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OCR for page 337
Index
A
Academic research, 6, 7, 14-15, 43, 276
Acid precipitation, 5, 158, 160, 180-187,
219
Advection, 50-51, 83
Agricultural Research Service, 13, 305
Agriculture, 19-21, 22, 127, 149, 153, 219
fertilizer, 30
greenhouse effect, 121
irrigation, 28, 30, 149, 129, 131, 149, 216
Albedo, 117, 118, 119, 121-123, 125, 127,
239, 251
see also Greenhouse effect
Amazon River, 103, 219
American Geophysical Union, 40, 43, 44,
86, 282, 310, 322
American Meteorological Society, 310
American Society of Limnology and
Oceanography, 57
Antarctica, 51, 52, 125, 219, 241
Arkansas River, 93
Army Corps of Engineers, 27, 224
Atmospheric processes, 2-3, 4, 9, 45, 58,
116, 307
clouds, 116, 254
general circulation models, 9, 10, 63-
64, 105-113, 120-121, 124, 155, 190,
244, 250
global cycles, 34-35, 45-48, 159
337
greenhouse effect, 2, 48, 104, 115,
120-121, 123, 124-125, 190, 194,
216, 311, 312
HAPEX-MOBILHY, 10, 109, 130, 238,
244, 245, 246, 249, 300, 302, 307
land surface, interactions with, 10, 19,
32, 64-65, 106-107, 116-127, 128,
129-131, 154-155, 168, 169-171,
238-240, 299-300, 306-307; see also
Evaporation; Evapotranspiration
marine, 104, 106-107, 117, 164-166,
167
models, general, 9, 10, 63-64, 105,
129, 131-137, 169-171, 299
remote sensing, 105, 125, 134, 155
sounding, 155
spatial dimension, 111, 129, 130, 131,
133, 306-307
terrestrial planets, 33-34
thermal processes, general, 32, 35,
104, 108, 109, 126, 131
winds, 130, 136
see also Climate and weather;
Precipitation
B
Battan, Louis J., 252
Basins, see Rivers and fluvial processes;
Sedimentary basins; Watersheds
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338
Biological processes, 2-3, 17, 32, 35-37,
54-56, 57-58, 65, 69, 167-178
biogeochemical cycles, 1, 9, 16, 32,
36-37, 54-56, 63, 66, 159, 162, 163,
178, 190-194, 219
data quality, 228-229
ground water, 63, 88
marine, 55
photosynthesis, 36, 171, 190
seasonal variation, 167
soil, 5, 55, 187
spatial dimension, 168
water quality analysis, 271-273
see also Vegetation
Boreholes, 77, 82, 257, 299
Bowen, Ira S., 150, 152
Boundary layer processes, 154
atmospheric-land, 10, 19, 32, 64-65,
106-107, 116-127, 128, 129-131,
154-155, 168, 169-171, 238-240,
299-300, 306-307
atmospheric-marine, 104, 106-107,
117, 164-166, 167
ground water, 85
surficial processes, 65, 142-167
vegetation formations, 169-171
winds, 130, 136
see also Land surface
Buckingham, Edgar, 146
Bureau of Reclamation, 27, 224
C
California, 30, 216, 227, 289
Chemical processes
acid precipitation, 5, 158, 160, 180-
187, 219
biogeochemical cycles, 1, 9, 16, 32,
36-37, 54-56, 63, 66, 159, 162, 163,
178, 190-194, 219
chemical engineering, 6-7, 275, 276
climate/weather and, 56, 63, 104
data quality, 228-229
fractured geologic media, 80
ground water, 5, 9, 36-37, 63, 69, 74,
81-85, 87-88, 89
hydrologic cycle, 3, 9, 18-19, 178-194
isotope geochemistry, 218, 242, 257-
259
multidisciplinary approach, 179
organic compounds, 5, 55, 89-90, 168,
178, 189
INDEX
photosynthesis, 36, 171, 190
research priorities, 298, 319
sedimentation, 189-189
snow, 162, 183-185, 219
soil, 5, 9, 50, 54, 63, 65, 69, 157, 158,
178, 185-187
study of, general, 6-7
temporal dimension, 180, 185
see also Mineralogy; Pollution;
Solution chemistry
China, 23-24, 307
Chow, Ven Te, 282
Church, James, 235
Clay, 188
Climate and weather, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 17, 21,
32, 46-47, 104-142, 217
chemical processes, 56, 63, 104
classification of, 126
clouds, 116, 254
erosion/sedimentation and, 101-104
general circulation models, 63-64,
105-113, 120-121, 124, 155, 190,
244, 250
glaciers, 51-52, 57, 114, 124-125, 219,
241
global, general, 9, 10, 35, 114-115,
159
greenhouse effect, 2, 48, 104, 115,
120-121, 123, 124-125, 190, 194,
216, 311, 312
historical trends, 21, 22
international activities, general, 105,
306-307
land surface, 4, 9, 10, 64-65, 96, 106-
107, 116-127, 306-307
Little Ice Age, 22
models, general 9, 10, 63-64, 105, 129,
131-137, 169-171, 299
paleoclimatology, 5, 34, 218, 259-265
prediction, 16, 102-104, 106, 128, 131-
137, 204-205, 207, 248-249
regional, 10, 64-65, 115, 131, 228
remote sensing, 105, 125, 134
spatial dimension, 111, 129, 130, 131,
133, 306-307
storms, 48, 248-249, 350, 309
vegetation and, 117, 168, 169-171
winds, 130, 136
see also Drought; Flooding; Precipita-
tion
Clouds, 116, 254
Colorado River, 263
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INDEX
Computers and computer science, 195,
225
data bases, 15, 214, 216, 220-221, 225,
265-268, 302, 310
educational use, 8, 287
general circulation models, 105, 108,
120-121, 244-245
ground water models, 85
ISLSCP (FIFE), 10, 130, 244-247, 249,
250, 266, 268, 300, 302, 306-307
numerical models, 10, 85, 105, 115,
119, 130, 136, 195, 241, 300
real time, 266
Continental Scientific Drilling Program,
299
Continental water processes, 4, 10-11, 50,
54, 57-58, 237
GEWEX, 10-11, 14, 105, 238, 246, 300,
302, 307, 308
see also Land surface
Crustal processes, 45, 46, 63, 67-90, 319
tectonic, 51, 53, 62-63, 67-85
sedimentary, 37
volcanism, 37, 46, 68-69, 96, 228
D
Dalton, John, 152, 165
Data bases, 214, 220-221, 225, 265-268,
302
access to, 15, 310
greenhouse effect, 216
Data quality and quantity issues, 5-6,
11-12, 16, 56, 214-273, 298, 302
chemical processes, 228-229
climate classification, 126
cold regions, 158
international efforts, 40
spatial dimension, 214, 218-223, 226-
230, 231, 233, 234-250
temporal dimension, 214, 218-223,
226-230, 233, 234-238
see also Measurement techniques;
Sampling
Defense Meteorological Satellite
Program, 164
Dendrochronology, 260-261, 263, 264
Department of Energy, 76, 308
Department of the Interior, 308
Bureau of Reclamation, 27, 224
Geological Survey, 39, 42, 86, 225,
232, 243, 305
339
Deserts, 114-115, 174
Developing countries, 28, 230
China, 23-24, 307
India, 104, 235
Diseases and disorders, 22, 26, 28
Drainage systems, 21, 38, 41, 97-101, 226
see also Rivers and fluvial processes;
Watersheds
Drinking water, 22, 26, 28, 29
Drought, 16, 21, 22, 26, 37, 114, 118-119,
201-203, 223, 224, 225, 228
E
Earth Observing System, 11, 253, 254,
256, 300
Earthquakes, 71, 73-75
Economic factors, 58, 125
see also Funding
Education, see Public education;
Scientific education
Eel River, 227
Egypt, 19-20
Einstein, Albert, 196, 197
Energy fluxes, 162, 238-243, 300
GEWEX, 10-11, 14, 105, 238, 246, 300,
302, 307, 308
Engineering, 1, 33, 43, 44, 276, 277-278,
282
chemical, 6-7, 275, 276
education, 6, 7
Environmental Protection Agency, 305,
308
Equipment, educational, 307-308
Erosion, 33, 50, 53, 91, 93, 96, 99-101,
103-104
climate and, 101-104
Evaporation, 32, 42, 46-49, 108, 111, 128,
131, 228
large water bodies, 164-167
rivers, 151-152, 154-155
Evapotranspiration, 115, 116, 126, 128,
130, 152, 154, 171, 172-173, 175,
220, 237-238, 240, 242
Evenari, Michael, 174
F
Federal Council for Science and Technol-
ogy, 43, 45, 294
Federal government
education, 308
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340
laws, specific, 44, 76, 176
National Stormscale Operational and
Research Meteorology Program,
248-249, 250
regulations, 24, 26, 76-77
research, 13, 14-16, 43, 155, 254, 266,
267, 305, 308, 309, 312, 317-321
standards, 111
water resources management, 27-28,
39, 224-225
see also specific departments and agencies
Fellowships, 14, 305, 307-38
Field studies, 8, 10, 12, 14-15, 84, 215,
243-244, 299
boreholes, 77, 82, 257, 299
in education, 287, 303, 308
fractured geologic media, 79
funding, 306-307
geochemistry, 83, 90
GEWEX, 10-11, 14, 105, 238, 246, 300,
302, 307, 308
HAPEX-MOBILHY, 10, 109, 130, 238,
244, 245, 246, 249, 300, 302, 307
history, 38
ISLSCP/FIFE, 10, 130, 244-247, 249,
250, 266, 268, 300, 302, 306-307
land-atmosphere interaction, general,
306-307
landform evolution, 103
longitudinal studies, 11, 14, 115, 117,
222-223, 225, 309-310, 311, 259-
268, 302
multidisciplinary, 308-309
runoff, 149, 151, 235, 236
soil processes, 144
FIFE, 10, 130, 244-247, 249, 250, 266, 268,
300, 302, 306-307
Flooding, 21, 22-25, 37, 96, 228
historical perspectives, 23-24, 37,
132-133
prediction, 24, 44, 53, 131-137, 204,
223, 231
snowmelt, 216
urban floodplains, 23-24
vegetation, 97
Flux processes, 10, 214, 217, 231, 233-
238, 300
dissolved solids, 54
energy, 162, 238-243, 300
frozen soils, 158
global hydrologic, 34-37, 45-52, 66,
115, 116, 159, 300
INDEX
sediments, 52-54, 93-97, 233
solute, 85, 87, 233
uncertainty, 219-220
Forchheimer, Phillip, 39
Forecasting, see Prediction
Forests and forestry, 105, 114-115, 162,
170, 176, 238, 242
dendrochronology, 260-261, 263, 264
disease and deforestation, 22
Fossil fuels, 72, 74
Fractured media, 78-81, 91
France, HAPEX-MOBILHY, 10, 109, 130,
238, 244, 245, 246, 249, 300, 302, 307
Funding, 221, 225, 267, 304-313
education, 14
research, 2, 13-14, 15-16, 305, 307-
308, 317-321
G
Ganges River, 104
Carrels, Robert M., 193
General circulation models, 63-64, 105-
113, 120-121, 124, 155, 190, 244,
250
Geological Survey, 39, 42, 86, 225, 232,
243, 305
Geology and geophysics, 72
chemical processes, 80
earthquakes, 71, 73-75
fractured media, 78-81, 91
glaciers, 51-52, 57, 114, 124-125, 219,
241
isotope geochemistry, 218, 242, 257-
259
models, transport processes, 53, 81-85
orogeny, 71
paleohydrology, 5, 34, 218, 259-265
spatial dimension, 1, 33, 44, 62-63, 74,
78, 81-85
tectonic processes, 51, 53, 62-63, 67-
85
temporal dimension, 1, 33, 44, 51, 62,
74-75
volcanism, 37, 46, 68-69, 96, 228
see also Crustal processes; Mineralogy
GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle
Experiment), 10-11, 14, 105, 238,
246, 300, 302, 307, 308
Gilbert, Grove Karl, 39, 103
Glaciers, 51-52, 57, 124-125, 219, 241
Ice Age, 114
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INDEX
Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment,
139-140, 308
Global Atmospheric Research Program,
139
Global dynamics, 6, 14, 53, 159, 262-263
atmospheric, general, 34-35, 45-48,
159
biogeochemical cycles, 1, 9, 32, 3037,
54-56, 66, 159, 190-194
circulation of water, 1, 3-4, 10, 32, 45-
52, 58-60
climate, general, 9, 10, 35, 114-115,
159
data requirements, 225-226
evapotranspiration, 238
general circulation models, 63-64,
105-113, 120-121, 124, 155, 190,
244, 250
GEWEX, 10-11, 14, 105, 238, 246, 300,
302, 307, 308
greenhouse effect, 2, 48, 104, 115,
120-121, 123, 124-125, 190, 194,
216, 311, 312
heat exchange, 2, 17-18
hydrologic fluxes, 34-37, 45-52, 66,
115, 116, 159, 300
water balance, 4, 10, 45, 58-59, 105-
116
water reservoirs, 5, 45-52, 115, 116,
215, 300
Goddard Space Plight Center, 266
Graduate study, see Scientific education
Greenhouse effect, 2, 48, 104, 115, 120-
121, 123, 124-125, 190, 194, 216,
311, 312
Greenland, 51, 125, 219, 241
Ground water, 10, 49, 50-51, 114, 237,
240, 242-243
alluvial aquifers, 3
biological processes, 63, 88
boundary layers, 85
chemistry, 5, 9, 36-37, 63, 69, 74, 81-
85, 87-88, 89
fracture media, 78-81, 91
frozen soil, 156-160
infiltration processes, 41, 54, 142, 143,
144-147, 157
for irrigation, 30
models of, general, 74, 78-79, 80, 84-
85, 214
oil and, 74
pollution, 63, 88-90, 114, 175, 178, 231
341
porous media, general, 75, 77, 81-83,
85, 87-88, 15~157
precipitation and, 70
pressure effects, 51
regional dynamics, 242-243
remote sensing, 256-257, 258
rivers and, 51
solute transport, 9, 36-37, 69, 81-85,
87-89
tectonic processes, 51, 53, 62-63, 67-
85
theory, 39, 42, 72, 86
H
Halley, Edmund, 38
HAPE X-M OB I LHY ( Hyd r o l o gic -
Atmospheric Pilot Experiments-
Modelisation du Bilan Hydrique),
10, 109, 130, 238, 244, 245, 246,
249, 300, 302, 307
Historical perspectives, 4, 6, 19-31, 261,
322-327
biological processes effects, 229
civilization and water, 19-22, 37, 149
demographics of hydrologic experts,
294, 322-325
drought, 201-203
flooding, 23-24, 37, 132-133
hydrology as science, 37-45, 56
radioactivity, 258
research, 29, 37-45, 152, 153, 165, 186,
229
stochastic methods, 196
water resources management, 1, 24-
31, 44, 215, 221
Horton, Robert E., 40, 41-43, 56, 100, 148,
196-197
Hubbert, M. King, 70-71, 72
Human factors, 3-4, 11, 30-31, 45, 55-56,
59, 102, 116, 261-262, 300, 302
demographics of hydrologists, 290-
293, 295
diseases and disorders, 22, 26, 28
social factors, 6, 31, 125
Hursh, Charles R., 148, 176-177
Hurst, Harold Edwin, 206
Hwang Ho, 23-24
Hydrologic cycle, 3-4, 19, 42
chemical processes, general, 3, 9, 18-
19, 178-194
defined, 3, 18, 34-35, 41
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342
as global process, 34-37, 45-52, 66,
115, 116, 159, 300
human impact on, 45
Ice and ice processes
astronomical sources, 45-46
erosion, 33
glaciers, 51-52, 57, 114, 124-125, 219,
241
Martian, 34
surface and subsurface water, 156-160
see also Snow and snow cover
India, 104, 235
Infiltration processes, 41, 54, 142, 143,
144-147, 157
Information dissemination, publications,
16, 312
Information science, see Computers and
computer science; Data bases;
Data quality and quantity issues
Interdisciplinary approach, see Multi-
disciplinary approach
International Council of Scientific
Unions, 105
International Hydrologic Decade, 44, 45
International perspectives, 10-11, 45, 109,
130
climatology, 105, 306-307
data quality, 40
drinking water, 29
standards, 111
see also Developing countries; Global
dynamics; specific countries
International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics, 40
Irrigation, 28, 30, 149, 129, 131, 149, 216
ISLSCP (International Satellite Land
Surface Climatology Program), 10,
130, 244-247, 249, 250, 266, 268,
300, 302, 306-307
Isotope geochemistry, 218, 242, 257-259
Jacob, C. E., 39
Laboratory study
in education, 287
INDEX
porous media, 74
water quality, 272
Lakes and reservoirs, 166-167, 239
Land surface, 2, 4, 9, 90-104, 116-119,
121-123, 125, 127, 129-131
atmospheric interactions with, 10, 19,
32, 64-65, 106-107, 116-127, 128,
129-131, 154-155, 168, 169-171,
238-240, 299-300, 306-307; see also
Evaporation; Evapotranspiration
deserts, 114-115, 174
drought, 16, 21, 22, 26, 37, 114, 118-
119, 201-203, 223, 224, 225, 228
electromagnetic signature, 254
glaciers, 51-52, 57, 114, 124-125, 219,
241
landscape evolution prediction, 94,
96-97
regional dynamics, 64-65, 91-92, 96
research priorities, 299-300, 306-307
runoff, 22, 30, 39, 41, 49, 63, 99, 100,
147-148, 151, 173, 235, 236
surficial processes, 65, 142-167
temperature, 18, 34, 48, 117, 150, 154-
155, 161-162, 299
topography, 220, 228, 240-242
wetlands, 55, 93, 97, 177, 191-192
see also Continental water processes;
Snow and snow cover; Soil
science; Vegetation
Langbein, Walter B., 43-44, 56
LIDAR, 239-240
Little Ice Age, 22
Legal issues
data management, 267-268
legislative mandates, 6, 293
regulations, 24, 26, 76-77
standards, 111
Longitudinal studies, 14, 115, 222-223,
225, 259-268, 302, 309-310
atmospheric, 117
data sets, 11
greenhouse effect, 311
Long-Term Ecological Research, 309
Lorenz, Edward, 128
Lubin, C. I., 86
L'vovich, M. I., 171
L
M
Marine processes, 46, 47
atmospheric, 104, 106-107, 117, 164-
166, 167
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INDEX
general circulation models and, 63-
64, 105-113, 120-121
microorganisms, 55
models, 63-64, 105-113, 120-121
precipitation, 46
sea level, 22, 51, 124-125
sedimentary, 37
thermal, 117
Mariner space mission, 34
Mars, 33-34
Mathematical models, 39, 41, 66, 85, 99-
101, 104, 105, 108, 194-207
numerical, 10, 85, 105, 115, 119, 130,
136, 195, 241, 300
see also Statistical programs and
activities; Stochastic processes
Mathematics education, 286, 308
Mead, Daniel, 39
Measurement techniques, 215, 221
atmospheric sounding, 155
boreholes, 77, 82, 257, 299
imaging, 146-147
pollution, 268-273
precipitation, 37-38, 231
radar, 114, 130, 135, 254, 256, 267
see also Data quality and quantity;
Prediction; Remote sensing;
Satellite technology; Uncertainty
Meinzer, Oscar E., 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 56
de la Metherie, Jean-Claude, 38
Methodology, see Measurement tech-
niques; Models; Multidisciplinary
approach; Prediction; Sampling;
Statistical programs and activities;
Uncertainty
Meyer, Adolf, 39
Mineralogy
clay, 188
fossil fuels, 72, 74
oil transport via ground water, 74
ore formation, 75, 193
weathering, 186-187, 193
Minorities, 290-293, 295, 323
Mississippi River, 75, 93, 95, 103-104,
219, 226
Missouri River, 93, 95
Models, 6, 243-244
acid rain, 187
atmospheric/climatologic, 9, 10, 63-
64, 105, 129, 131-137, 169-171, 299
global/general circulation, 63-64,
105-113, 120-121, 124, 155, 190,
244, 250
343
data collection and, 214-215, 216,
220-221
drainage basins, 98, 99-100
forests, 242
GEWEX, 10-11, 14,105, 238, 246, 300,
302, 307, 308
International Satellite Land Surface
Climatology Program (ISLSCP/
FIFE), 10, 130, 244-247, 249, 250,
266, 268, 300, 302, 306-307
geophyscial transport processes, 53,
81-85
ground water, general, 74, 78-79, 80,
84-85, 214
marine processes, 63-64, 105-113,
120-121
nonlinear systems, 51, 67, 195, 197,
199, 200-201, 203, 204-205, 207,
299
numerical, 10, 85, 105, 115, 119, 130,
136, 195, 241, 300
precipitation, 5, 128, 137-142, 148, 151
rivers, 195-199, 214
soil processes, 144, 145-146
spatial dimension, 101, 195-199
tectonic, 73, 78-79
transport processes, general, 53, 81-85
waste management, 84
see also Mathematical models;
Projections; Stochastic processes
Multidisciplinary approach, 1, 5, 10-11,
13-14, 16, 32, 45, 56, 58-59, 130,
158, 167, 265, 304
conferences and meetings, 16, 40, 313
chemistry, 179
education, 12, 16, 276, 277, 278-280,
283-284, 303, 307
field experiments, 308-309
funding and, 13-14
Mulvaney, T. J., 39
N
National Aeronautic and Space Adminis-
tration, 13, 266, 305
Earth Observing System, 11, 253, 254,
256, 300
National Flood Insurance Act, 44
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 155, 254
National Research Council, 40, 43
National Science Foundation, 13, 14, 57,
75, 229, 305, 308, 309
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344
National Stormscale Operational and
Research Meteorology Program,
248-249, 250
National Weather Service, 13, 305
Nevada, 76-77
NEXRAD, 267
Nile River, 19-21, 114, 206
Nonlinear systems, 51, 67, 195, 197, 199,
200-201, 203, 204-205, 207, 299
Norton, Dennis, 71
Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 76
Numerical models, 10, 85, 105, 115, 119,
130, 136, 195, 241, 300, 307
see also Mathematical models
o
Organic compounds, 5, 55, 89-90, 168,
178, 189
Orogeny, 71
p
Paleohydrology, 5, 218, 259-265
Martian, 34
Palissy, Bernard, 37-38
Palynology, 261
Penman, Howard Latimer, 153
Perrault, Pierre, 38
Phases and phase transformations
climate and, 104
snow, 219
Phillips, N. A., 108
Photosynthesis, 36, 171, 190
Polar regions, 51, 52, 125, 158, 219, 241
glaciers, 51-52, 57, 114, 124-125, 219,
241
Pollution, 26, 59, 120-121
acid precipitation, 5, 158, 160, 180-
187, 219
albedo and, 125, 127
ground water, 63, 88-90, 114, 175,
178, 231
measurement, 268-273
non-point sources, 30
regulation, 26
salination, 28, 30
sediments, 97
soil, 55
surface water, 30, 179, 231, 232-233
transport, 9, 187-190
see also Radioactivity; Waste manage-
ment
INDEX
Porous media, 75, 77, 81-83, 85, 87-88,
156-157
infiltration processes, 41, 54, 142, 143,
144-147, 157
Publications, scientific, 16, 312
Precipitation, 10, 21, 32, 47, 48-49, 64,
110, 115, 127-131, 242
acid precipitation, 5, 158, 160, 180-
187, 219
clouds, 116, 254
erosion and, 53
ground water, 70
marine processes, 46
measurement, 37-38, 231
models, 5, 128, 137-142, 148, 151
National Stormscale Operational and
Research Meteorology Program,
248-249, 250
radar, 267
runoff production, 22, 30, 39, 41, 49,
63, 99, 100, 147-148, 151, 173, 235,
236
see also Drought; Flooding; Rain;
Snow and snow cover
Prediction
climate and weather, 16, 102-104, 106,
128, 131-137, 204-205, 207, 248-
249
earthquakes, 73
floods, 24, 44, 53, 131-137, 204, 223,
231
ground water models, 84-85
human factors, effects, 11
landscape evolution, 94, 96-97
sea level rise, 125
Pressure effects and measurements
frozen soil, 157, 158
global range, 18
ground water, 51
tectonic, 71, 72, 73, 78, 82
Problem solving, 297, 308
Professional associations and societies,
15, 43, 40, 44, 57, 86, 105, 310
American Geophysical Union, 40, 43,
44, 86, 282, 310, 322
conferences and meetings, 16, 40, 313
publications, 16, 312
Public education, 8, 288-290
R
Radar, 114, 130, 135, 224, 239-240, 254,
256, 267
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INDEX
Radioactivity, 76-77, 86
isotope geochemistry, 242, 257-259
temporal dimension, 76-77
Rain, 38, 116, 119, 126, 128, 131, 220, 227,
228, 233-234, 242, 254
acid precipitation, 5, 158, 160, 180-
187, 219
erosion, 96
models of, general, 214
radar, 267
spatial dimension, 128, 137-142
stochastic modeling, 137-142
temporal dimension, 128, 133, 137-142
see also Drought; Flooding
Real time, 266
Regional Aquifer System Analysis, 242-
243
Regional dynamics, 6, 10-11, 12, 246
climate and weather, 10, 64-65, 115,
131, 228
ground water, 242-243
HAPEX-MOBILHY, 10, 109, 130, 238,
244, 245, 246, 249, 300, 302, 307
human effects, 300, 302
International Satellite Land Surface
Climatology Program
(ISLSCP/FIFE), 10, 130, 244-247, 249,
250, 266, 268, 300, 302, 306-307
land surface and, 64~5, 91-92, 96
mesoscale convective systems, 131-137
soil processes, 144
water resources management, 27
Regulations
floodplain development, 24
radioactive waste, 76-77
toxic substances, 26
Remote sensing, 11-12, 34, 80, 158, 195,
218, 226, 250-257, 267, 302, 300,
302, 306
atmospheric/climatologic, 105, 125,
134, 155
in education, 255
evapotranspiration, 237-238
ground water, 256-257, 258
radar, 114, 130, 135, 224, 239-240, 254,
256, 267
snow, 160-161, 163-164
temporal dimension, 250-251
vegetation, 251
see also Satellite technology
Research, 1, 33
academic, 6, 7, 14-15, 43, 276
awards and prizes, 44, 153, 174
345
chemical processes, priorities, 298,
319
federal government role, 13, 14-16,
43, 155, 254, 266, 267, 305, 308,
309, 312, 317-321
funding, 2, 13-14, 15-16, 305, 307-
308, 317-321
historical perspectives, 29, 37=s5, 152,
153, 165, 186, 229
land surface, 299-300, 306-307
longitudinal studies, 11, 14, 115, 117,
222-223, 225, 259-268, 302, 309-
310, 311
priorities, 8-12, 40, 62-207, 296-303,
319
publications, 312
see also Data quality and quantity
issues; Field studies; Measurement
techniques
Reynolds, Osborne, 152
Rhine River, 179
Richardson, L. F., 108
Rivers and fluvial processes, 5, 9, 38, 44,
56, 63-64, 97-101, 231, 246, 265
alluvial fans, 3, 97, 104
and civilization, 19-21
evaporation, 151-152, 154-155
flooding and, 23-24, 231
glaciers and, 52
ground water and, 51
Martian, 34
mathematical applications, 195-199
models, 214
models of, general, 195-199, 214
pollution, 179
resource management, 22
runoff, 147-148, 151
sediment processes, 93-95, 95-99,
101-104, 299
stochastic processes, 195-199
watersheds, 162-163, 176, 232-233
see also specific rivers
Ruby, William, 70-71
Runoff, 22, 30, 39, 41, 49, 63, 99, 100,
147-148, 151, 173, 235, 236
S
Sacramento River, 103
Salination, 28, 30
Sampling, 81-82, 84, 215, 217-220, 228-
229
snow density, 235
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346
watersheds, 232-233
see also Stochastic processes; Spatial
dimension; Temporal dimension
Satellite technology, 10, 114, 129, 134,
224, 226, 240, 243, 251, 254, 300
Earth Observing System, 11, 253, 254,
256, 300
forest cover, 242
GEWEX, 10-11, 14, 105, 238, 246, 300,
302, 307, 308
ISLSCP (FIFE), 10, 130, 244-247, 249,
250, 266, 268, 300, 302, 306-307
management of data, 11
Mars, 33-34
rainfall, 234
snow, 160-161, 163-164
solar radiation, 239
Scientific education, 1, 2, 6-8, 12-13, 16,
33, 275-295, 303
academic research, 6, 7, 14-15, 43, 276
computers in, 8, 287
demographics, 323
engineering, 6, 7
fellowships, 14, 305, 307-308
field experiences, 287, 303, 308
funding, 14
mathematics, 286, 308
minorities and women, 290-293, 295,
323
multidisciplinary aspects, 12, 16, 276,
277, 278-280, 283-284, 303, 307
remote sensing, 255
Sea level, 22, 51, 124-125
Seasonal variation, 4, 48, 116
biologically associated, 167
ice, 156
snow, 160, 161, 183-185, 216, 219, 228,
235
Sedimentation, 37, 66
alluvial fans, 3, 97, 104
chemistry, 188-189
climate and, 101-104
continental yield, 54
fluxes, 52-54, 93-97, 233
marine, 37
pollution, 97
riverine, 93-95, 95-99, 101-104, 299
runoff, 30, 99, 100
Sedimentary basins, 74-75, 261
Sedimentary rocks, 37
Shreve, R. L., 196
Slichter, C. S., 39
INDEX
Snow and snow cover, 5, 52, 57, 121-123,
125, 127, 160-164, 220, 235
ablation, 235-236
acidic, 183-185
chemical processes, other, 162, 183-
185, 219
flooding, 216
flow through, 157-158
greenhouse effect, 216
phase transitions, 219
sampling, 235
satellite technology, 160-161, 163-164
seasonal variations, 160, 161, 183-185,
216, 219, 228, 235
spatial dimension, 162-163, 185
Social factors, 6, 31, 125
civilization, 19-21
urban areas, 1, 21-24, 27, 55
Soil Conservation Service, 27
Soil science
biological processes, 5, 55, 187
chemistry, 5, 9, 50, 54, 63, 65, 69, 157,
158, 178, 185-187
fertilizer, 30
field studies, 144
frozen, 156-160
infiltration processes, 41, 54, 142, 143,
144-147, 157
irrigation, 28, 30, 149, 129, 131, 149,
216
models, 144, 145-146
moisture, 10, 117, 143, 144-147, 155,
171, 173, 175, 228, 233, 236, 242
pollution, 55
regional dynamics, 144
spatial dimension, 143, 144-147
vegetation and, 55, 171, 173-175
see also Agriculture; Erosion; Sedi-
mentation
Solar energy, 18, 34, 47-48, 69, 107, 116,
162, 239, 251, 306
photosynthesis, 36, 171, 190
see also Albedo
Solution chemistry, 9, 17, 54, 69, 81-83,
85, 231, 233
acid precipitation, 5, 158, 160, 180-
187, 219
ground water transport, 9, 36-37, 69,
81-85, 87-89
sediments, 188-189
soil, 50, 157, 158
Soviet Union, 307
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INDEX
Spatial dimension, 4, 9, 49, 53, 56, 57, 65,
66, 194-197, 265-268
atmospheric/climatologic, 111, 129,
130, 131, 133, 306-307
biological processes, 168
data sampling, 214, 218-223, 226-230,
231, 233, 234-250
evapotranspirtation, 237-238
flood prediction, 231
geophysical, 1, 33, 44, 62-63, 74, 78,
81-85
geostatics, 81-85
land surface energy exchange, 238-
240
models, 101, 195-199
rainfall, 128, 137-142
remote sensing, 250
research priorities, 299
runoff, 147-148, 151
snow, 162-163, 185
soil processes, 143, 144-147
see also Global dynamics; Regional
dynamics
Statistical programs and activities, 220
geophysics, 206
geostatics and spatial variability, 81-
82
land-atmospheric interaction, 129
time series analysis, 199-204
see also Data quality and quantity
issues; Sampling; Stochastic
processes
Standards, international, 111
Steinhaus, Hugo, 195-196, 197
Stochastic processes, 5, 83-85, 195
biological processes and, 168-169
rainfall, 137-142
rivers, 195-199
time series analysis, 199-204
Storms, 24, 48, 248-249, 250, 309
see also Flooding
Surficial processes, 65, 142-167
T
Tectonic processes, 51, 53, 62-63, 67-85
earthquakes, 71, 73-75
models, 73, 78-79
pressure, 71, 72, 73, 78, 82
Temporal dimension, 4, 9, 49, 56, 57, 65,
115, 194
atmospheric-land interaction, 306
347
chemical processes, 180, 185
data sampling, 214, 218-223, 226-230,
233, 234-238
geophysical, 1, 33, 44, 51, 62, 74-75
longitudinal data, 11, 14, 115, 117,
222-223, 225, 259-268, 302, 309-
310, 311
radioactive waste disposal, 76-77
rainfall, 128, 133, 137-142
remote sensing, 250-251
research priorities, 299
river basins, 101
sedimentation, 96
surficial processes, 143
see also Prediction; Seasonal variation
Theis, C. V., 39, 86
Thermal processes, 239-240
atmospheric, 32, 35, 104, 108, 109, 126,
131; see also Greenhouse effect
crustal, general, 68-69, 73, 74
global heat exchange, 2, 17-18, 108-
111, 239-240
marine, 117
polar regions, 51, 52, 125, 158, 219, 241
surface, 18, 34, 48, 117, 150, 154-155,
161-162, 299
tropical regions, 230, 231, 254, 308
volcanism, 37, 46, 68-69, 96, 228
see also Ice and ice processes; Solar
energy
Thornthwaite, Warren, 126-127
Time series analysis, 199-204
Topography, 220, 228, 240-242
Transport processes, 317-318
advection, 50-51, 83
atmospheric-surface, 65
contanimant, 187-190
low-scale, 75, 77-78
geophyscial models, 53, 81-85
ground water, 74, 78-79, 80-85
organic compounds, 5, 55, 89-90, 168,
178, 189
pollutant, 9, 187-190
solute, 9, 36-37, 69, 81-85, 87-89
surficial, 65, 142-167
see also Sedimentation
Tropical regions, 230, 231, 254, 308
U
Uncertainty, 215
atmospheric measurements, 130
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348
flux processes, 219-220
greenhouse effect, 216
ground water, 80, 85
see also Stochastic processes
Urban areas, 1, 21-22, 27, 55
floodplains, 23-24
V
Vegetation, 5, 54-56, 65, 117, 169-175,
240, 242
boundary layers and, 169-171
climate, 117, 168, 169-171
erosion and, 96
floodplain, 97
photosynthesis, 36, 171, 190
remote sensing, 251
soil and, 55, 171, 173-175
see also Evapotranspiration; Forests
and forestry
Viking space mission, 34
Volcanism, 37, 46, 68-69, 96, 228
W
Waste management, 30
disease and, 22, 26, 28
INDEX
models, 84
radioactive, 76-77, 86
toxic, 26
Water resources management, 1, 6, 22,
24-31, 121, 155, 224-226
drinking water, 22, 26, 28, 29
history, 1, 24-31, 37~5, 215, 221
ice processes, 159
irrigation, 28, 30, 149, 129, 131, 149,
216
Watersheds, 162-163, 176, 232-233
Weather, see Climate and weather
Weather Bureau, 39
Weeks Law, 176
Wetlands, 55, 93, 97, 177
methane releases, 191-192
Winds, 130, 136
Wolman, Abel, 29
Women, 290-293, 295, 323
World Climate Data Program, 10, 111,
115, 300
World Climate Research Program, 10,
105, 107, 306
see also International Satellite Land
Surface Climatology Project
World Health Organization, 29
World Meteorological Organization, 105
Representative terms from entire chapter:
land surface
