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OCR for page 322
Profiles of the Hydrologic
Community, 1960 and 1988
This appendix reveals a changing profile of the hydrologic com-
munity by contrasting data obtained in a recent survey as part of this
study with information published nearly three decades ago.
The 1960 data, taken from "Scientific Hydrology" (Federal Council for
Science and Technology, 1962), were obtained from the National Register of
Scientific Personnel, which was discontinued in 1971. The Register
in 1960 included 811 individuals who called themselves hydrologists.
The data for 1988 were obtained by surveying the approximately
3,000 members of the American Geophysical Union's Hydrology Sec-
tion. A survey form (Figure B.1, which follows Table B.4) was sent to
each member; about 2,200 individuals responded. Of these respondents
about 50 did not follow instructions to the extent that their returns
were rendered unusable.
Table B.1 compares personal data on hydrologists; Table B.2, their
educational backgrounds; Table B.3, employment of hydrologists; and
Table B.4, their areas of specialization.
Comment on Possible Bias
The 1960 sample was presumably drawn from across the full spec-
trum of hydrologists employed in science and technology at that time.
The 1988 sample was drawn solely from the membership of a scientific
society, the American Geophysical Union. A sampling bias is therefore
possible that might lead to underrepresentation, in the 1988 survey, of
hydrologists in He consulting engineering sector, of Hose with an engineering
educational background, and of those with less than a doctoral degree.
322
OCR for page 323
APPENDIX B
TABLE B.1 Personal Data on Hydrologists
323
Respondents 1960
(percent)
Respondents 1988
All Male Female
(percent) (number) (number)
Gender
Male N/A 89
Female N/A 11
Age distribution
20-24 2 <1 2 0
25-29 7 8 119 44
30-34 15 20 327 95
35-39 18 22 421 55
40-44 13 13 271 17
45-49 14 11 234 6
50-54 16 9 178 6
55-69 13 12 271 3
70 and over 2 4 99 2
TABLE B.2 Educational Backgrounds of Hydrologists
Respondents 1988
All Male Female
(percent) (number) (number)
Respondents 1960
(percent)
Level of education
Less than a
bachelor's degree 4 <1 6 1
Bachelor's degree 74 11 212 29
Master's degree 17 36 639 133
Professional degree N/A 1 26 0
Doctoral degree 5 51 1,039 65
Field of highest degree
Agriculture N/A 1 25 0
Engineering 55 35 698 49
Environmental
sciences N/A 5 73 21
Forestry N/A 2 36 1
Mathematics, physics,
chemistry 6 4 73 7
Hydrology N/A 14 276 29
Geography N/A 3 55 12
Geology 28 28 529 82
Soil science N/A 3 67 4
Meteorology 6 N/A N/A N/A
Other 5 5 90 23
OCR for page 324
324
TABLE B.3 Employment of Hydrologists
APPENDIX B
Respondents 1988
Surface Ground
Respondents 1960 All Water Water
(percent) (percent) (number) (number)
Location of employment
Educational institutions 6 27 277 240
State and local
government 11 7 59 81
Industry, business,
and self-employed 10 32 172 515
Federal government 65 30 289 276
Military 1 <1 2 3
Nonprofit
organizations 1 1 8 22
Others 6 2 18 27
Work activity distribution
Teaching and
university research N/A 26
Other research N/A 21
Consulting, engineering
and other applied
hydrology N/A 40
Management,
administration and
regulation 28 13
Research, development,
or design 30 N/A
Teaching 4 N/A
Production and
inspection 5 N/]
Other, including no
report 33 N/,
OCR for page 325
APPENDIX B
TABLE B.4 Hydrologic Specialties
325
Respondents 1988
Respondents 1960 All B.S. M.S. Ph.D.
(percent) (percent) (no.) (no.) (no.)
Traditional principal
specialties
Surface water 63 38
Ground water 27 54
Snow, ice, permafrost 2 2
Glaciology 2 2
Other 6 4
Contemporary scientific
specialties
Earth crust N/A 26 70 247 239
Land forms N/A 12 20 70 156
Climatic processes N/A 4 10 14 57
Weather processes N/A 6 29 36 73
Surficial processes N/A 13 28 77 156
Living communities N/A 2 2 10 28
Chemical processes N/A 23 54 225 204
Data technologies N/A 6 19 44 66
Other N/A 8 9 49 125
OCR for page 326
326
MEMORANDUM TO: Members, AGU Section of Hydrology
From:
Date:
Subject:
APPENDIX B
P.S. Eagleson, Chairman
NRC Committee on Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences
September 26, 1988
Profile of Hydrologic Community
The National Research Council's Committee on Opportunities in the
Hydrologic Sciences needs to compare the profile (i.e., education background
and level, specialty, employer, etc.) of those calling themselves hydrologists
_
today with that of a similar sample done in 1960.* This should be an indicator
of educational and employment trends and as such will be helpful to the work of
our Committee and should be of interest to you.
Please take the two minutes needed to complete the enclosed questionnaire
and return it in the enclosed envelope. The results will appear in EOS. Thank
you.
*Federal Council for Science and Technology, "Scientific Hydrology", June 1962.
QUESTIONNAIRE TO PRIMARY AFFILIATES. AGU SECTION OF HYDROLOGY
A. Level of Educatior,
_ Less than a bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree
_ Master's degree
Professional degree
Doctoral degree
B. Field of Highest Degree (check one)
Agriculture
Engineering
_ Environmental Science
Forestry
Mathematics, Physics,
Chemistry
C. Employment (check one)
Educational institutions
State and local government
Industry, business and
self-employed
D. Work Activity (check one)
Teaching and university research
Other research
Consulting engineering and other applied hydrology
Management, administration, regulation
Hydrology
Geography
Geology
Soil Science
Other
Federal Government
Military
Nonprofit organizations
Others
OCR for page 327
APPENDIX B
E. Hydrologic Specialty (check one ~Traditional" category and one
"Contemporary Scientific" category)
Traditional
Surface water
Ground water
Snow, ice, permafrost
Glaciology
Other
Contemporary Scientific
Earth Crust (i.e., ground water and associated heat and mass
transfer, etc.)
Land Forms (i.e., erosion, deposition, and fluvial
geomorphology, etc.)
Climatic Processes (i.e., global water balance, interaction of
land surface and climate, paleohydrology, etc.)
Weather Processes (i.e., space-time precipitation, flash floods,
interaction of land surface and mesoscale weather systems,
etc.)
Surficial Processes (i.e., infiltration, evaporation, snowmelt,
etc.)
Living Communities (i.e., relationships between vegetation
patterns and climate, metabolism and energetics of microbial
communities in water, etc.)
Chemical Processes (i.e., geochemical characterization of surface
and ground waters, etc.)
Data Technologies (i.e., remote sensing, computer systems, etc.)
Other (i.e., applied mathematics for hydrology such as fractals,
chaos, etc.)
F. Age Distribution
_ 20-24
25-29
30-34
_ 35-39
40-44
G. Gender
Male
327
45-49
50-54
55-69
70 and over
_ Female
Representative terms from entire chapter:
doctoral degree
