Nutrition During Lactation

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Table of Contents
Front Matter R1-R16
1 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations 1-19
2 Introduction 20-27
3 Who Breastfeeds in the United States? 28-49
4 Nutritional Status and Usual Dietary Intake of Lactating Women 50-79
5 Milk Volume 80-112
6 Milk Composition 113-152
7 Infant Outcomes 153-196
8 Maternal Health Effects of Breastfeeding 197-212
9 Meeting Maternal Nutrient Needs During Lactation 213-235
10 Research Recommendations 236-246
Appendixes 247-248
A Detailed Abstracts of Studies in Industrialized Societies Relating Breastfeeding with Infant and Child Mortality 249-262
B Detailed Abstracts of Studies in Developing Societies Relating Breastfeeding with Infant and Child Mortality 263-278
C Summary of Composition Data for Macronutrients of Human Milk 279-286
D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members 287-290
Acronyms 291-291
Glossary 292-296
Index 297-310

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TABLE 9-1 Estimated Secretion of Nutrients in Mature Human Milk Compared with Increments in Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Lactating Women

A. Energy, Protein, and Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Measure	Energy, kcal	Protein, g	Vitamin A, µg RE^a	Vitamin D, µg	Vitamin E, mg of α-TE^b	Vitamin K, µg
Estimated secretion in milk^c Increment in RDAs^d^,^e for the following periods of lactation:	420–9700	6.3–10.5	400–670	0.3–0.6	1.4–2.3	1.3–2.1
0–6 mo	500	15	500	5	4	0
6–12 mo	500	12	400	5	3	0
Comments	Estimated 80% efficiency in conversion to milk energy	Estimated 70% efficiency in conversion to milk protein	None	Increment advised in part to maintain calcium balance	Estimated 75% absorption	No increment listed because intakes usually exceed RDA

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