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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
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Index

A

Abortion, 333, 334-335, 336, 338

see also Family planning, Prenatal services

Academic research, 144, 145, 146, 259, 331

Access issues, 10, 27, 68, 94, 280-284, 329

aged persons, 208, 210

assistive technologies, 226, 271

blind, 257

delivery strategies, 4, 27-28, 196, 210-211, 224-225, 272, 282-283

developmental disability and, 130-131, 139, 141, 145

education, children with disabilities, 130-131

historical trends, 54, 56

medical/preventive services, 15, 24-26, 27, 31, 101, 139, 141, 252-258, 268

national agenda, 15, 31, 268

prenatal care, 25, 280-281

public facilities, 33, 87, 88, 94, 233, 330

transportation facilities, 33, 131, 225, 251, 330

vocational services, 27-28, 284

see also Discrimination

Activities of daily living, 1, 42, 44, 45-56, 77, 121, 312, 317

aging and, 44-45, 187, 192-193, 194

causes of limitation, 56-61, 75, 104

gender factors, 46, 74

life tables, 61-67, 74

Acute care, 164-168, 176-179, 209

emergency services, 165, 168, 174-176

spinal cord injuries, steroids, 33-34, 177

Administration for Developmental Disabilities, 141

Adolescents, 26, 154, 191

Advisory committees, 18-19, 268, 271

Advocacy and advocates, 29-30, 132, 225, 243, 244, 252, 331

Age factors, 49, 54, 55, 58-59, 245-246

adolescents, 26, 154, 191

assistive technologies, 192

caregivers of aged persons, 209

chronic conditions, general, 191

cost of care, 71, 72

within elderly population, 195

life tables, 61-67, 74

mental adjustment to disability, 221, 222

personal assistance services, 192-193

young adults, 2, 74-75, 153, 154

see also Adolescents;

Children;

Young adults

Agency for Health Care Policy, 234

Aging and aged persons, 13, 54, 190, 209, 210

access issues, 208, 210

activity limitations, 44-45, 187, 192-194

attitudes about, 194-196, 198, 211-212

attitudes of, 206

chronic diseases, 2, 13, 32-33, 56, 59, 60, 100-101, 106, 184-213

cognitive impairments, 194, 210

cost of care, 67-68, 210

drugs, 201, 202, 213

education of elderly, 195

epidemiology, 12, 44-46, 48, 50-53, 56, 59, 67-68, 100-101, 186-193, 195, 199-200, 208, 261

evaluation of services, 196, 198, 213

family caregivers, 209-210, 256

gender differences, 192, 195

health promotion for, 185, 189, 199

injuries, 201, 206

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

life course perspective, 38-39, 193-195

mental health and illness, 206, 207-208

multidisciplinary approach, 195, 209, 261

preventive measures, 32-33, 185, 189, 195-213

professional education on, 201, 212-213

projections, 56, 193, 209-211

psychological factors, 195, 210

public education, 185, 201, 211-212

quality of life, 189, 190, 196, 198, 199, 208, 209, 210-211, 212

risk factors, 86, 185, 193, 198, 200, 202-205

social factors, 195, 199, 206, 210-211

see also Medicare

AIDS,

see Human immunodeficiency virus

Alcohol abuse, 88, 101, 160, 161, 164, 284

driving while intoxicated, 159-161, 330

fetal alcohol syndrome, 11, 114-115, 138

Allied health professionals, 28, 29-30, 231-232, 286, 331

see also Personal assistance services

American Academy of Pediatrics, 25, 145, 280

American Foundation for the Blind, 257

American Medical Association, 312, 313

Americans with Disabilities Act, 14, 33, 88, 91, 182, 267, 271, 329

Assistive technologies, 10, 14, 17, 107, 177, 271

access to, 226, 271

age factors, 192

cost factors, 226-227, 237, 283

definitional issues, 226

developmental disabilities, 131, 132

fall prevention, 226, 227, 228

insurance coverage, 14, 27, 227, 228, 233, 257

secondary conditions, prevention, 215, 224-229, 232-234, 237, 239, 240

transportation, 251

Association for the Care of Children's Health, 129

Attitudes, 87

about aged persons, 194, 195, 196, 198, 211-212

of aged persons, 206

about people with disabilities, 30, 70, 230, 233, 245, 264

self-perceptions, 48, 90, 194, 206, 219-220, 236-237

Automobiles,

see Motor vehicles

B

Beneficiary Rehabilitation Program, 249-250

Blindness, 257

Bipartisan Commission on Comprehensive Health Care, 25, 280

Birth defects, 65, 134-135

gestational, 113, 114-116, 125-126, 138

hereditary, 86, 112, 113, 115, 125, 330

Birth Defects Monitoring Program, 134-135

Birthweight, 26, 130, 263, 281

Black Americans, 46, 64-65, 114

Brain, 136, 153

cerebral palsy, 117

fetal, 89

fetal alcohol syndrome, 11, 114-115, 138

trauma, 12, 116, 151-153, 155, 156-183

Bureau of Maternal and Child Health and Resources Development, 136-137

C

Canada, 184, 275

Census Bureau, 43, 102, 276, 327

see also Survey of Income and Program Participation

Census Disability Survey, 276

Centers for Disease Control, 16-17, 18, 34, 102, 241, 269-270, 271, 332-333

developmental disabilities, 122, 134-136, 146

Disabilities Prevention Program, 16, 34, 260-261, 269, 338

injury programs, 156, 183, 260-261

study sponsorship, 332-333, 336-338

Central nervous system,

see Brain;

Spinal cord injuries

Cerebral palsy, 117, 122

Children, 70, 121, 281

American Academy of Pediatrics, 25, 145, 280

assistance requirements, 192

chronic conditions, general, 191, 284

comprehensive services, 26, 129-131

day care, 129-131

developmental disabilities, acquired, 116, 126-127

educational interventions, 129-131

elementary/secondary education, 121-122, 129-131, 211

epidemiology, 48, 50, 54, 116-117

multidisciplinary approaches, 129, 284

insurance, 25, 280

special education, 121-122, 248, 330

state programs, 284

well-child care, 124, 128

see also Adolescents;

Birth defects;

Birthweight;

Developmental disabilities

Chronic diseases, 6, 12-13, 65, 74, 253

adolescents, 191

aging process and elderly, 2, 13, 32-33, 56, 59, 60, 100-101, 106, 184-213

children, 191, 284

epidemiology, 12, 44-46, 48, 50-53, 56, 59, 67-68, 100-101, 186-193, 195, 199-200, 208, 261

multiple, 60, 191-192

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

prevention measures, persons with, 39, 106, 196-199

protocols, 208, 213

public education, 185, 201, 211-212

quality of life, 189, 190, 196, 198, 199, 208, 209, 210-211, 212

see also Developmental disabilities

Classification, 255, 273-274, 321-327

injuries, 157-158, 159

severity of disability, 179

WHO international system, 5-6, 20-21, 76-78, 97, 158, 273, 319-320, 325, 327

see also Definitional issues;

Models

Cognitive impairments, 178-179

aged persons, 194, 210

learning disorders, 117, 330

mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133

Commission on Chronic Illness, 311-312

Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities, 78

Communication limitations, 118, 119, 121, 178, 179, 223, 226, 229

Community-based programs

access issues, 27

aged persons, 210

databases, 137-138

demonstration projects, 283-284

developmental disabilities, 130, 143

educational programs, 130

federal coordination, 16, 34, 262, 263

injury rehabilitation, 181, 183

independent living centers, 30, 94, 180, 225, 232

local activities and governments, 262, 282, 283

mental health services, 208

private sector cooperation, 263-264

secondary condition prevention, 238

state regulation of, 263

Comprehensive approaches, 4-14, 242-266

age-related disabilities, 199, 211

injuries, 164-183

prenatal and child care, 26, 129-131

research, 22-23

secondary conditions, prevention, 223-233

vocational, 28, 248, 249-251, 263, 284

see also Multidisciplinary approach

Computers and computer science

case management, 212-213, 225

injury surveillance, 157-158

Conceptual issues,

see Definitional issues;

Models

Coordination,

see Organization and coordination

Cost and cost analysis, 281

affordable care, 14, 25-26, 182, 253, 280-283

age factors, 71, 72

aged persons, care, 67-68, 210

assistive technologies, 226-227, 237, 283

child care, 70, 139

developmental disabilities, 11, 110

disability-related, general, 1, 24, 67-73, 75, 242, 248, 310, 337

gender factors, 68

health care, general, 25-26, 252, 256

historical perspective, 67-73

injury-related, 11, 12, 147, 148-150, 153, 160, 163, 164, 174, 183

insurance, 27

long-term care, 282

medical services, 69-73, 139

prenatal care, 26, 280-281

secondary conditions, 220

transfer payments, 69, 70, 310

vocational rehabilitation, 250

Cost of Injury in the United States, 163, 183

D

Day care, 129-131

Definitional issues, 76-83, 97, 268, 273-274

assistive technologies, 226

brain injury, 159

disability, 1, 35-37, 78, 81-83, 118, 121-122, 230, 235, 273-274, 309-327

developmental disability, 109, 118

disabling process, 91-92

evaluation, 35

functional limitation, 5, 7, 35-36, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 118, 119-121, 312, 313, 314-315, 321, 325

handicap, 6, 77-78, 118, 320, 324, 325

impairment, 7, 35-36, 79, 80, 118, 121, 312, 314, 319-320, 321

international classification system, 5-6, 76-78

pathology, 7, 35-36, 79-80, 313-314, 319

prevention, 35, 36-37, 97

quality of life, 89-90

rehabilitation, 214

risk factors, 37-38, 84-89, 99

secondary condition, 13, 35, 214, 235

social limitations, 6, 42, 74, 77

Demography, 70, 98, 100, 193

educational attainment, 92-94, 195, 222

projections, 56, 193, 209-210

urban/rural, 11, 12, 131, 153, 233

see also Epidemiology;

Gender factors;

Racial/ethnic factors ;

Socioeconomic status

Demonstration projects, 262-263, 283-284

preventive, elderly, 199, 211

Dental health, 203, 206

Department of Education, 137, 248, 250, 263

Department of Health and Human Services,

see specific constituent agencies

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

Department of Labor, 102

Department of Veterans Affairs, 259-260

Dependence/independence, 4, 33, 90-91, 107, 249, 265, 266

advocacy and, 243, 244

aged persons, 206

case study, 219-220

gender differences, 67

independent living centers, 30, 94, 180, 225, 232

institutionalized persons, 47, 206, 210

see also Activities of daily living;

Assistive technologies;

Functional limitations;

Mobility limitations

Depression, 33, 40, 205, 206, 215, 219, 221, 222, 238, 240

Developmental disabilities, 10-11, 109-146

access issues, 130-131, 139, 141, 145

acquired, 116, 126-127

assistive technologies, 131, 132

CDC, 122, 134-136, 146

coordination of services, 34, 132-133, 139, 141, 143, 144-145

costs of, 11, 110

definitional issues, 109, 118

epidemiology, 11, 21, 109-122, 131, 134-139

federal programs, general, 141, 142, 145

functional limitations, 118, 119-121

historical perspective, 122-123

local community activities, 130, 143

mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133

models, 118-122

multidisciplinary approach, 129

poverty and, 141-142, 145

preventive measures, 11, 34, 118, 122-146

private sector, 143-144

professional education on, 132, 146

research, 138-139

risk factors, 122, 123, 125-127

screening, 122-123, 128-129

secondary conditions, 122, 123

state government action, 34, 131, 133, 137-138, 141, 143, 144-145

toxicology of, 11, 114-115, 124, 131, 134

Developmental Disabilities Act, 109

Diabetes, 196, 197

Disabilities Prevention Program (CDC), 16, 34, 260-261, 269, 338

Disability conceptualization, 320-327

Disabling process, 91-92

Discrimination, 33, 87, 182, 223, 263-264, 329

Down syndrome, 115

Drug abuse, 88-89, 164, 207, 284

see also Alcohol abuse

Drug labeling, 201

Drugs, prescribed, 86

aged persons, 201, 202, 213

secondary conditions, 228, 229, 236

spinal cord injuries, 33-34, 177

E

Economic factors,

see Cost and cost analysis;

Employment and unemployment;

Income maintenance;

Productivity, losses;

Socioeconomic status

Educational attainment, 92, 93-94, 195, 222

Education and training

childhood, 121-122, 129-131, 211

families of people with disabilities, 29-30, 87

family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 338

learning disorders, general, 117, 330

mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133

of people with disabilities, 117, 177-178, 213-233, 248, 287

preventive, 105, 129-131

special, for children with disabilities, 121-122, 248, 330

see also Professional education;

Public education;

Vocational rehabilitation

Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 330

Elderly,

see Aging and aged persons;

Medicare

Emergency medical services, 165, 168, 174-176

Employee Retirement and Income Security Act, 254

Employment and unemployment, 17, 78, 87, 94, 102, 251

brain damage and, 152-153

discrimination, 33, 87, 182, 223, 263-264, 329

insurance provide by employer, 24, 253, 254

occupational risk factors, 84, 157, 330

quality of life and, 33, 172-173

productivity losses, 68, 69, 148, 163

spinal cord injuries, 154, 220

SSDI, 52, 248, 249-252, 257, 310, 313

vocational services, 27-28, 93-94, 165, 172, 179-183, 244, 248, 249-251, 263, 284, 311

women, 64

work limitations, 43, 50, 51, 54, 56, 64, 74, 154, 220, 221-223, 233, 253-254, 257-258, 316

Environmental factors, 86-88, 224, 233, 237

preventive measures, 105, 131-132, 233

public facilities, access, 33, 88, 87, 94, 233, 330

secondary conditions, 224, 233, 235, 237

toxic agents, 98, 131

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

transportation facilities, access to, 33, 131, 225, 251, 330

urban/rural, 11, 12, 131, 153, 233

weather, 94, 233

see also Assistive technologies;

Safety equipment;

Social factors

Epidemiology, 1, 4, 32, 34, 41-75, 95-104, 337

children, 48, 50, 54, 116-117

chronic diseases and aging, 12, 44-46, 48, 50-53, 56, 59, 67-68, 100-101, 186-193, 195, 199-200, 208, 261

data sources, 34, 41-45, 97-104, 134-138, 274-276

developmental disabilities, 11, 21, 109-122, 131, 134-139

disability indexes, general, 103-104, 179, 276-277, 315

functional limitations, 21, 40, 42-44, 45, 49-50, 51

injuries, 12, 22, 32, 39, 147-159, 176, 179

life expectancy, 1, 56, 61, 64-65, 67, 184, 185, 208

life tables, 61-67, 74

longitudinal, 22-23, 99, 102, 193-194, 200, 261, 277-279

national program, 15, 20, 21-22, 31, 268, 243, 245-246, 268, 274-277

prevalence data, general, 1, 4, 32, 41, 45-56, 101-102, 309

secondary conditions, 22, 137, 218, 220, 240

see also Risk factors

Ethical issues, 252

Europe, 251-252

Evaluation, 39, 68, 159, 337

advocacy, 331

age-related disease prevention, 196, 198, 213

community-based, 283-284

definitional issues, 35

disability conceptualization, 320-327

government assistance programs, 68, 182

injury prevention, 160

injury rehabilitation, 181, 182-183

national program, 273, 283

preventive measures, general, 247, 278-279, 284

public assistance programs, 68, 102

rehabilitation programs, 245, 279

secondary conditions, prevention, 223, 234-335

Exercise

as primary prevention, 86, 200, 205, 229-230, 248

for people with disabilities, 177-178, 229-230, 235

F

Fall injuries, 149, 150, 155, 157, 160, 164, 201, 206

assistive/safety devices, 226, 227, 228

Families/informal caregivers, 222, 223, 232, 256, 271

aged people with disabilities, 209-210, 256

developmental disabilities, poverty, 141, 145

education of, 29-30, 287

Family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 281-282, 338

abortion, 333, 334-335, 336, 338

Federal government, 14-31, 248-258

age-related disabilities, 185

developmental disabilities, 141, 142, 145

disability-related expenditures, general, 24

home care programs, 255-256

injury prevention, 260-261

interagency coordination, 19-20, 24, 102, 133, 241, 243, 258-259, 263, 267, 271-274

local coordination by, 16, 34, 262, 263

national objectives, 15, 31, 245-247, 249, 268

rehabilitation research, 259-260

state cooperation with, 16, 34, 131, 133, 141, 145, 248, 250, 261, 262, 311

see also Laws, specific federal;

National Disability Prevention Program;

specific departments, agencies, and programs

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 11, 114-115, 138

Firearms, 150, 154, 157, 330, 338

Follow-up, 179-183, 225

Foreign countries, 65, 76, 184, 251-252, 275, 279, 310

Fragile X syndrome, 112

Framingham Study, 102

Functional electrical stimulation (FES), 177, 179

Functional Limitations, 32, 90, 196

defined, 5, 7, 35-36, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 118-121, 312, 313, 314-315, 321, 325

developmental disabilities, 118, 119-121

epidemiology, 21, 40, 42-44, 45, 49-51

injury-related, 171-172

spinal cord injuries, drugs, 33-34, 177

see also Activities of daily living

G

Gender factors, 54, 62-63, 64, 67, 256

activity limitations, 46, 74

aged persons, 192, 195

disability costs, 68

injuries, 12, 153

Genetics, 86, 112, 113, 115, 125, 330

preventive interventions, 123-124, 128-129, 330

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

screening, 330, 333, 334

Glasgow Coma Scale, 151-152

Government role

developmental disabilities, 11, 110

private sector coordination, 17-18, 261-264, 270-271, 331

see also Community-based programs;

Federal government;

Public assistance;

State governments

Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 247-248

H

Handicap, 6, 77-78, 118, 320, 324, 325

Head injuries,

see Brain

Head Start programs, 129-130, 145, 284

Health Care Financing Administration, 44, 102, 138, 145, 199, 263

Health care professionals

allied, 28, 29-30, 231-232, 286, 331

associations, 25, 145, 280, 312

attitudes of, 245

physicians, 27, 29, 222, 231, 232, 245, 285-286, 331

see also Personal assistance services;

Professional education

Health promotion, 38-39, 105, 245-247, 283

aged persons, 185, 189, 199

models, 38-39, 227, 283

secondary conditions and, 215, 224, 227-230

Health services delivery, 4, 27-28, 196, 210-211, 224-225, 272, 282-283

secondary conditions, 224-225

Healthy People 2000, 185, 246-247

Hearing,

see Communication limitations

Hispanics, 136

Historical perspectives, 2

access issues, 54, 56

conceptualization of disability, 311-327

costs of disability, 67-73

developmental disabilities, 122-123

employer-provided insurance, 254

injuries, 32, 155-156

prevalence of disabilities, 53-56

Home care, 210, 233, 255-256

see also Families/informal caregivers;

Personal assistance services

Homelessness, 207, 262

Housing, 220, 225

Human immunodeficiency virus, 88, 96, 107

perinatally acquired, 115-116

I

Impairment

defined, 7, 35-36, 79, 80, 118, 121, 314, 319-320, 321

injury-related, 171-172

see also Multiple impairments;

specific impairments

Income maintenance, 310

Social Security Disability Insurance, 52, 248, 249-252, 310, 313

Supplemental Security Income, 52, 141, 248, 310

Independence,

see Dependence/independence

Independent living centers, 30, 94, 180, 225, 232

Indexes of disabilities, general, 103-104, 179, 276-277, 315

Informal caregivers,

see Families/informal caregivers

Injury, 11-12, 147-183

aged persons, 201, 206

brain damage, 12, 116, 168-183

CDC, 156, 183, 260-261

classification, 157-158, 159

computer surveillance, 157-158

coordination of services, 157-158, 164, 183

cost of, 11, 12, 147, 148-150, 153, 160, 163, 164, 174, 183

education on, 164, 182

epidemiology, 12, 22, 32, 39, 147-159, 176, 179

evaluation of interventions, 159, 160, 181, 182-183

firearms, 150, 154, 157, 330, 338

functional limitations/impairments, 171-172

gender factors, 12, 153

historical perspectives, 32, 155-156

local efforts, 181, 183

medical services, 147, 155, 165, 168, 174-176

mobility limitations, 176-177, 178, 179

multidisciplinary approach, 182

prevention, 37-38, 39, 159-164, 183, 201, 226, 227, 228, 260-261, 330

productivity losses, 148, 163

psychological factors, 151, 152, 165, 173, 179-183

quality of life, 172-173, 182

risk factors, 84, 157, 330

secondary conditions, 164, 168, 174-176

social factors, 151, 152, 163, 173-174, 179-183

traumatic brain injury,

see Brain

urban areas, 12, 153

young adults, 74-75, 153

work-related, 84, 157, 330

see also Brain;

Fall injuries;

Motor vehicles;

Spinal cord injuries

Injury Control and Disabilities Prevention Programs, 260

Institute of Medicine, 26, 39, 200, 281, 332, 333, 335

Institutionalized persons, 47, 206, 210

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

Instrumental activities of daily living,

see Activities of daily living

Insurance, 17, 24-25, 211, 252-257, 271, 280, 282

assistive devices, 14, 27, 227, 228, 233, 257

eligibility criteria, 14, 26-27, 139, 182, 227, 228, 233, 254-257, 280, 313

employer-provided, 24, 253, 254

family planning/prenatal services, 25, 26-27, 139, 280

injuries, rehabilitation, 182

Medicaid, 24, 248, 255, 257

Medicare, 24, 44, 199, 209, 229, 255-257

Injury in America, 39, 163, 183

Injury Prevention, 183

Interagency Committee on Disability Research, 258, 259

Interagency Council on Disability Prevention, 19, 272

Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 53

International Center for the Disabled, 43, 48, 244, 250

International perspectives, 65, 76, 184, 251-252, 275, 279, 310

see also World Health Organization

International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps, 5-6, 20-21, 76-78, 97, 158, 273, 319-320, 325, 327

L

Laws, specific federal, 242, 243

Americans with Disabilities Act, 14, 33, 88, 91, 182, 267, 271, 329

Developmental Disabilities Act, 109

Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 330

Employee Retirement and Income Security Act, 254

Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, 256

Occupational Health and Safety Act, 330

Rehabilitation Act, 313

Social Security Act, 249

Vocational Rehabilitation Act, 311

Lead toxicity, 11, 116-117, 131

Learning disabilities, 117, 330

mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133

special education, 121-122, 248, 330

Legal issues

discrimination, 33, 87, 182, 223, 263-264, 329

driving while intoxicated, 161

injury reporting, mandatory, 159

see also Laws, specific federal

Life course perspective, 38-39, 193-195, 235

aged persons, 185

Life expectancy, 1, 56, 61, 64-65, 67, 184, 185, 208

Lifestyle risk factors, 88-89, 228, 248

Life tables, 61-67, 74

Local activities and governments, 262, 282, 283

see also Community-based programs

Longitudinal studies, 22-23, 99, 102, 275-276, 277-279

aging and chronic diseases, 193-194, 200, 261

Longitudinal Study of Aging, 44-45, 67

Long-term care, 4, 194, 243, 244, 265, 282, 285

insurance, 27, 255-257

national survey, 44, 53, 194, 200, 209

nursing homes, 46, 149, 206, 210, 219, 256

Louis Harris and Associates, 43

International Center for the Disabled, 43, 48, 244, 250

M

Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 129

Maternity Outreach Services, 262-263

Medicaid, 24, 248, 255, 257

Medical services, 4, 14

access issues, 15, 24-26, 27, 31, 101, 139, 141, 252-258, 268

acute care, 164-168, 176-179, 209

costs, 69-73, 139

emergency services, 165, 168, 174-176

injury-related, 147, 155, 165, 168, 174-176

model of disability, traditional, 27, 36-37, 104, 244-245, 339

secondary conditions, 224-225

see also Health care professionals

Medicare, 24, 44, 199, 209, 229, 255, 256, 257

Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, 256

Mental health and illness, 207, 208

adjustment to disability, age factors, 206, 207-208, 221, 222

aged persons, 206, 207-208

chronic, 5, 40, 207-208

coordination of services, 263

depression, 33, 40, 205, 206, 215, 219, 221, 222, 238, 240

secondary conditions, 5, 33, 216, 219, 221-223

work limitations, 51, 251-253

see also Alcohol abuse;

Cognitive impairments;

Drug abuse;

Psychological factors

Mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133

special education, 121-122, 248, 330

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, 134

Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Study, 135

Minority groups, 1, 12, 45, 46, 64-65, 114, 136, 153

Mobility limitations, 2, 65

developmental disabilities, 118, 119

injury-related, 176-177, 178, 179

public facilities, 33, 87, 88, 94, 233, 330

transportation facilities, 33, 131, 225, 251, 330

weather-related, 94, 233

young persons, 74-75

see also Paralysis

Models, 97

acute care and rehabilitation, 164-183

demonstration projects, 199, 211, 262-263, 283-284

developmental disability, 118-122

disability, general, 4, 5-10, 76, 83-108, 193-195, 196, 309-327

health promotion, 38-39, 227, 283

injuries, response, 164-183

medical, traditional, 27, 36-37, 104, 211, 244-245, 339

protocols, 13, 208, 213, 234-241, 259

secondary conditions, 215-223

spinal cord injuries, 154

Motor vehicles, 38-39, 149-150, 153, 157, 161-162

driving while intoxicated, 159-161, 330

safety equipment, 38, 157, 161-163, 339

spinal cord injuries, 11, 154, 155

Multidisciplinary approach, 259, 265, 266, 285, 321

aged persons and aging, 195, 209, 261

child-focused programs, 129, 284

developmental disabilities, 129

injury-related disabilities, 182

secondary conditions, 234

Multiple impairments, 94-95, 121, 218

drugs, multiple, 201

chronic, 60, 191-192

injury-related, 174

risk factors, 234

see also Secondary conditions

N

Nagi, Saad, 4, 7, 76, 77, 81-82, 83, 95, 309-327

National Accident Sampling System, 156

National Center for Health Services Research, 136, 138

National Center for Health Statistics, 102, 135-136, 156-157

National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, 261

National Coalition for the Prevention of Mental Retardation, 133

National Committee for Injury Prevention and Control, 160

National Council on Disability, 16, 34, 43, 78, 133, 243, 269, 331

National Council on the Handicapped,

see National Council on Disability

National Crime Survey, 156

National Disability Prevention Program, 4-31 (passim), 34, 267-287, 332, 337

aged persons, 190-191

agenda, 15, 31, 268

education, 15, 31, 268

epidemiology, 15, 20, 21-22, 31, 268, 243, 245-246, 268, 274-277

evaluation, 273, 283

objectives, 15, 31, 245-247, 249, 268

preventive measures, 4-14, 17, 18, 32-33, 245-247, 267-273, 284

research, 15, 31, 268, 272, 277

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 156

National Handicapped Sports and Recreation Association, 229-230

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 136

National Health Interview Survey, 42-43, 44, 45-48, 50-51, 53, 60, 61, 64, 66, 73, 74, 75, 95, 102, 276

aging and chronic diseases, 186, 189, 191-192

developmental disabilities, 118, 135

injuries, 156-158

secondary conditions, 218

Supplement on Aging, 44-45, 60, 67, 192

National Hospital Discharge Survey, 156-158

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 261

National Institute on Aging, 102, 261

National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 78, 102, 137, 146, 166, 241, 258-259

National Institute of Mental Health, 263

National Institutes of Health, 136, 146, 259

National Long-Term Care Survey, 44, 53, 194, 200, 209

National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 136

National Medical Care Expenditures Survey, 136

National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey (1980), 110, 135-136

National Research Council, 39, 103, 220

National Spinal Cord Injury Data Base, 155

Native Americans, 114

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

New Jersey, 262-263

Nursing homes, 46, 149, 206, 210, 219, 256

Nutrition, 86, 136, 138, 200, 201, 204, 229, 235, 248

O

Occupational Health and Safety Act, 330

Occupational disabilities

risk factors, 84, 157, 330

work limitations, 43, 50, 51, 54, 56, 64, 74, 154, 220, 221-223, 233, 253-254, 257-258, 316

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 133

Office of Human Development Services, 145

Organization and coordination, 14-19, 31, 258-266, 267-273

acute care, 165

advisory committees, 18-19, 268, 271

aging and chronic disease, 195, 208-211

developmental disabilities, 34, 132-133, 139, 141, 143, 144-145

injury-related disabilities, 157-158, 164, 183

interagency, 19-20, 102, 133, 241, 243, 258-259, 263, 267, 268, 271-274

local, 282

local-federal, 16, 34, 262, 263

national agenda, 15, 31, 268

private sector, 17-18, 261-264, 270-271, 331

research, 19, 22-23, 277

secondary conditions, 224-225, 241

state-federal, 16, 34, 131, 133, 141, 145, 248, 250, 261, 262, 311

see also Comprehensive approaches;

Multidisciplinary approach

P

Paralysis, 2, 95, 154, 176-177

paraplegia/quadraplegia, 35, 154, 155, 177, 215, 219-220

Pathology, 7, 35-36, 79-80, 234, 313-314, 319

Personal assistance services, 271

age factors, 192-193

attendants, education, 29-30, 232, 287

federal insurance for, 254-255

see also Assistive technologies;

Families/informal caregivers

Physicians, 222

access to, 27

education, 29, 231, 232, 285-286, 331

Peer influence, 132, 173, 225

Political factors, 163, 328

advocacy and advocates, 29-30, 132, 225, 243, 244, 252, 331

see also Public opinion

Poverty, 1, 24-25, 47, 48, 92, 253, 280

developmental disabilities, 141-142, 145

Head Start programs, 129-130, 145, 284

homelessness, 207, 262

Medicaid, 24, 248, 255, 257

prenatal care, 26, 262-263, 281-282

see also Public assistance

Pregnancy termination,

see Abortion;

Family planning;

Prenatal services

Prenatal services, 26-27, 37, 101, 124, 128-129, 281-282, 333, 337-338

abortion, 333, 334-335, 336, 338

access to, 25, 280-281

comprehensive, 26, 262-263

cost factors, 26, 280-281

drug abuse, 88-89

family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 281-282, 338

fetal alcohol syndrome, 11, 114-115, 138

insurance coverage, 25, 26-27, 139, 280

poor women, 26, 262-263, 281-282

state program, 262-263

Preventing Low Birthweight, 26, 281

Preventive measures, 1, 40, 104-108, 242-266, 330-331, 337

access to, 24-26, 139, 141, 252-258, 268

age-related chronic disabilities, 32-33, 185, 189, 195-213

chronic disabilities, persons with, 39, 106, 196-199

comprehensive, 4-14

definitional issues, 35, 36-37, 97

developmental disabilities, 11, 34, 118, 122-146

educational, 129-131, 286-287

environmental factors, 105, 131-132, 233

evaluation, general, 247, 278-279, 284

genetic, general, 123-124, 128-129, 330

injury, 37-38, 39, 159-164, 183, 226, 227, 228, 260-261, 330

insurance coverage, 25, 26-27, 139, 211, 227, 228, 233

life course perspective, 38-39, 193-195

model of, 102-103, 104-108

national, 4-14, 17, 18, 32-33, 245-247, 267-273, 284

private sector, 40

research, 24, 278-279

secondary conditions, 3, 7, 14, 27, 164, 214, 215, 223-241

social factors, 4, 23-24, 237-238

standards, 103

see also Health promotion;

Prenatal services;

Risk factors;

Safety equipment;

Screening;

Well-child care

Private sector, 331

advocacy, 29-30, 132, 225, 243, 244, 252, 331

developmental disabilities, 143-144

employment programs, 251

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

government coordination of, 17-18, 261-264, 270-271, 331

insurance, 14, 17, 24-25, 26-27, 139, 182, 211, 227, 228, 233, 253, 252-257, 271, 280, 282

local cooperation, 263-264

preventive measures, 40

Productivity, losses, 68, 69, 148, 163

Professional associations, 25, 145, 280, 312

Professional education, 28-29, 31, 146, 264-265, 268, 284-286

on aged persons, 201, 212-213

developmental disabilities, 132, 146

national agenda, 15, 31, 268

researchers, 279, 331

secondary conditions, 231, 232, 239-240

see also Vocational rehabilitation

Projections, aging population, 56, 193, 209-211

Prosthetics,

see Assistive technologies

Protocols, 13, 208, 213, 234-241, 259

Psychological factors, 23-24, 92-93, 94, 98-99, 278

aged persons, 195, 210

injuries, 151, 152, 165, 173, 179-183

rehabilitation, related to, 206, 207-208, 221, 222, 236-237

see also Mental health and illness

Public assistance, 248, 253, 282

developmental disabilities, 141

eligibility criteria, 56, 249-250, 256, 257, 263, 313

evaluation, 68, 182

housing, 220, 225

Medicaid, 24, 248, 255, 257

Medicare, 24, 44, 199, 209, 229, 255, 256, 257

people with mental disabilities, 208

Social Security Disability Insurance, 52, 248, 249-252, 310, 313

Supplemental Security Income, 52, 141, 248, 310

see also Medicaid;

Medicare

Public education, 15, 17, 28, 31, 230, 264, 268, 283, 286-287

aging process, 185, 211-212

chronic diseases and aging, 185, 201, 211-212

family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 281-282

injury-related disabilities, 164, 182

national agenda, 15, 31, 268

secondary conditions, 224, 230-233

Public facilities, access to, 33, 87, 88, 94, 233, 330

transportation, 33, 131, 225, 233, 330

Public Health Service, 245-246

Public opinion, 4, 94

about aging, 194, 195, 196, 198, 211-212

about people with disabilities, 30, 70, 230, 233, 264

Q

Quality of life, 1, 2-3, 4, 8, 20, 32, 34, 74, 105, 245, 265-266

aging and chronic diseases, 189, 190, 196, 198, 199, 208, 209, 210-211, 212

central nervous system injury, 172-173, 182

disability model, factor in, 85, 89-91

employment and, 33, 172-173

handicap, defined, 78

secondary condition prevention, 235

standard of living, 84, 90

WHO, 89-90

see also Activities of daily living;

Dependence/independence

R

Racial/ethnic factors, 1, 12, 45, 46, 64-65, 114, 136, 153

blacks, 46, 64-65, 114

Hispanics, 136

Native Americans, 114

Regulations

alcohol and drug abuse, 161, 164

environmental toxins, 131

labeling, 201

see also Standards

Rehabilitation, 3, 107, 214

concept of, 311

evaluation of, 245, 279

geriatric, 194-195

independent living centers, 30, 94, 180, 225, 232

injuries, systems approach, 164-183

models, 164-183

professional education on, 231

psychological factors, 206, 207-208, 221, 222, 236-237

research, 24, 258-260, 278-279

secondary conditions, prevention, 214, 215, 236-237

Social Security Disability Insurance, 52, 248, 249-252, 310, 313

vocational, 27-28, 165, 179-183, 244, 248, 249-251, 263, 284, 311

Rehabilitation Act, 313

Rehabilitation Services Administration, 263

Research, 22-24, 75, 100, 268, 277-279

aging and disease, 189, 193-194, 208

brain, 136

coordination, 19, 22-23, 277

developmental disabilities, 138-139

injuries, 163, 164, 176, 179

national program, 15, 31, 268, 272, 277

preventive measures, 24, 278-279

rehabilitation, 24, 258-260, 279

risk factors, 4, 33, 86, 98-99, 164, 277-278

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

secondary conditions, 234, 240-241

social factors, 278

socioeconomic status, 23-24, 278

training for, 279, 331

university-based, 144, 145, 146, 259, 331

see also Demonstration projects;

Epidemiology;

Evaluation

Retirement History Survey, 102

Risk factors, 4, 8, 12-13, 20, 80, 84-89, 91-92, 94, 96, 101, 228, 248

aged persons, 86, 185, 193, 198, 200, 202-205

assistive technologies and, 226

brain injury, 153

definitions, 37-38, 84-89, 99

developmental disabilities, 122, 123, 125-127

epidemiological research, general, 4, 22, 33, 98-99

injuries, 163, 164, 165

insurance classifications, 255

multiple impairments, 234

occupational, 84, 157, 330

research, 4, 33, 86, 98-99, 164, 277-278

secondary conditions, general, 214, 215, 226, 234, 235

sexual activities, 88, 96, 107, 248

see also Screening;

specific factors

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 263

Rural areas, 131

S

Safety equipment, 163-164, 330

fall injuries, prevention, 226, 227, 228

motor vehicles, 38, 157, 161-163, 339

Schizophrenia, 207

Screening, 106, 107, 247-248, 257

developmental disabilities, general, 122-123, 128-129

employer-provided insurance, 254

federal support, 145

genetic, 330, 333, 334

Secondary conditions, 13-14, 94-95, 214-241

assistive technologies and, 215, 224, 225-229, 232, 233, 234, 237, 239, 240

CDC, 241

coordination of services, 224-225, 241

cost, 220

defined, 13, 35, 214, 235

depression, 33, 40, 205, 206, 215, 219, 221, 222, 238, 240

developmental disabilities and, 122, 123

drug treatment, 228, 229, 236

environmental factors, 224, 233, 235, 237

epidemiology, 22, 137, 218, 220, 240

evaluation of interventions, 223, 234-335

health promotion interventions, 215, 224, 227-230

injury-related, 164, 168, 174-176

learning disabilities, 330

local intervention, 238

medical interventions, general, 224-225

mental/emotional, general, 5, 33, 216, 219, 221-223

multidisciplinary approach, 234

prevention, 3, 7, 27, 33, 34, 107, 164, 207, 223-241

professional education on, 231, 232, 239-240

protocols, 13, 234-241

public education, 224, 230-233

rehabilitation and, 214, 215, 236-237

research, 234, 240-241

risk factors, 214, 215, 226, 234, 235

social factors, 223, 235, 237-238

Sensory limitations, 118, 119, 121, 178, 179, 203, 216, 228

Sex differences,

see Gender factors

Sexual activity

family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 281-282

of people with disabilities, 222

as risk factor, 88, 96, 107, 248

Smoking, 88, 101, 200, 205, 248

Social factors, 75, 86-87, 98-99

aged persons, 195, 199, 206, 210-211

disability definitional issues, 6, 42, 74, 77, 315-317, 320, 321, 324, 325

injuries, 151, 152, 163, 173-174, 179-183

international comparisons, 252

limitations, defined, 6, 42, 74, 77

peer influence, 132, 173, 225

preventive interventions, 4, 23-24, 237-238

research, 278

and secondary conditions, 223, 235, 237-238

support networks, 4, 99, 132, 206, 223, 224-225, 237-238

see also Demography;

Public opinion

Social Security Act, 249

Social Security Administration, 102, 138, 249

Social Security Disability Insurance, 52, 248, 249-252, 257, 310, 313

Socioeconomic status, 47, 101

brain injury epidemiology, 153

in disabling process, 23-24, 84, 92, 93, 94

prenatal care, 281-282

research on, 23-24, 278

see also Poverty

Speech,

see Communication limitations

Special education, 121-122, 248, 330

Spinal cord injuries, 12, 150-151, 153-183, 215

adolescents and young adults, 154

employment issues, 154, 220

motor vehicles, 11, 154, 155

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
×

paraplegia/quadraplegia, 35, 154, 155, 177, 215, 219-220

protocols, 236, 259

steroids, 33-34, 177

Sports and athletics, 154, 229-230

Standards

accreditation, professional education, 231

chronic disease, protocols, 208, 213

disability indexes, general, 103-104, 179, 276-277, 315

disability measures, 20-21, 179, 273-274

insurance eligibility, 14, 26-27, 139, 182, 227, 228, 233, 254-257, 280, 313

national objectives, 15, 31, 245-247, 260, 268

prevention criteria, general, 103

public assistance, eligibility, 56, 249-250, 256, 257, 263, 313

secondary conditions, protocols, 13, 234-241

spinal cord injuries, protocols, 13, 234-241

spinal cord injuries, protocols, 236, 259

see also Classification;

Definitional issues;

Quality of life

Standards of living, 84, 90

State governments, 262

aged persons, data, 190

blind, services, 257

child-focused programs, 284

databases, 137-138, 190-191

developmental disabilities, 34, 131, 133, 137-138, 141, 143, 144-145

federal cooperation with, 16, 34, 131, 133, 141, 145, 248, 250, 261, 262, 311

home care programs, 255-256

injuries, mandatory reporting, 159

local activities, regulation, 263

prenatal care, 262-263

rehabilitation programs, 311

vocational rehabilitation, 248, 250

Statistical programs and activities,

see Cost and cost analysis; Epidemiology

Steroids, 33-34, 177

Substance abuse,

see Drug abuse

Supplemental Security Income, 52, 141, 248, 310

Supplement on Aging (NHIS), 44-45, 60, 67, 192

Surgeon General, 184-185, 333

Surveillance,

see Epidemiology

Survey of Income and Program Participation, 43-44, 49-53, 74, 75, 102, 253

Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 156

T

Technical assistance, 34

Technology,

see Assistive technologies;

Safety equipment

Therapy,

see Rehabilitation

Toward Independence, 243, 260

Toxicity

environmental, general, 98, 131

developmental disabilities, 11, 114-115, 124, 131, 134

lead, 11, 116-117, 131

Training,

see Education and training

Transfer payments, 69, 70, 310

Transportation facilities

access to, 33, 131, 225, 233, 330

assistive devices, 251

Traumatic Brain Injury, 180

Traumatic brain injury,

see Brain;

Injury

Traumatic injury,

see Injury

U

Uniform Hospital Discharge Set, 157

University programs, 144-146, 259, 331

Urban areas, 233

brain injuries, 12, 153

lead poisoning, 11

Utilization of services, 27, 68

V

Veterans, 52, 259-260, 310

Vocational rehabilitation, 27-28, 93-94, 165, 172, 179-183, 244, 248, 249-251, 263, 284, 311

Vocational Rehabilitation Act, 311

W

Weather, 94, 233

Well-child care, 124, 128

Women, 64, 256

see also Gender factors;

Prenatal services

Work issues,

see Employment and unemployment

World Health Organization, 4, 7, 76, 83

ICIDH classification system, 5-6, 20-21, 76-78, 97, 273, 319-320, 325, 327

quality of life, 89-90

World Institute on Disability, 256

Y

Young adults, 2

injuries, 74-75, 153

spinal cord injuries, 154

see also Adolescents

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1579.
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Disability in America presents a five-prong strategy for reducing the incidence and prevalence of disability as well as its personal, social, and economic consequences. Although the preferred goal is to avoid potentially disabling conditions, the authoring committee focuses on the need to prevent or reverse the progression that leads to disability and reduced quality of life in persons with potentially disabling conditions.

Calling for a coherent national program to focus on prevention, the committee sets forth specific recommendations for federal agencies, state and local programs, and the private sector. This comprehensive agenda addresses the need for improved methods for collecting disability data, specific research questions, directions for university training, reform in insurance coverage, prenatal care, vocational training, and a host of other arenas for action.

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