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Representative terms from entire chapter:
fluorocarbon substitutes
Page 792
Appendix K
Cost-Effectiveness of Chlorofluorocarbon Phaseout—United
States and Worldwide
Tables K.1 and K.2 detail the cost estimates associated with a
CFC phaseout in the United States and worldwide, respectively. The
analysis considers only the cost of a CFC phaseout and does not
include costs associated with the anticipated phaseout of halons.
Costs associated with capital obsolescence or taxes are not
considered in this analysis. Fluorocarbon substitute costs are
assumed to be 2 times and 3 times the present cost of CFCs
($2250/t)1 for
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
respectively.
Abatement costs for CO2
equivalents to CFCs are based on net reductions; that is, the
CO2 equivalents of fluorocarbon
substitutes (where applicable) are subtracted from the CO2 equivalents for the reductions before
the cost is calculated. The calculation is based on an estimate of
both the present mix of CFCs and an assumed mix of fluorocarbon
substitutes.
The CFC reduction (emission) estimates for 1989 were obtained
from the Du Pont Company and are based on its market forecasts in
1988.
Details of the assumptions made on each policy option are shown
below.
The total cost for a CFC phaseout is approximately $2.0 billion
per year in the United States and $6.3 billion per year worldwide
(constant 1990 dollars, 6 percent capital recovery rate).
U.S. CFC Policy Options
1. Cleaning and Blowing Agents, Aerosols, Refrigerants,
Not-in-Kind Substitutes: Added equipment costs for these
applications are assumed to be $2000/t or $172 million per life.
Cost of these substitutes is assumed to be $200/t less than CFCs
for an annual operating cost savings of $17 million.
2. Conservation and Recycling: A 50-50 split is assumed
between conservation
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and recycling. Equipment costs for recycling are $1500/t ($750/t
for the total category) or $74 million per lifetime. The CFC cost
savings of $2250/t will be equaled by the additional costs
associated with increased minor annual equipment upgrades and
increased manpower efforts for maintenance and recycling.
3. Cleaning and Blowing Agents, Aerosols, Fluorocarbon
Substitutes: Added equipment costs are assumed to be
negligible. The cost of substitutes is assumed to be 2 times the
cost of CFCs for an annual increase of $167 million in operating
costs.
4. Refrigerants, Fluorocarbon Substitutes—Chillers:
Each of the present 100,000 chillers now being used is assumed to
cost $25,000 additional for retrofit or replacement for a total
cost of $2.50 billion per life. Fluorocarbon alternatives are
assumed to cost an average of 2.5 times the present cost of
CFCs.
5. Refrigerants, Fluorocarbon Substitutes—Mobile Air
Conditioning: 100 million automobile air conditioners are
assumed to be used at present. Each is expected to cost $50
additional when replaced for a total cost of $5.0 billion per life.
Fluorocarbon alternatives are assumed to cost 3 times the cost of
CFCs.
6. Refrigerants, Fluorocarbon Substitutes—Other:
Other refrigerant applications (supermarkets, transport, etc.) are
estimated to represent $15 billion worth of equipment. Replacement
is expected to add 10 percent to this equipment cost. Fluorocarbon
alternatives are expected to cost 3 times as much as the current
price of CFCs.
7. Refrigerants, Fluorocarbon Substitutes, Appliance
Insulation, Fluorocarbon Substitutes: Domestic refrigerators
are expected to cost $60 additional on replacement for a total cost
of $4.8 billion per life for the present 80 million refrigerators.
The equipment cost has been allocated to the two uses based on
total CFC use. The cost of fluorocarbon substitutes is 3 times and
2 times that of CFCs for refrigerant and insulation, respectively.
The high cost of these reductions is due to the small amount of
CFCs (approximately 1.0 kg) used in each refrigerator.
Worldwide CFC Policy Options
1. Aerosols, Not-in-Kind Substitutes: Equipment costs
will increase by $100,000 for each aerosol manufacturing line in
order to handle flammable CFC replacements. For 250 lines
worldwide, the cost will total $25 million. At a present cost of
$2.25/kg, CFCs are replaced with hydrocarbons at $0.65/kg. Savings
are reduced 10 percent due to lack of availability of suitable
hydrocarbons for some aerosol needs. For those applications,
substitute costs are assumed equal to CFCs. Savings are also
reduced by $100/t for increased costs of handling flammable
substitutes.
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TABLE K.1 Cost Impact of CFC Phaseout—United
States
NOTE: Mt = megaton = 1 million tons. Tons are metric.
Page 795
(Table K.1 on page 794)
2. Conservation and Recycling: A 50-50 split is assumed
between conservation and recycling. Equipment costs for recycling
are $1500/t ($750/t for the total category) or $202.5 million per
lifetime. The CFC cost savings of $2250/t will be equaled by the
additional costs associated with minor annual equipment upgrades
and increased manpower efforts for maintenance and recycling.
3. Cleaning and Blowing Agents, Refrigerants, Not-in-Kind
Substitutes: Added equipment cost for these applications is
assumed to be $2000/t or $400 million per life. Cost of these
substitutes is assumed to be $200/t less than CFCs for an annual
operating cost savings of $40 million.
4. Cleaning and Blowing Agents, Aerosols, Fluorocarbon
Substitutes: Added equipment costs are assumed to be
negligible. The cost of substitutes is assumed to be 2 times the
cost of CFCs for an annual increase of $472.5 million in operating
costs.
5. Refrigerants, Fluorocarbon Substitutes—Chillers:
Each of the present 150,000 chillers now being used is assumed to
cost $25,000 additional for retrofit or replacement for a total
cost of $3.75 billion per life. Fluorocarbon alternatives are
assumed to have an average of 2.5 times the present cost of
CFCs.
6. Refrigerants, Fluorocarbon Substitutes—Mobile Air
Conditioning: About 200 million automobile air conditioners are
assumed to be used at the present time. Each is expected to cost
$50 extra when replaced for a total cost of $10 billion per life.
Fluorocarbon alternatives are assumed to have 3 times the cost of
CFCs.
7. Refrigerants, Fluorocarbon Substitutes—Other:
Other refrigerant applications (supermarket, transport, etc.) are
estimated to represent $35 billion worth of equipment. Replacement
is expected to add 10 percent to this equipment cost. Fluorocarbon
alternatives are expected to have 3 times the present cost of
CFCs.
8. Refrigerants, Fluorocarbon Substitutes, Appliance
Insulation, Fluorocarbon Substitutes: Domestic refrigerators
are expected to cost $60 additional on replacement for a total cost
of $30 billion per life for the present
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TABLE K.2 Cost Impact of CFC Phaseout—Worldwide
NOTE: Mt = megaton = 1 million tons. Tons are metric.
Page 797
(Table K.2 on page 796)
500 million refrigerators. Equipment cost has been allocated to
the two uses based on total CFC use. The cost of fluorocarbon
substitutes is 3 times and 2 times that of CFCs for refrigerant and
insulation, respectively. The high cost of these reductions is due
to the small amount of CFCs (approximately 1.0 kg) used in each
refrigerator.
Note
1. Throughout this report, tons (t) are metric; 1 Mt = 1 megaton
= 1 million tons.
