of, and labor force participa-
tion, 56-57
opportunities for women, 24, 26
sectoral shift in availability, 24
Jury duty leave, 97, 101, 107
L
Labor demand
and benefits, 88
and women's employment, 24
Labor force
composition of, 41
turnover, 62
Labor force participation
availability of jobs and, 56-57
effects of families, 55-57
family status and, 41, 55
and health, 45, 62
marital status and, 42
by men, 25, 28, 42
motivation, 57
race/ethnicity and, 25-26, 28, 41
sex differences, 36, 41
and work status of spouse, 28
Labor force participation by women
age of children and, 26, 57
causes of increase, 20-21, 23, 24
and childbearing, 24
INDEX
and child development, 47
education and, 25-26
effects on families, 2-3, 7
and elder care? 31, 49
as heads of households, 76
and husbands' attitudes toward wives,
45, 46, 62
husband's occupation and, 30
family status and, 26-27
importance, 45
marital status and, 24, 29, 56
`'Mommy track," 61
in nontraditional occupations, 47
projections, 25, 39-40
race/ethnicity and, 25-26
social acceptability, 23-24
trends, 1, 23, 25, 56
and work schedules, 56-57
and work status of spouse, 28
Labor movement' weakening of, 11; see also
Collective bargaining; Unions/
. . .
unionization
Labor supply
and benefits, 11
shortages, 40
Leave
availability of, 117-123, 185
costs of, 124
effect on employers, 123-124
effects on families, 122, 185-187
employer attitudes on, 54, 122- 123, 140,
143
flexible, 128
government programs, 148-150
by life-cycle stages, 115-116
mandatory entitlement, 119-120
scope of the problem, 1 l 7-123
unpaid, 101, 144, 154
see also specific kinds of leave
Legal constraints on benefit programs, 130-131
Leisure time, 43
Life expectancy, and labor force composi-
tion, 24
Life insurance, 96, 97, 100, 104, 107, 115-116
for dependents, 115
Life satisfaction, in minority families, 50
Location of work
alternatives, 4, 128-130, 167-168
effects of families, 3, 4
flexible, 127, 128-129, 167, 189-190
home-based, 127, 128-129, 167-168
relocation policies, 136
sex differences in willingness to move,
61
OCR for page 255
INDEX
Western Eurpoean policies, 167-168
Low-income families
benefit coverage, 103, 106, 112
child care arrangements, 78-79, 81
corporate community school for children,
77
effects o:t child care on children, 48
effects of work, 3
labor force participation by mothers, 20
quality of dependent care, 83
work-family interference, 62
Low-wage workers
benefit coverage, 12, 15
economic security for, 15
M
Marital satisfaction
hours worked and, 51
work and, 46
Marital status
and earnings, 55
and elder care by children, 57
and labor force participation, 42, 46, 55-
56
and schedule, 55
Marriage
leave for, 115
women's employment and, 24
Married women
labor force participation, 2, 20, 26, 75-76
part-time work, 125-126, 166
unpaid work, 22
Maternity leave, 2, 4
availability, 113, 117, 153
definition, 117
employer-sponsored programs, 115
and employment during pregnancy, 56
legislative initiatives, 148
occupation and, 119
and public assistance costs due to lack,
123
use, 123
in Western Europe, 161-164
Meals on wheels, 69
Medicaid, 65, 70, 152, 152
coverage of in-home services, 71
expenditures for benefits, 71, 91
payment of family members for elder
care, 71-72
"spend down" for nursing home care, 68
Medicare, 65, 70, 86, 99, 112, 152
expenditures on home care for elderly
people, 71
255
Part A, 91
Part B. 91
Men
effects of shift work, 51
employment as a part of identity, 44-45
labor force status, 27
see also Fathers; Paternity leave
Mexican Americans, 49, 50
Military leave, 97, 101, 107
Minimum Health Benefits for All Workers
Act, 152
Minority families
earnings, 41
effects of work, 3, 48-49
labor force participation, 25, 40, 41, 56
life satisfaction, 50
perspectives on work and family, 49-50
in poverty, 76
structural changes, 49
"Mommy track," 61
Mothers, responsibilities of, 20
N
Nanny care, 78-79
National Federation of Independent
Businesses, 103
National Health Interview Survey, 58-59
National Informal Survey of Caregivers, 73
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism, 135
National Long-Term Care Survey, 66, 68,
73
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 82
National Nursing Home Survey, 68
National Research Council Panel on Child
Care Policy, 149
National Survey of Caregivers, 57
National Survey of Families and House-
holds, 85
National Treasury Employees Association, 141
Netherlands, 157
child care programs, 168-169
economic performance, 171, 173
holiday and vacation leave, 160, 161
income distribution, 175
maternity leave, 162
part-time work, 165, 166
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare expenditures, 157, 159
New Deal, 88
New Jersey, disability laws, 94, 148, 149
New York, disability laws, 94, 148, 149
Newspaper Guild, 142
OCR for page 256
256
Norway
economic performance, 171, 173
expenditures for public assistance
programs, 159
holiday and vacation leave, 160
income distribution, 175
part-time work, 165
quality of life, 174, 176
Nursing home care
avoidance by elderly people, 72-73
bed supply, 66, 69, 72
costs, 66, 68, 69, 86
for disabled adults, 84
and family responsibilities, 66
Medicaid payment, 68-69
profit status of institutions, 68
quality, 68, 69
quality of life, 69
regulation, 69
staff, 69
o
Occupational safety and health rules, 8, 131
Occupational segregation, 36, 38, 60
Occupational stressors, 53
Occupations
and demand for women's labor, 21
and earnings, 32-34
and employer-sponsored programs, 2,
112, 139
family-related benefit programs by, 119
fastest growing, 40
and household responsibilities, 32
husband's, and labor force participation
by wives, 30
and paid leave coverage, 111, 112
. . . . . A.
ant . participation in neneilt programs,
107
status of, and dependent care, 61-62
and terms of employment, 22, 32-34
and work schedule, 125
see also Jobs
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers, 142
Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health
Insurance, 91
Older Americans Act, 70, 71
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981,
71
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990,
151
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development Countries, holiday and
vacation leave, 160-161
INDEX
p
Paid leave, 4
amount, 111
Canada and Western Europe, 160-164
coverage, 111, 112-113
definition, 117
employee participation, 97, 107
employer costs, 96, 104
firm size and, 111
occupation and, 111
voluntary benefits, 100-101
see also specific types of leave
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 57, 58,
59, 101, 123
Parental leave, 115, 117, 122, 140, 141-142,
144, 148-149, 163
Part-time work/workers
advantages, 126
benefits, 2, 27, 101, 105, 126, 166
Canada and Western Europe, 164-166
commitment to work, 57
defined, 125
disadvantages, 27, 51, 127
effects on families, 4, 187-188
and elder care, 68
employer motivation, 127
growth, 35-36
and health insurance, 17, 126
job sharing, 127-128
and marital satisfaction, 51
marital status and, 56
permanent, 127
phased retirement, 127
policies encouraging, 165-166
sectoral trends, 34, 35-36
sex differences, 27, 50, 56
voluntary, 128
wages, 105, 126
in Western Europe, 164-166
by women, 165
work sharing, 127-128
see also Flexible work schedules
Paternalism, 21, 134
Paternity leave, 53-54
availability, 122, 153
definition, 117
occupation and, 119
use, 143
Western Europe, 162
Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation, 98
Pension/retirement benefits, 2, 8, 11, 20, 23,
88, 96, 98
child-care-related losses, 81
defined benefit, 97, 98, 107
OCR for page 257
INDEX
defined contribution, 97, 98, 107
employee participation, 97, 101, 107
employer costs, 96, 104
evolution, 88
firm size and, 102
life-cycle stage and, 115-116
maternity leave and, 123
regulation, 98
union negotiations, 89
see also Social Security
Personal care for elderly people, 69 Race/ethnicity
Personal leave, 97, 101, 107, 115, 119
Polaroid, 133
Poor, working
child care as percentage of income, 82
elects of tax credits, 146
and health insurance coverage, 110
public programs, 150-152
Postal Workers/Letter Carriers, 142
Poverty
children, 28, 76
and dependent care, 19, 69, 81
elderly people, 65-66, 69
and health insurance coverage, 109
level, for family of four, 33
race/ethnicity and, 65-66
rates, 28-29
and work-family stress, 76
Pregnancy
disability, 117, 140
employment during, 56
Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 118, 121
122, 148, 153-154
Productivity at work
child care arrangements and, 60, 145
flextime and, 145
Public sector
family-oriented programs offered, 139
growth of jobs, 36
Puerto Ricans, 49
Puerto Rico, disability laws, 94, 148
Q
Quality of dependent care
child care, 47-48, 59, 64, 83-84
and costs, 83
employer programs, 132
evaluation, 16
factors affecting, 86
job status and, 62
measures, 83
nursing homes, 68, 69
stress in caregiver and, 49
257
terms of employment and, 42
Quality of Employment Survey, 50-51, 54,
57, 61, 103
Quality of life
economic performance and, 170-177
in nursing homes, 69
work schedule and, 51-52
R
and disability, 84-85
of elderly people in poverty, 65-66
and employment and earnings, 36-38
and income, 28, 33-34, 37
and labor force participation, 24, 25-26,
41
and poverty rates, 76
segregation by, 38
and union membership, 36
see also Blacks; Hispanics; Minority
families
Recruitment of workers
and benefit packages, 114, 133, 143
effects of family, 54
Research approaches
case studies, 43
surveys, 44; see also specific surveys
Research needs, 197-198
costs of employer programs, 10, 242
on dependent care, 6, 16
effects of employment on families, 6,
240-241
effects of families on work performance,
241
effects of occupational status, 61
productivity of workers, 9-10
Resource and referral services, 4, 84, 128,
134-135, 141-142
Respite care, 69
Retention of workers
benefits and, 144
effects of family, 3, 54
Retired people, 20
health benefits, 99
Retirement
age of, 25; see also Pension/retirement
benefits
phased, 125, 127
Retirement Equity Act, 96
Rhode Island, disability laws, 94, 148
Role conflict and overload
and child development, 48
and mothers with infants, 48
OCR for page 258
258
social support at work and, 53
in women, 45~6, 48
Rural-to-urban migration, 24
S
Satisfaction, see Job satisfaction; Marital
satisfaction
Schedules, work
income, 28
male-headed, 55
part-time work, 27
in poverty, 76
prevalence, 27-28
problems, 28
work-family interference, 62
see also Female-headed families
Single-earner families
earnings, 27-30
terms of employment, 22
Single mothers
afternoon shifts, 51
alternative, in Canada and Western
Europe, 164-166
and child care, 56, 77, 86
effects of families, 54
effects on families, 4, 32, 42, 43, 50-52, 54
hours and weeks worked, 3, 22, 32, 34,
38, 51, 54, 55, 89, 124-125
and interaction of family, 77
legal constraints, 88, 130-131
marital status and, 55
negotiation, 89
night shifts, 51
occupation and, 125
racial/ethnic differences in, 38 Social insurance
traditional, 124-125
see also Flexible work schedules; Part
time work/workers
Scientists and engineers, women, 60-61
Self-employment, 9, 129
Service Employees International Union, 105,
108, 141
Services sector
Sex
demand for women, 24, 34
employment shift, 40
growth, 35, 41
and earnings, 32-33, 36-38
and home-to-work spillover, 55
and household responsibilities, 19
and labor force participation, 24-26, 41
and location of work, 61
nonday shifts, 50
rotating shifts, 50
segregation, 32
and union membership, 36
and work schedules, 50
Sick child/family member leave, 2, 101, 119,
121, 141-142, 170
Sick leave, 2, 4, 23, 89, 96, 97, 101, 102,
107, 112, 115, 119
Single-adult households
child care problems, 76, 81, 82
effects of work, 3, 55
growth, 1
INDEX
absenteeism from work, 58
labor force participation, 26, 56
poverty rates, 29-30
prevalence, 49
see also Female-headed families; Single-
adult households
Small businesses
benefits provided, 89
effects of leave policies, 124
growth, 35, 41
health insurance, 12, 99, 106, 109
evolution, 40, 91
provisions in other countries, 155-157,
166, 170
Social policy in Canada and Western
Europe, 155-160
Social Security, 8, 12, 65, 86, 89, 112
compliance problems of small firms,
122
disability benefits, 100
exemption, 137
funding, 91, 98
initiation, 20, 22, 88, 90-91
retirement benefits, 91, 98
Social Security Act of 1935, 90-91
Social support at work, 53-54
Social welfare
expenditures in other countries, 157- 160
in United States and Canada, 156
Spouse benefits, life-cycle stage and, 115-116
Standard employee benefits
aggregate value, 89-90
coverage among workers, 101-111
employee costs, 106
employer costs, 23, 90, 92, 104
evolution, 87-90, 112
federal programs, 90-91
legally required, 23, 90-96, 104, 112
state programs, 91-96
tax exemptions, 92
State benefit programs, 91-96
OCR for page 259
INDEX
Stress
counseling programs for, 135
defined, 54
income level and, 60, 76
and job performance, 62
job satisfaction and, 61-62
level of job and, 60, 61-62
role conflict and, 54, 127
Stride-Rite Intergenerational Center, 131
Supplemental Security Income program, 85
Supplementary Medical Insurance, 91
Survey of Income and Program Participation,
56, 82, 101, 117, 122, 123
Surveys, about employee benefits, 87; see
also specific surveys
Sweden
child care programs, 168, 169, 170
economic performance, 171, 173
holiday and vacation leave, 160
income distribution, 175
maternity leave, 161-162
part-time work, 165, 166
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare expenditures, 159
Switzerland
economic performance, 171, 173
income distribution, 175
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare expenditures, 158, 159
T
Tardiness at work
child care and, 74
effects of families, 3, 10, 54, 62
flexible schedules and, 127
sources, 58-59
Tax credits and incentives, 14
changes in, 3
costs to government, 90, 147, 151, 152
for dependent care, 12, 16, 72, 82, 84,
137, 146, 147, 154
earned income, 15, 84, 145, 147, 151
effect on benefits, 11, 12, 90, 112
employer-based, 23, 112, 146-147
evolution, 40
for home care, 72
income splitting, 145
legislative initiatives, 146, 147-148
value to workers, 103
wage levels and benefits of exemptions, 92
Technology
and household responsibilities, 20
and labor force composition, 24
259
Teenagers
employment during pregnancy, 56
unemployment rates, 39
Telephone
contact arrangements for children, 133
monitoring for elderly people, 69-70
Terms of employment
effects on families, 3, 4, 42, 50, 52-53,
184-195
post World War II, 22
and quality of dependent care, 42
see also Leave; Location of work; Part-
time work/workers; Schedules, work
Title XX, 70, 84
Transportation services, for elderly people,
69-70
Travel, job-related, effects on families, 52
Travelers' Companies, 74
U
Unemployment, 38-39
age and, 39
education and, 39
insurance, 8, 12, 23, 92, 112, 122, 138
race/ethnicity and, 39, 49
rates, 38-39, 40
sex and, 38
Uninsured Americans, characteristics, 2,
109-111, 112
Unions/unionization
and benefit coverage, 101, 103, 112
collective bargaining for benefits, 11-12,
41, 89, 96, 131, 141-142
and employment and earnings, 36
and family-related benefits, 140
industry differences in representation,
36-37
opposition to home-based work, 130-131
public-sector, 11, 132, 140
race/ethnicity and, 36
sex and 36
and wages, 36, 41
and welfare capitalism, 22, 88
United Auto Workers, 141
United Food and Commercial Workers, 142
United Kingdom
economic performance, 171, 173
holiday and vacation leave, 160, 161
home-based workers, 168
income distribution, 175
part-time work, 165, 166
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare expenditures, 157, 159
OCR for page 260
260
United Mine Workers Association, 140,
141
United States
economic performance, 171, 173
income distribution, 175
part-time work, 164-165, 166
quality of life, 174, 176
social welfare expenditures, 157, 158, 159
social welfare programs, 156
United Steel Workers, 141
Universal benefits, 158
U.S. National Income and Product Accounts,
111
Vacation leave, 2, 11, 23, 101, 105, 112, 115
employee participation, 97, 102, 107
firm size and, 102
occupation and, 119
policies in United States, 88, 89, 96, 161
policies in Western Europe, 160-161
Veterans' Benefits and Services Act of 1987,
71
Voluntary benefits and programs, 11
alternative schedules, 166-167
alternative work sites, 167-168
availability, 112
death benefits, 23
disability insurance, 100
employer costs, 96
factors affecting, 11, 90
growth, 144
health insurance, 23, 98-99
life insurance, 23, 100
outlook for improvements, 113 Workers
paid leave, 23, 100-101
part-time work, 164-166
pension plans, 23, 98
regulation, 96, 117
tax status, 13
in Western Europe, 164-168
see also Family-related benefits
Volunteerism, labor force participation by
women and, 13
W
Wages
INDEX
and labor force composition, 24
minimum, 20, 150-151
unions membership and, 36
see also Earnings; Income
Walsh-Healy Act, 130
Welfare capitalism, 21-22, 88
Western Europe
child allowance programs, 147, 151
government expenditures, 159
leave arrangements, 150
Women employees
earnings, 24, 34
effects of work, 2-3
and employer support programs, 139
family pressures, 31
scientists and engineers, 60-61
in unions, 36
see also Married women
Work
characteristics, see Schedules, work;
Terms of employment
and children's well-being, 47~8
effects of families, 3, 23, 54-62, 181
183, 241
effects on family, 2-3, 44-54, 181, 240
241
and identity, 44-45
incentive programs, 150
interruptions, 3, 62
and health, 45-46
and marital satisfaction, 46
problems related to families, 3
sharing, 127
see also Employment; Labor force
participation; Occupations
productivity measures, 10
supply, 23
Workers' compensation, 8, 85, 88, 91-92,
112, 131
Workplace
changes in, 21-24
culture and employer-supported
programs, 140, 143
modern era through World War II, 21-22
post World War II, 22-23
y
and benefits coverage, 101
economic conditions and, 24
Yale Bush Center Advisory Committee on
Infant Care Leave, 149
Representative terms from entire chapter:
labor force
