National Academies Press: OpenBook

Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design (1991)

Chapter: Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations

« Previous: Appendix F: Comparative Study on Potential Oil Spill in Collision and/or Grounding--Different Tanker Designs
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

Appendix G
Transport Cost Model Calculations

This appendix presents the calculations performed using the transport cost spreadsheet model described in Chapter 6.

Annual cost differentials for the alternative tank vessel designs are presented below (Table G-1). These costs are based on:

  • Oil transport cost (dollars per ton) for each vessel size and design alternative, taken from Tables G-2 to G-10.

  • Average transport costs for each alternative, weighting the three representative sizes and route distances, as noted in Chapter 6.

  • Difference between the weighted average transport cost for each alternative and the cost of the base case, MARPOL single-skin ship.

  • Annualization of these transport cost differentials, using a representative annual volume of 600 million tons of oil moved by tank vessels in U.S. waters.

Calculations of representative transport costs for each vessel design are presented in the following order:

Table

Vessel Design

G-2

MARPOL (Single Hull)

G-3

MARPOL + Hydrostatic Control

G-4

Double Hull

G-5

Double Hull + Hydrostatic Control

G-6

Double Side

G-7

Double Side + Hydrostatic Control

G-8

Double Side + Intermediate Oil Tight Deck

G-9

Double Bottom

G-10

Small Tanks

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-1 Transport Cost Model

Ship Size, kDWT

40

80

240

Wtd Avg

Wtd Avg Diff

Annual Cost @ 600M T/yr

Voy Dist RT, nm

2000

8000

4000

Weighting, %

25

58

17

Design Alternative

---- Transport Cost, dollars per ton ---

$ Mill.

Marpol

4.33

10.30

3.65

7.68

0.00

0

Marpol + HB

5.34

12.71

4.51

9.48

1.80

1080

DH

5.01

11.87

4.26

8.86

1.19

712

DH + HB

5.76

15.19

4.93

11.09

3.41

2047

DS

4.69

11.02

3.97

8.24

0.56

339

DS +HB

5.34

12.76

4.56

9.51

1.84

1102

DS + MHD

5.19

12.23

4.35

9.13

1.45

872

DB

4.77

11.31

4.06

8.45

0.77

462

ST

4.74

11.25

4.01

8.39

0.72

430

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-2 MARPOL (Single Hull)

Vessel DWT

 

40000

80000

240000

Capital Cost

 

 

 

 

Cost, $M

 

34.0

49.7

89.6

CRF @ 12% 20 yrs

0.13388

 

 

 

Annualized Cost

 

4.55

6.65

12.00

Non-Voyage Optg Costs

 

 

 

 

Manning

 

0.81

0.89

1.15

Stores & Lubes

 

0.25

0.27

0.32

M & R

 

0.29

0.33

0.47

Insurance

 

 

 

 

H & M

 

0.34

0.50

0.90

P & I

 

0.08

0.10

0.23

Admin & Other

 

0.21

0.23

0.29

Voyage Costs

 

 

 

 

Fuel

 

 

 

 

Fuel cons, T/d

 

25

45

75

Fuel cost, $/T

150

 

 

 

Fuel cost

 

1.02

2.15

2.92

Port costs

 

0.49

0.21

1.14

Total Costs, $M

 

8.04

11.34

19.40

Cargo Del'd, MT/yr

 

1.86

1.10

5.31

Trans Cost, $/T

 

4.33

10.30

3.65

cents/gal

 

1.47

3.50

1.24

Memo Items

 

 

 

 

Voyage R/T, n mi

 

2000

8000

4000

Speed avg, kts

 

15.0

15.0

14.6

Port Time

 

 

 

 

Load, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Disch, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Delays, days

 

0.1

0.2

1

Voyage days

 

7.2

24.4

15.4

Voys/yr

 

48.9

14.3

22.7

Cargo DWT/Total DWT

 

0.95

0.96

0.975

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-3 MARPOL and Hydrostatic Control

Vessel DWT

 

40000

80000

240000

Capital Cost

 

 

 

 

Cost, $M

 

34.0

49.7

89.6

CRF @ 12% 20 yrs

0.13388

 

 

 

Annualized Cost

 

4.55

6.65

12.00

Non-Voyage Optg Costs

 

 

 

 

Manning

 

0.81

0.89

1.15

Stores & Lubes

 

0.25

0.27

0.32

M & R

 

0.29

0.33

0.47

Insurance

 

 

 

 

H & M

 

0.34

0.50

0.90

P & I

 

0.08

0.10

0.23

Admin & Other

 

0.21

0.23

0.29

Voyage Costs

 

 

 

 

Fuel

 

 

 

 

Fuel cons, T/d

 

25

45

75

Fuel cost, $/T

150

 

 

 

Fuel cost

 

1.02

2.15

2.92

Port costs

 

0.49

0.21

1.14

Total Costs, $M

 

8.04

11.34

19.40

Cargo Del'd, MT/yr

 

1.51

0.89

4.30

Trans Cost, $/T

 

5.34

12.71

4.51

cents/gal

 

1.82

4.32

1.53

Memo Items

 

 

 

 

Voyage R/T, n mi

 

2000

8000

4000

Speed avg, kts

 

15.0

15.0

14.6

Port Time

 

 

 

 

Load, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Disch, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Delays, days

 

0.1

0.2

1

Voyage days

 

7.2

24.4

15.4

Voys/yr

 

48.9

14.3

22.7

Cargo DWT/Total DWT

 

0.95

0.96

0.975

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-4 Double Hull

Vessel DWT

 

40000

80000

240000

Capital Cost

 

 

 

 

Cost, $M *

 

39.4

58.2

105.7

CRF @ 12% 20 yrs

0.13388

 

 

 

Annualized Cost

 

5.27

7.79

14.15

Non-Voyage Optg Costs

 

 

 

 

Manning

 

0.81

0.89

1.15

Stores & Lubes

 

0.25

0.27

0.32

M & R *

 

0.50

0.58

0.83

Insurance *

 

 

 

 

H & M

 

0.39

0.58

1.06

P & I

 

0.07

0.09

0.20

Admin & Other

 

0.21

0.23

0.29

Voyage Costs

 

 

 

 

Fuel

 

 

 

 

Fuel cons, T/d

 

25

45

75

Fuel cost, $/T

150

 

 

 

Fuel cost

 

1.02

2.15

2.92

Port costs

 

0.49

0.21

1.14

Total Costs, $M

 

9.02

12.80

22.05

Cargo Del'd, MT/yr

 

1.80

1.08

5.18

Trans Cost, $/T

 

5.01

11.87

4.26

cents/gal

 

1.70

4.04

1.45

Memo Items

 

 

 

 

Voyage R/T, n mi

 

2000

8000

4000

Speed avg, kts

 

15.0

15.0

14.6

Port Time

 

 

 

 

Load, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Disch, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Delays, days

 

0.1

0.2

1

Voyage days

 

7.2

24.4

15.4

Voys/yr

 

48.9

14.3

22.7

Cargo DWT/Total DWT *

 

0.92

0.94

0.95

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-5 Double Hull and Hydrostatic Control

Vessel DWT

 

40000

80000

240000

Capital Cost

 

 

 

 

Cost, $M *

 

47.3

80

126.7

CRF @ 12% 20 yrs

0.13388

 

 

 

Annualized Cost

 

6.33

10.71

16.96

Non-Voyage Optg Costs

 

 

 

 

Manning

 

0.81

0.89

1.15

Stores & Lubes

 

0.25

0.27

0.32

M & R *

 

0.61

0.80

1.00

Insurance *

 

 

 

 

H & M

 

0.47

0.80

1.27

P & I

 

0.07

0.09

0.21

Admin & Other

 

0.21

0.23

0.29

Voyage Costs

 

 

 

 

Fuel

 

 

 

 

Fuel cons, T/d *

 

27.5

49.5

82.5

Fuel cost, $/T

150

 

 

 

Fuel cost

 

1.12

2.36

3.21

Port costs

 

0.49

0.21

1.14

Total Costs, $M

 

10.36

16.37

25.54

Cargo Del'd, MT/yr

 

1.80

1.08

5.18

Trans Cost, $/T

 

5.76

15.19

4.93

cents/gal

 

1.96

5.17

1.68

Memo Items

 

 

 

 

Voyage R/T, n mi

 

2000

8000

4000

Speed avg, kts

 

15.0

15.0

14.6

Port Time

 

 

 

 

Load, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Disch, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Delays, days

 

0.1

0.2

1

Voyage days

 

7.2

24.4

15.4

Voys/yr

 

48.9

14.3

22.7

Cargo DWT/Total DWT *

 

0.92

0.94

0.95

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-6 Double Side

Vessel DWT

 

40000

80000

240000

Capital Cost

 

 

 

 

Cost, $M *

 

35.7

52.2

95.9

CRF @ 12% 20 yrs

0.13388

 

 

 

Annualized Cost

 

4.78

6.99

12.84

Non-Voyage Optg Costs

 

 

 

 

Manning

 

0.81

0.89

1.15

Stores & Lubes

 

0.25

0.27

0.32

M & R *

 

0.46

0.52

0.75

Insurance *

 

 

 

 

H & M

 

0.36

0.52

0.96

P & I

 

0.07

0.09

0.21

Admin & Other

 

0.21

0.23

0.29

Voyage Costs

 

 

 

 

Fuel

 

 

 

 

Fuel cons, T/d

 

25

45

75

Fuel cost, $/T

150

 

 

 

Fuel cost

 

1.02

2.15

2.92

Port costs

 

0.49

0.21

1.14

Total Costs, $M

 

8.45

11.88

20.58

Cargo Del'd, MT/yr

 

1.80

1.08

5.18

Trans Cost, $/T

 

4.69

11.02

3.97

cents/gal

 

1.60

3.75

1.35

Memo Items

 

 

 

 

Voyage R/T, n mi

 

2000

8000

4000

Speed avg, kts

 

15.0

15.0

14.6

Port Time

 

 

 

 

Load, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Disch, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Delays, days

 

0.1

0.2

1

Voyage days

 

7.2

24.4

15.4

Voys/yr

 

48.9

14.3

22.7

Cargo DWT/Total DWT *

 

0.92

0.94

0.95

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-7 Double Side and Hydrostatic Control

Vessel DWT

 

40000

80000

240000

Capital Cost

 

 

 

 

Cost, $M *

 

42.8

63.7

115

CRF @ 12% 20 yrs

0.13388

 

 

 

Annualized Cost

 

5.73

8.53

15.40

Non-Voyage Optg Costs

 

 

 

 

Manning

 

0.81

0.89

1.15

Stores & Lubes

 

0.25

0.27

0.32

M & R *

 

0.55

0.63

0.90

Insurance *

 

 

 

 

H & M

 

0.43

0.64

1.15

P & I

 

0.07

0.09

0.21

Admin & Other

 

0.21

0.23

0.29

Voyage Costs

 

 

 

 

Fuel

 

 

 

 

Fuel cons, T/d *

 

26.25

47.25

78.75

Fuel cost, $/T

150

 

 

 

Fuel cost

 

1.07

2.26

3.06

Port costs

 

0.49

0.21

1.14

Total Costs, $M

 

9.61

13.75

23.62

Cargo Del'd, MT/yr

 

1.80

1.08

5.18

Trans Cost, $/T

 

5.34

12.76

4.56

cents/gal

 

1.82

4.34

1.55

Memo Items

 

 

 

 

Voyage R/T, n mi

 

2000

8000

4000

Speed avg, kts

 

15.0

15.0

14.6

Port Time

 

 

 

 

Load, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Disch, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Delays, days

 

0.1

0.2

1

Voyage days

 

7.2

24.4

15.4

Voys/yr

 

48.9

14.3

22.7

Cargo DWT/Total DWT *

 

0.92

0.94

0.95

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-8 Double Side and Intermediate Oil Tight Deck

Vessel DWT

 

40000

80000

240000

Capital Cost

 

 

 

 

Cost, $M *

 

41.4

60.7

108.8

CRF @ 12% 20 yrs

0.13388

 

 

 

Annualized Cost

 

5.54

8.13

14.57

Non-Voyage Optg Costs

 

 

 

 

Manning

 

0.81

0.89

1.15

Stores & Lubes

 

0.25

0.27

0.32

M & R *

 

0.53

0.60

0.86

Insurance *

 

 

 

 

H & M

 

0.41

0.61

1.09

P & I

 

0.07

0.09

0.20

Admin & Other

 

0.21

0.23

0.29

Voyage Costs

 

 

 

 

Fuel

 

 

 

 

Fuel cons, T/d

 

25

45

75

Fuel cost, $/T

150

 

 

 

Fuel cost

 

1.02

2.15

2.92

Port costs

 

0.49

0.21

1.14

Total Costs, $M

 

9.33

13.18

22.52

Cargo Del'd, MT/yr

 

1.80

1.08

5.18

Trans Cost, $/T

 

5.19

12.23

4.35

cents/gal

 

1.76

4.16

1.48

Memo Items

 

 

 

 

Voyage R/T, n mi

 

2000

8000

4000

Speed avg, kts

 

15.0

15.0

14.6

Port Time

 

 

 

 

Load, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Disch, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Delays, days

 

0.1

0.2

1

Voyage days

 

7.2

24.4

15.4

Voys/yr

 

48.9

14.3

22.7

Cargo DWT/Total DWT *

 

0.92

0.94

0.95

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-9 Double Bottom

Vessel DWT

 

40000

80000

240000

Capital Cost

 

 

 

 

Cost, $M *

 

37.7

55.7

101.3

CRF @ 12% 20 yrs

0.13388

 

 

 

Annualized Cost

 

5.05

7.46

13.56

Non-Voyage Optg Costs

 

 

 

 

Manning

 

0.81

0.89

1.15

Stores & Lubes

 

0.25

0.27

0.32

M & R *

 

0.40

0.46

0.66

Insurance *

 

 

 

 

H & M

 

0.377

0.557

1.013

P & I

 

0.07

0.09

0.21

Admin & Other

 

0.21

0.23

0.29

Voyage Costs

 

 

 

 

Fuel

 

 

 

 

Fuel cons, T/d

 

25

45

75

Fuel cost, $/T

150

 

 

 

Fuel cost

 

1.02

2.15

2.92

Port costs

 

0.49

0.21

1.14

Total Costs, $M

 

8.68

12.32

21.26

Cargo Del'd, MT/yr

 

1.82

1.09

5.23

Trans Cost, $/T

 

4.77

11.31

4.06

cents/gal

 

1.62

3.85

1.38

Memo Items

 

 

 

 

Voyage R/T, n mi

 

2000

8000

4000

Speed avg, kts

 

15.0

15.0

14.6

Port Time

 

 

 

 

Load, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Disch, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Delay, days

 

0.1

0.2

1

Voyage days

 

7.2

24.4

15.4

Voys/yr

 

48.9

14.3

22.7

Cargo DWT/Total DWT *

 

0.93

0.95

0.96

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×

TABLE G-10 Small Tanks

Vessel DWT

 

40000

80000

240000

Capital Cost

 

 

 

 

Cost, $M *

 

36.2

53.8

97.0

CRF @ 12% 20 yrs

0.13388

 

 

 

Annualized Cost

 

4.85

7.20

12.99

Non-Voyage Optg Costs

 

 

 

 

Manning

 

0.81

0.89

1.15

Stores & Lubes

 

0.25

0.27

0.32

M & R *

 

0.46

0.54

0.76

Insurance *

 

 

 

 

H & M

 

0.36

0.54

0.97

P & I

 

0.08

0.10

0.22

Admin & Other

 

0.21

0.23

0.29

Voyage Costs

 

 

 

 

Fuel

 

 

 

 

Fuel cons, T/d

 

25

45

75

Fuel cost, $/T

150

 

 

 

Fuel cost

 

1.02

2.15

2.92

Port costs

 

0.49

0.21

1.14

Total Costs, $M

 

8.53

12.13

20.75

Cargo Del'd, MT/yr

 

1.80

1.08

5.18

Trans Cost, $/T

 

4.74

11.25

4.01

cents/gal

 

1.61

3.83

1.36

Memo Items

 

 

 

 

Voyage R/T, n mi

 

2000

8000

4000

Speed avg, kts

 

15.0

15.0

14.6

Port Time

 

 

 

 

Load, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Disch, days

 

0.75

1

1.5

Delays, days

 

0.1

0.2

1

Voyage days

 

7.2

24.4

15.4

Voys/yr

 

48.9

14.3

22.7

Cargo DWT/Total DWT *

 

0.92

0.94

0.95

Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 303
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 304
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 305
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 306
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 307
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 308
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 309
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 310
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 311
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 312
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations." National Research Council. 1991. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1621.
×
Page 313
Next: Appendix H: Expert Judgment Technique »
Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $39.95
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Can we design an oil tanker that meets our complex demands for environmental protection, economical operation, and crew safety? This volume evaluates and ranks a wide variety of tank ship hull designs proposed by experts around the world.

Based on extensive research and studies, the book explores the implications of our rising demand for petroleum and increase in tanker operations; U.S. government regulations and U.S. Coast Guard policies regarding designs for new tank vessel construction; how new ship design would affect crew safety, maintenance, inspection, and other technical issues; the prospects for retrofitting existing tankers to reduce the risk of oil spills; and more.

The conclusions and recommendations will be particularly important to maritime safety regulators in the United States and abroad; naval architects; ship operators and engineers; and officials in the petroleum, shipping, and marine insurance industries.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!