National Academies Press: OpenBook

Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program (1991)

Chapter: E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA

« Previous: D. DATA SOURCES AND ISSUES
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

APPENDIX

E

Selected CASMAIN Vessel Casualty and Fatality Data

Tables follow on next pages

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

TABLE E-1 Documented Fishing Industry Vessel Casualties, 1982-1987, by Primary Nature of Casualty

Primary Nature of Casualty

Number of Vessel Casualties

Total Vessel Losses

Total Vessel Damages (dollars)

Number of Vessel- Related Fatalities

CAPSIZING

138

94

32,033,117

114

COLLISION

739

133

28,397,240

20

COLATN: Collision with navigation aid

13

2

473,946

 

COLBDG: Collision with bridge

14

2

585,623

 

COLCRS: Collision, crossing

113

10

3,533,480

 

COLDOC: Collision with pier or dock

5

1

78,052

 

COLFLO: Collision with floating object

18

8

1,288,000

 

COLFNC: Collision with fixed object

29

11

1,610,401

1

COLICE: Collision with ice

7

3

435,100

 

COLLDM: Collision with dike/lock/dam

2

1

109,954

 

COLMOD: Collision, offshore drlng unit

21

3

1,211,974

 

COLMTG: Collision, meeting

68

7

2,080,769

2

COLNEC: Collision, not elsewhere class.

54

9

3,695,499

4

COLOTK: Collision, overtaking

61

6

1,653,242

4

COLSPC: Collision, special circumstance

43

4

732,500

1

COLSUO: Collision, submerged object

163

53

7,607,446

5

COLUNK: Collision, unknown

8

1

490,500

 

ALLIS: Allision (coll inv station ves)

120

12

2,810,758

3

DISAPPEARANCE

20

18

5,622,300

52

GONENT: Disappearance, without trace

13

12

4,904,800

36

GONETR: Disappearance, with trace

7

6

717,500

16

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

FIRE/EXPLOSION

599

324

114,138,504

14

EXPFUF: Explosion, fuel fire

11

8

911,255

 

EXPFUN: Explosion, no fuel fire

2

1

40,000

 

EXPMSF: Explosion, machinery space fire

32

25

14,133,400

 

EXPMSN: Explosion, mach. space, no fire

5

2

1,011,500

 

EXPNEC: Explosion, not elsewhere class

7

2

336,100

1

EXPPVF: Explosion, pressure valve, fire

2

2

155,000

 

EXPUNK: Explosion, unknown

5

3

211,000

 

FIRELC: Fire, electrical

38

11

15,269,770

 

FIRFUR: Fire, vessel furnishing

26

7

1,600,470

2

FIRMCS: Fire, machinery space

321

186

51,094,732

4

FIRNEC: Fire, not elsewhere classified

84

47

22,695,100

7

FIRSTR: Fire, vessel structure

61

29

6,551,177

 

FIRVFU: Fire, vessel fuel

5

1

129,000

 

FLOODING

645

81

30,846,217

20

FOUNDERING

526

362

85,432,996

96

GROUNDING

912

155

44,354,323

13

GRNDGA: Grounding, accidental

909

154

43,554,323

13

GRNDGI: Grounding, inten. w/ dam. haz.

3

1

800,000

 
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

MATERIAL FAILURE

2,373

100

30,101,895

6

MATAGN: Material failure, aux. gener.

17

 

50,687

 

MATBLG: Material failure, bilge system

36

4

336,895

 

MATCGF: Material failure, freight hndlg

2

1

0

 

MATCGT: Material failure, tnkr hndlng

1

 

0

 

MATCWS: Material failure, cooling sys.

165

3

4,643,501

 

MATECS: Material failure, elec cntl sys

14

 

913

 

MATEDS: Material failure, elec dis sys

67

1

134,139

 

MATFCS: Material failure, feed & cond

1

 

100

 

MATFOS: Material failure, fuel oil sup

214

4

1,264,405

 

MATGTK: Material failure, ground tackle

19

9

2,970,700

2

MATHCS: Material failure, hyd ctl sys

19

4

838,137

 

MATHDT: Material failure, hull deter

10

2

296,900

 

MATHST: Material failure, hull, struct

51

15

3,030,590

2

MATLOS: Material failure, lube oil sup

98

1

1,167,102

 

MATLSG: Material failure, lifesav equip

1

 

0

1

MATMEN: Material failure, main engine

642

18

5,320,119

 

MATMGN: Material failure, main gener.

22

 

66,085

 

MATNAV: Material failure, navig equip

6

 

56,672

 

MATNEC: Material failure, not else class.

46

6

705,348

 

MATPCS: Material failure, pneum contl

2

 

130

 

MATPRO: Material failure, propeller

69

2

460,995

 

MATRED: Material failure, reduct gear

267

6

1,067,631

 

MATSFT: Material failure, shaft system

164

5

2,499,950

 

MATSWS: Material failure, salt wat sys

57

3

2,188,378

 

MATVNT: Material failure, vent sys

2

 

0

 

SSFAPS: Steering sys failure, aux pwr

4

 

6,750

 
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

SSFCSS: Steering sys failure, cntl sys

174

6

905,655

 

SSFNEC: Steering system fail, other

37

2

633,106

1

SSFRAS: Steering sys fail, rdr & shaft

166

8

1,457,007

 

OTHER

606

31

6,613,355

13

SWAMP: Swamping

15

5

444,000

3

WAKDMG: Wake damage

11

 

27,775

1

WTHRDM: Weather damage

34

10

2,403,100

1

DISABL: Disabled

521

14

3,212,330

2

BRGBWY: Barge breakaway

7

1

4,000

 

CARGLD: Cargo, loss or damage

1

 

0

 

OTHER: Other

13

1

403,950

2

No primary nature coded

4

0

118,200

4

TOTAL

6,558

1298

377,539,947

348

Source: U.S. Coast Guard 1982-1987 CASMAIN data for fishing industryvessels.

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

TABLE E-2 Documented Fishing Vessel Casualties, 1982-1987, by Primary Cause of Casualty

Primary Cause of Casualty

Number of Vessel Casualties

Total Vessel Losses

Total Vessel Damages (dollars)

Number of Vessel-Casualty-Related fatalities

HUMAN CAUSES

1,804

258

99,115,257

70

PBPSASD: Bypassed avail safety devices

1

     

PCALRSK: Calculated risk

28

8

1,304,700

4

PCRLSNS: Carelessness

80

9

2,786,079

3

PDEFEQT: Used defective equipment

9

2

231,900

 

PDRUNK: Intoxication

5

 

14,700

 

PDSGCEX: Design criteria exceeded

7

4

1,348,100

 

PERRJDG: Error in judgement

203

23

5,179,343

7

PFALACW: Failed to acct for current

46

7

1,133,480

2

PFALANE: Failed to use avail nav equip

8

3

358,000

 

PFALATR: Failed to acct for tide/riv sg

14

 

65,050

 

PFALCAP: Failed to use charts and pubs

9

1

303,475

 

PFALEPA: Failed to est passing agreemen

15

1

279,000

 

PFALKPL: Failed to keep proper lookout

146

24

5,738,200

3

PFALKRC: Failed to keep to rgt of chan

2

 

1,450

 

PFALPOS: Failed to ascertain position

110

25

5,954,825

6

PFALRTE: Failed to use radiotelephone

5

3

603,500

2

PFALRUL: Failed comply w/rule, reg, pro

34

3

756,652

 

PFALSPD: Failed to proceed at safe speed

14

1

428,500

3

PFALSTP: Failed to stop

2

 

14,850

 

PFALTY: Failed to yield right of way

18

1

262,773

 

PIMPCCP: Improper casualty control pro

3

1

220,000

 

PIMPCGS: Improper cargo storage

5

3

331,000

 

PIMPFLT: Improper/faulty lights/shapes

13

2

325,406

1

PIMPLOD: Improper loading

40

19

16,966,678

28

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

PIMPMNT: Improper maintenance

211

13

2,052,212

 

PIMPMOT: Improper mooring/towing

35

10

1,197,330

 

PIMPMWS: Improper/missing whistle/signal

1

1

77,000

 

PIMPSCR: Improper securing/rigging

29

2

888,158

2

PIMPSFP: Improper safety precautions

37

8

15,027,100

 

PINADSP: Inadequate supervision

3

3

2,552,000

 

PINATT: Inattention to duty

111

12

5,317,458

 

PLCKEXP: Lack of experience

11

3

682,000

 

PLCKKNO: Lack of knowledge

35

1

9,545,100

 

PLCKTNG: Lack of training

3

 

20,000

 

POPERER: Operator error

424

54

13,915,990

9

POPNFL: Open flame

3

 

86,700

 

PPVTMNT: Preventive maintenance not done

10

1

118,400

 

PRELFAN: Relied on floating ATON

1

     

PSVCCEX: Service conditions exceeded

3

1

54,500

 

PTIRED: Fatigue

33

8

2,535,500

 

MINSAFT: Inadequate own/op safety prog

3

1

437,000

 

VINFUEL: Insufficient fuel

34

 

1,148

 

VESSEL CAUSES

3,042

288

78,064,944

32

VBRIFA: Brittle fracture

1

 

200

 

VCGOSHF: Cargo shift

1

1

125,000

 

VCORROS: Corrosion

15

 

20,709

 

VFATFRA: Fatigue fracture

17

 

174,634

 

VFLDFST: Failed fastenings

10

3

60,100

 

VFLDMEL: Failed materials, electrical

291

29

10,909,397

 

VFLDMME: Failed materials, mechanical

1,370

57

20,410,037

2

VFLDMOT: Failed materials, other

404

36

13,756,118

2

VFLDMST: Failed materials, structural

324

107

16,393,048

13

VIMPWEL: Improper welding

8

 

58,985

 

VINADFF: Inadequate fire-fighting equip

1

     

VINADLT: Inadequate lighting

2

 

40,000

 

VINADMG: Inadequate/missing guarding

5

 

10,940

 
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

VINADNE: Inadequate navigation equipment

6

1

181,000

3

VINADST: Inadequate stability

18

12

3,395,500

5

VINALUB: Inadequate lubrication

17

 

75,830

 

VINHRSP: Inadequate horsepower

3

 

41,000

 

VNORMLW: Normal wear

56

3

517,496

 

VPROFAL: Propulsion failure

110

11

2,341,870

2

VSTRFAL: Steering failure

24

2

356,277

3

VSTRFRA: Stress fracture

3

 

82,250

 

VVIBRAT: Vibration

13

 

124,741

 

VDRGANC: Dragging anchor

34

17

7,186,300

 

VFOUPRO: Fouled propellor

291

8

1,341,962

2

MFLTDSG: Faulty design

18

1

461,550

 

WEATHER/SEA CAUSES

232

83

17,987,853

34

EADVCRT: Adverse current/sea conditions

85

27

7,003,150

14

EADVWTH: Adverse weather

147

56

10,984,703

20

OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES

333

80

13,676,209

6

ECHNMNT: Channel not maintained

4

     

EDEBRIS: Debris

76

10

1,519,342

 
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

EHZBDPC: Hazardous bridge/dock/pier com

1

 

10,000

 

EICE: Ice

8

3

259,750

 

ESHOAL: Shoaling

53

2

789,501

 

ESUBOBJ: Submerged object

161

59

10,505,741

4

ESUCBBV: Suction bank/bottom/vsl

3

 

2,055

 

EUNCCHZ: Uncontrollable channel hazard

4

1

150,000

1

EUNMCHZ: Unmarked channel hazard

16

3

341,420

 

MIMADLO: Improper AID location

1

 

3,400

 

MINADWI: Inadequate width

1

1

45,000

 

MINADWI: Inadequate AID maintenance

1

1

25,000

1

NVANDAL: Vandalism

4

 

25,000

 

UNKNOWN CAUSES

1,147

589

168,695,684

206

PREVNAT: Result of previous nature

2

 

5,500

 

NEC: Not elsewhere classified

131

24

5,634,909

1

UNKNOWN: Unknown

1,004

564

162,431,019

201

No primary cause coded

10

1

624,256

4

TOTAL

6,558

1298

377,539,947

348

Source: U.S. Coast Guard 1982-1987 CASMAIN data for fishing industryvessels.

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

TABLE E-3 Documented Fishing Vessel Casualties, by Primary Nature of Casualty and Study Region, 1982-1987: All Casualties

 

Study Region

 

Primary Nature of Casualty

North Atlantic

South Atlantic

Gulf of Mexico

West Coast

Alaska

Other

Total

Capsizing

13

6

26

43

34

16

138

Collision

158

45

284

104

85

63

739

Disappearance

2

0

3

11

3

1

20

Fire/Explosion

123

55

117

107

113

84

599

Flooding

176

50

150

138

60

71

645

Foundering

112

32

106

123

84

69

526

Grounding

161

162

150

165

195

79

912

Material Failure

733

91

192

928

160

269

2373

Other

210

35

77

187

36

61

606

Total

1,688

476

1,105

1,806

770

713

6,558

Source: U.S. Coast Guard 1982-1987 CASMAIN data for fishing industryvessels.

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

TABLE E-4 Documented Fishing Vessel Casualties, by Primary Nature of Casualty and Study Region, 1982-1987: Total Vessel Losses

 

Study Region

 

Primary Nature of Casualty

North Atlantic

South Atlantic

Gulf of Mexico

West Coast

Alaska

Other

Total

Capsizing

5

5

13

33

30

8

94

Collision

20

11

50

25

9

18

133

Disappearance

2

0

3

10

3

0

18

Fire/Explosion

49

38

63

61

63

50

324

Flooding

16

5

16

17

21

6

81

Foundering

65

22

68

95

70

42

362

Grounding

16

20

23

33

49

14

155

Material Failure

13

9

24

22

15

17

100

Other

4

4

9

4

8

2

31

Total

190

114

269

300

268

157

1,298

Source: U.S. Coast Guard 1982-1987 CASMAIN data for fishing industryvessels.

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

TABLE E-5 Documented Fishing Vessel Casualties, by Vessel Length and Study Region: All Casualties

 

Study Region

 

Vessel Length (feet)

North Atlantic

South Atlantic

Gulf of Mexico

West Coast

Alaska

Other

Total

26-49

586

177

399

1173

416

299

3050

50-64

349

89

254

302

99

124

1217

65-78

433

165

388

201

78

195

1460

79 or more

316

42

61

95

173

92

779

Unknown or <25

4

3

3

35

4

3

52

Total

1,688

476

1,105

1,806

770

713

6,558

Source: U.S. Coast Guard 1982-1987 CASMAIN data for fishing industryvessels.

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

TABLE E-6 Documented Fishing Vessel Casualties, by Vessel Length and Study Region: All Casualties—Total Vessel Losses

 

Study Region

 

Vessel Length (feet)

North Atlantic

South Atlantic

Gulf of Mexico

West Coast

Alaska

Other

Total

26-49

62

42

102

192

157

70

625

50-64

48

30

69

49

24

34

254

65-78

51

37

88

34

27

38

275

79 or more

29

3

9

22

58

14

135

Unknown or <25

2

1

3

2

1

9

 

Total

190

114

269

300

268

157

1,298

Source: U.S. Coast Guard 1982-1987 CASMAIN data for fishing industryvessels.

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×

TABLE E-7 Primary Causes of Non-Vessel-Casualty-Related Commercial Fishing Fatalities, 1982-1987

HUMAN CAUSES

82

Carelesness

15

Failure to use PFD

1

Improper loading/storage

0

Improper supervision

1

Inadequate training

3

Misuse of equipment

1

Psychological factors

3

Unsafe movement (self)

10

Unsafe practice (another)

3

Unsafe practice (self)

34

Intoxication (self)

10

Narcotics

1

VESSEL CAUSES

20

Slippery Deck

2

Equipment failure

7

Chemical reaction

1

Improper maintenance

1

Insufficient ventilation

2

Material failure

2

Physical factors

5

ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES

10

Weather

10

UNKNOWN

98

Unknown

79

Missing

3

Definition unknown

1

Not elsewhere classified

11

Vessel casualty and adjustment*

4

Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 199
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 200
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 201
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 202
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 203
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 204
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 205
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 206
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 207
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 208
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 209
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 210
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 211
Suggested Citation:"E. SELECTED CASMAIN VESSEL CASUALTY AND FATALITY DATA." National Research Council. 1991. Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1622.
×
Page 212
Next: F. COAST GUARD COMPLIANCE EXAMINATIONS »
Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program Get This Book
×
 Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program
Buy Paperback | $85.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

In response to a continuing high loss of commercial fishing vessels and crews, the U.S. Congress has mandated development of new safety requirements for the industry. This volume provides a blueprint for an integrated national safety program that responds realistically to industry conditions, with priority on the most cost-effective alternatives. Fishing Vessel Safety addresses the role of the U.S. Coast Guard and the fishing industry and evaluates such safety measures as vessel inspection and registration, and the training and licensing of fishermen. It explores vessel condition, the role of human behavior, the problem of weather prediction, the high cost of insurance, and more.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!