National Academies Press: OpenBook

Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1992)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
×

Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology

Subcommittee on Immunotoxicology

Committee on Biologic Markers

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Commission on Life Sciences

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1992

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

The project was supported by the Environmental Protection Agency; the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Trust Fund through cooperative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services.

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Additional copies of this report are available from the
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S538

Printed in the United States of America

First Printing, February 1992

Second Printing, June 1992

Third Printing, July 1992

Fourth Printing, October 1992

Fifth Printing, January 1996

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
×

Subcommittee on Immunotoxicology

DAVID W. TALMAGE, Chairman,

University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver

DAVID E. BICE,

Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Albuquerque

JOHN CHARLES BLOOM,

Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, IN

LOREN D. KOLLER,

College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis

MICHAEL E. LAMM,

Institute of Pathology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland

MICHAEL I. LUSTER,

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park

WILLIAM J. MEGGS,

East Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, NC

ALBERT E. MUNSON,

Medical College of Virginia, Richmond

KATHLEEN E. RODGERS,

Livingston Laboratories, Los Angeles

NOEL R. ROSE,

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore

PAUL A. SCHULTE,

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati

CURTIS C. TRAVIS,

Office of Risk Analysis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge

ERNEST S. TUCKER,

California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco

ROBERT F. VOGT, JR.,

Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta

THOMAS A. WALDMANN,

National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD

Technical Adviser

GARY R. BURLESON,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park

Staff

RICHARD D. THOMAS, Program Director

ROBERT P. BELILES, Program Officer

MARVIN A. SCHNEIDERMAN, Senior Staff Scientist

KATE KELLY, Editor

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Information Specialist

DANIELLE CORRIVEAU, Project Assistant (until 1/91)

JOYCE WALZ, Project Assistant

Sponsors

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

U.S. Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
×

Committee on Biologic Markers

BERNARD GOLDSTEIN, Chairman,

UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway

JAMES GIBSON,

Dow-Elanco, Indianapolis

ROGENE F. HENDERSON,

Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque

JOHN E. HOBBIE,

Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA

PHILIP J. LANDRIGAN,

Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York

DONALD R. MATTISON,

University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and National Center for Toxicological Research, Little Rock

FREDERICA PERERA,

Columbia University, New York

EMIL A. PFITZER,

Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, NJ

ELLEN K. SILBERGELD,

Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC

Staff

RICHARD D. THOMAS, Program Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
×

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

PAUL G. RISSER (Chairman),

University of New Mexico, Albuquerque

GILBERT S. OMENN (Immediate Past Chairman),

University of Washington, Seattle

FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,

Washington School of Law, American University

JOHN C. BAILAR, III,

McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal

LAWRENCE W. BARNTHOUSE,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge

GARRY D. BREWER,

Yale University, New Haven

EDWIN H. CLARK,

Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Control, State of Delaware, Dover

YORAM COHEN,

University of California, Los Angeles

JOHN L. EMMERSON,

Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana

ROBERT L. HARNESS,

Monsanto Agricultural Company, St. Louis

ALFRED G. KNUDSON,

Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia

GENE E. LIKENS,

The New York Botanical Garden, Millbrook

PAUL J. LIOY,

UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey

JANE LUBCHENCO,

Oregon State University, Corvallis

DONALD MATTISON,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh

GORDON ORIANS,

University of Washington, Seattle

NATHANIEL REED,

Hobe Sound, Florida

MARGARET M. SEMINARIO,

AFL/CIO, Washington, DC

I. GLENN SIPES,

University of Arizona, Tucson

WALTER J. WEBER, JR.,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Staff

JAMES J. REISA, Director

DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Program Director for Applied Ecology and Natural Resources

RICHARD D. THOMAS, Associate Director and Program Director for Human Toxicology and Risk Assessment

LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Information Systems and Statistics

RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
×

Commission on Life Sciences

BRUCE M. ALBERTS (Chairman),

University of California, San Francisco

BRUCE N. AMES,

University of California, Berkeley

J. MICHAEL BISHOP,

Hooper Research Foundation, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco

MICHAEL T. CLEGG,

University of California, Riverside

GLENN A. CROSBY,

Washington State University, Pullman

LEROY E. HOOD,

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena

DONALD F. HORNIG,

Harvard School of Public Health, Boston

MARIAN E. KOSHLAND,

University of California, Berkeley

RICHARD E. LENSKI,

University of California, Irvine

STEVEN P. PAKES,

Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas, Dallas

EMIL A. PFITZER,

Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey

THOMAS D. POLLARD,

Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore

JOSEPH E. RALL,

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

RICHARD D. REMINGTON,

University of Iowa, Iowa City

PAUL G. RISSER,

University of New Mexico, Albuquerque

HAROLD M. SCHMECK, JR.,

Armonk, New York

RICHARD B. SETLOW,

Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York

CARLA J. SHATZ,

Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford

TORSTEN N. WIESEL,

Rockefeller University, New York, NY

JOHN E. BURRIS, Executive Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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Preface

The American people have become increasingly aware of the potential for exposure to toxic material in our environment and of a need for accurate, objective information on the health effects of pollutants. In keeping with that need, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry of the U.S. Public Health Service, the Office of Health Research of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease requested the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology in the National Research Council's Commission on Life Sciences to examine the potential for use of biologic markers in environmental health research. The term "biologic markers" has been used by the National Research Council's Committee on Biologic Markers to refer to indicators of events in biologic systems or samples. It is useful to classify biologic markers into three types—markers of exposure, of effect, and of susceptibility—and to describe the events peculiar to each type.

The Committee on Biologic Markers was organized to consider the areas of environmental research in which the use of biologic markers offered the greatest potential for major contributions. Four biologic systems were chosen: the reproductive system, the respiratory system, the immune system, and the urinary system. A companion report, Environmental Neurotoxicology, emphasizes biologic markers for the nervous system. This report is the product of the Subcommittee on Immunotoxicology, which included clinicians, epidemiologists, toxicologists, pathologists, and biochemists. Our intent was to consider various kinds of basic research that might reveal markers of environmental exposure and disease, even if the original goal of the research had nothing to do with such markers. Eventually, the subcommittee decided to place major emphasis on biologic markers of three types: markers originating from the immune system, markers related to immunosuppressive toxicants of exposure, and markers of effects of environmental pollutants. Markers of susceptibility to environmental materials also were considered important and were included especially if they were of a genetic nature and could serve to identify individuals who are susceptible to autoimmune diseases.

The subcommittee decided to organize this report according to types of action on the

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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immune system (hypersensitivity or suppression), rather than according to specific pollutants, on the grounds that it is more important to discuss general approaches than to attempt to compile a list of pollutant-specific markers.

In the course of the subcommittee's deliberations, several additional scientists were called on to provide information. The subcommittee especially wishes to recognize the contributions of Gary Burleson of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

This report could not have been produced without the untiring efforts of the National Research Council staff, especially Robert P. Beliles, the program officer; Joyce Walz, the project assistant; Danielle Corriveau, the administrative secretary; Tania Williams, who prepared the camera copy; Kate Kelly and Norman Grossblatt, the editors of the report; Devra Davis, resident scholar; and Richard D. Thomas, associate director, and James J. Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology.

David Talmage, Chairman

Subcommittee on Immunotoxicology

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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Recommendations for Future Research

 

50

   

IgE and Cellular Immunity

 

51

4

 

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

 

53

   

Definition of the Problem

 

53

   

Incidence of Autoimmune Diseases

 

53

   

Susceptibility Versus Exposure

 

55

   

Xenobiotic-Induced Autoimmunity

 

56

   

Mechanisms

 

57

   

Animal Models

 

58

   

Biologic Markers

 

59

   

Major Histocompatibility Complex

 

59

   

Immunoglobulin Allotypes

 

59

   

Other Genetic Markers

 

59

   

Rate of Acetylation

 

60

   

Summary and Conclusions

 

61

5

 

THE CAPACITY OF TOXIC AGENTS TO COMPROMISE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION)

 

63

   

Consequences of Immunosuppression

 

64

   

Environmental Contaminants

 

68

   

Inhalation and Immunosuppression

 

74

   

Skin and Immunosuppression

 

77

   

Myelotoxicity and Immunosuppression

 

77

   

Difficulties in Establishing Human Risk

 

78

   

Factors That Affect Susceptibility

 

78

   

Importance of Mechanistic Studies

 

80

   

Summary

 

80

   

Recommendations

 

81

6

 

ANIMAL MODELS FOR USE IN DETECTING IMMUNOTOXIC POTENTIAL AND DETERMINING MECHANISMS OF ACTION

 

83

   

Animal Immunotoxicity Bioassays

 

83

   

Assays of Pulmonary Immunocompetence

 

90

   

Assays Requiring Additional Development

 

91

   

Use of Immunotoxicity Bioassays

 

92

   

Summary

 

97

   

Recommendations

 

97

7

 

HUMAN IMMUNE-SYSTEM BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF IMMUNOTOXICITY

 

99

   

Tests for Assessing Immunity

 

99

   

Tests of the Humoral Immune System

 

100

   

Cellular Immune System

 

102

   

Other Tests

 

104

   

Opportunities for Development of Biologic Markers That Assess the Effect of Immunotoxicants

 

105

   

Proposed Testing Regimen

 

108

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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Summary

 

110

   

Recommendations

 

111

8

 

APPLICATION OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF IMMUNOTOXICITY IN EPIDEMIOLOGY

 

113

   

Epidemiology

 

113

   

Contribution of Biologic Markers to Epidemiology

 

114

   

Variability in Reference Populations

 

115

   

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value

 

115

   

Authentication of the Event Status

 

117

   

Study Design

 

119

   

Reference Populations

 

120

   

Case Studies

 

121

   

Recommendations

 

125

9

 

USE OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN CONTROVERSIAL AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

 

127

   

Evidence of Exposure to Organic Chemicals

 

128

   

Health Effects of Indoor Air Contaminants

 

128

   

Case Definitions of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome

 

132

   

Immune-System Dysfunction in MCS Patients

 

134

   

Biologic Markers of Sensitivity to Chemicals

 

136

   

Antibodies to Formaldehyde-Human Serum Albumin Adducts

 

137

   

Conclusions

 

137

   

Recommendations

 

138

10

 

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 

141

   

Chemical-Induced Immunosuppression in Humans

 

143

   

Role of Environmental Chemical Exposure in Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Diseases

 

145

   

Animal and In Vitro Models

 

145

   

Markers of Skin and Mucosal Responses

 

147

   

Education and Training

 

147

   

Environmental Exposures and Sensitivity Syndromes

 

148

 

 

REFERENCES

 

149

 

 

GLOSSARY

 

183

 

 

BIOGRAPHIES

 

193

 

 

INDEX

 

199

 

 

ADDENDUM: MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY SEPARATE VOLUME

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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Tables and Figures

TABLES

1-1

 

Health Effects Associated with Immune Dysfunction,

 

14

1-2

 

Factors Influencing the Immune System and Associated Markers,

 

17

2-1

 

Immunologic Reactions,

 

28

3-1

 

Methods of Detecting Chemicals That Produce Contact Hypersensitivity,

 

45

4-1

 

Xenobiotics Incriminated in Human Autoimmunity,

 

54

4-2

 

Autoimmune Diseases Related to Specific Xenobiotic Exposure,

 

55

5-1

 

Consequences of Immunosuppression,

 

65

5-2

 

Species Comparison of Immune Responses Suppressed by Cyclosporin A,

 

67

5-3

 

Classes and Examples of Chemicals Causing Immunological Changes,

 

70

5-4

 

EPA Survey Concentrations of Groundwater Contaminants and Composition of a Complex Chemical Mixture Representing a Contaminated Groundwater Sample,

 

75

6-1

 

Approaches to Animal Immunotoxicity Testing,

 

85

6-2

 

Validated Rodent Immunoassays,

 

86

7-1

 

Tier 1 (All Persons Exposed to Immunotoxicants),

 

108

7-2

 

Tier 2 (All Persons with Abnormal Tier 1 Results and a Fraction of the Total Exposed Population to be Determined by Statistician),

 

109

7-3

 

Tier 3 (To be Considered for Those with Abnormalities in Tier 2 Tests or for a Random Fraction of the Entire Population in Tier 2),

 

110

8-1

 

Three examples of the Relationship between Exposed Subjects and the Presence (+) or Absence (-) of Markers Illustrating the Interaction of Prevalence, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value,

 

116

8-2

 

Interrelationship Among Prevalence, Sensitivity, and Specificity,

 

118

9-1

 

Randolph's Characterization of MCS,

 

129

9-2

 

Agents Reported to Cause Symptoms in Chemically Sensitive Individuals,

 

133

9-3

 

Cullen's MCS Case Definition,

 

134

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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FIGURES

1-1

 

Simplified Flow Chart of Classes of Biologic Markers,

 

12

2-1

 

Cellular Interactions Involved in the Generation of an Immune Response,

 

25

2-2

 

Model of the Competent Immune System, Depicting Normal Interrelation of the Major Components,

 

26

2-3

 

Model of the Competent Immune System, Depicting Sites of Potential Effects on the Major Components by Toxins

 

 

3-1

 

Sensitization and Elicitation,

 

47

3-2

 

Selected Methods Over Time for Detecting Chemicals That Produce Contact,

 

48

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
×

List of Abbreviations


ADCC

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

ACGIH

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

ACTH

Adrenal cortical trophic hormone

AIDS

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ATSDR

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry


BALF

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

B-cell system

Humoral immune system

B16F10

Mouse tumor cell model (melanoma)


C1-C9

Complement system components

cAMP

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CD

Cluster of differentiation, e.g. CD3

CD3

T-cell surface marker associated with the T-cell receptor for antigen

CD4

T-cell surface marker identifying the helper (or inducer) subset of T cells

CD8

T-cell surface marker identifying the suppressor (or cytotoxic) subset of T cells

CD4:CD8

Helper/suppressor cell (ratio)

CD19

B-cell surface marker

CD20

B-cell surface marker

CD22

B-cell marker present on the membrane of mature B cells and in the cytoplasm of immature B cells

CD25

T-cell surface marker identifying marker for IL-2 receptor

CFU

Colony-forming unit

CFU-B

Colony-forming unit, basophils

CFU-G

Colony-forming unit, granulocytes

CFU-GM

Colony-forming unit, granulocytes and macrophages

CH50

Hemolytic complement

CMI

Cell-mediated immunity

C1q

Subunit of first component of complement

Con A

Concanavalin A

CsA

Cyclosporin A

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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CSF

Colony-stimulating factor

CTL

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte


DT

Diphtheria-tetanus (vaccine)

DPT

Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (vaccine)

DTH

Delayed-type hypersensitivity


EAE

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

EBV

Epstein-Barr virus

EI

Environmental illness

ELISA

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay


Fc

Fragment cystalline- The fragment of an antibody that is responsible for binding to antibody receptors on cells and the C1q component of complement

FEV-1

Forced expiratory volume in one second


Gm

Gammaglobulin

GM-CSF

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Gmfb

Gammaglobulin allotype

GVH

Graft versus host


HAH

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

HLA

Human leukocyte antigen

HLA-B27

HLA associated with ankylosing spondylitis

HLA-Rw4

HLA associated with Pemphigus vulgaris

HSA

Human serum albumin


IFN

Interferon

Ia

Murine class II major histocompatibility complex antigen

Ig

Immunoglobulin class; A, D, E, G, M

IL-1 -IL-8

Interleukin, one through eight

IU

International unit


K562

Sensitive cell target for NK cell assay (leukemic cell line)

kg

Kilogram

KLH

Keyhole limpet hemocyanin


LAK

Lymphokine-activated killer (cells)

LALN

Lung-associated lymph nodes

LPS

Lipopolysaccharide, a B-cell-specific mitogen


MCMV

Murine cytomegalovirus

MCS

Multiple chemical sensitivity

MDI

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

mg

Milligram

MHC

Major histocompatibility complex

MLC

Mixed-lymphocyte culture

MLR

Mixed-leukocyte response

mm3

Cubic millimeter


NK

Natural killer cell


PAF

Platelet activating factor

PAH

Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon

PBB

Polybrominated biphenyl

PCB

Polychlorinated biphenyl

PFC

Plaque-forming cell

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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PHA

Phytohemagglutinin, T-cell mitogen

PHSC

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

PPD

Purified protein derivative

ppm

Parts per million

PRP

Polyribose phosphate

PWM

Pokeweed mitogen, a T-and B-cell mitogen

PYB6

Mouse tumor cell model (fibrosarcoma)


RBC

Red blood cells


SAC

Staphylococcus aureus Cowen strain activator

SBS

Sick building syndrome

SCID

Severe combined immunodeficiency

SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SRBC

Sheep red blood cell


T-cell system

Cellular immune system

TEAM

Total Exposure Assessment Methodology study

Thy-1

T-cell marker related to thymic maturation


VOC

Volatile organic compound


YAC-1

Mouse tumor cell model (lymphoma) used to test NK activity

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1992. Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1591.
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Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology Get This Book
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Are environmental pollutants threatening the human immune system? Researchers are rapidly approaching definitive answers to this question, with the aid of biologic markers—sophisticated assessment tools that could revolutionize detection and prevention of certain diseases.

This volume, third in a series on biologic markers, focuses on the human immune system and its response to environmental toxicants. The authoring committee provides direction for continuing development of biologic markers, with strategies for applying markers to immunotoxicology in humans and recommended outlines for clinical and field studies.

This comprehensive, up-to-date volume will be invaluable to specialists in toxicology and immunology and to biologists and investigators involved in the development of biologic markers.

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