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DICKINSON WOODRUFF RICHARDS
October30, 1895—February23, 1973
BY ANDRE COURNAND
It is only when Death bui/~ its frame
around life that the portrait of a man
is really hung on a wall..
HENRY JAMES
Truefr~en~ create the charm of life,
their passing, its bitterness.
ANONYMOUS
MODESTY AND GREATNESS seldom harmonize in one in-
diviclual. Dickinson Woodruff Richards ("Dick"), to
whose memory this biographical sketch is dedicated, is one
of those few in whom these apparently opposite qualities bal-
anced one another. Although modest to the point of shyness,
he implementer! his natural intellectual gifts through strong
character ant! hare! work, reaching the heights in whatever
he undertook whether as a schoolboy, college and medical
student, physiologist, medical scientist, clinician, chairman of
a teaching service in a municipal hospital, organizer of two
research laboratories in the field of carctiopulmonary physio-
~ The following account of my friend's life and works is derived from several
briefer ones I published after his death at the request of societies to which he be-
longed. It first appeared in my autobiography, From Roots . . . to Late Budding (New
York: Gardner Press, Inc., 1986), pp. 165-182.
459
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460
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
pathology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Co-
lumbia University, medical consultant to a leading pharma-
ceutical firm, adviser to the Committee of Medical Research
(CMR) of the Office of Scientific Research and Development
(OSRD), educator, historian, reformer, or humanist.
This essay by his friend and close collaborator for more
than forty years will evoke Dick's life and his fundamental
contributions in these many and diverse situations in an at-
tempt to recreate, ten years after his death, the image of a
man who achieved greatness by exacting perfection of him-
self in whatever activity he was engaged.
A retrospective overview of a man's life may lack objectiv-
ity when attempted shortly after his (leash, feeling then pre-
vailing over critical ant! well-clocumented judgment. In this
last of many tributes to my friend, the essential features of
his character and accomplishments will be derivect from my
personal recollections, from information tenderer! by mem-
bers of his family, ant} by a number of his colleagues ant!
students. Dick's correspondence, and his publisher! and un-
published writings, will also contribute.
FAMILY BACKGROUND: CHILDHOOD, SCHOOL,
AND COLLEGE EDUCATION; MEDICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAINING (1895-1928)
Dickinson W. Richards was born October 30, IS95, in
Orange, New Jersey. His ancestors on both sicles had settled
in New England (Massachusetts and Connecticut) during the
seventeenth century. His paternal grandfather was a Congre-
gational minister, as was one of his uncles, and his father was
a lawyer. On his maternal sicle, among the Lamberts, physi-
cians prevailed. His grandfather practicer} general medicine
in New York City after mectical training at Bellevue, then the
city's largest municipal hospital. His three uncles achiever!
leading positions in the mectical profession. All three were
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DICKINSON WOODRUFF RICHARDS 461
.
connecter! either with Bellevue Hospital or the College of
Physicians ant! Surgeons, or both.
Dick himself has this to say about the opposite traits of
character to be fount! in both lines of forebears, all of whom
were New Englanclers sharing a common tradition. On his
father's side he saw them as "believers; conformist; non-
curious; judicious, steady, firm; noninnovators; meditative,
nonscholarly" ant! on his mother's side, "nonbelievers, non-
~ · · · · . ~
contormlsts; curious; vigorous, qulck-temperec ,; Innovators,
crusaders; scholarly, nonmeditative." The harmonious selec-
tion among both sets of traits was evident in Dick's own char-
acter and behavior.
Already in his early life are found traces of the distinctive
aspects of his personality: innate shyness anct modesty, an
enormous capacity for work, and the natural bent of a
scholar. Dick's modesty did not interfere with the develop-
ment of his aptitude for learning. A picture of the schoolboy
ant! student at the Hotchkiss School in :Lakeville, Connecti-
cut where, following a family tradition, he received a cIas-
sical education in the humanities: English, Greek, and his-
tory is drawn from the testimony of a classmate, William
Albert Olsen, who later became his brother-in-law: "At com-
mencement, it became automatic that Dick would be caller!
to the platform to receive handsome books for being first in
every course he took. He literally walked off with an armful
of prizes!" On the wall of the study hall still remains the
inscription: Dickinson Richards, fr., 1913. Total Year Average:
93.4.
When he entered Yale University as an undergraduate, he
was following a tradition upheld! by all the young men among
his forebears, whether Richardses or Lamberts. According to
Bert Olsen, "He won the Hugh Chamberlain prize for Greek
entrance examinations with the highest mark ever obtained."
Dick used to communicate in ancient Greek with his toom-
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
mate Bellinger (who later became a professor of Greek at
Yale), discussing in this language everyday problems arising
in college. Professor Bellinger, recalling his friendship with
Dick, stated that, "when evaluating any tother] man, he al-
ways usect the scale of D.W.R., set at 100."
While at Yale, in aciclition to pursuing his studies in the
humanities, Dick acquired a good background knowleclge of
mathematics and natural sciences, anti, as Olsen reported,
"lecI his entire class in gracles throughout his unclergraduate
years." Yet these scholastic achievements clid not cleter him
from fincling time for extracurricular or athletic activities. At
both institutions he was editor in chief of the school journal.
At Hotchkiss he received his letter in high jumping; at Yale
he shifted to rowing, but was unsuccessful in his attempt to
make the varsity squad.
After graduation in 1917, Dick joined the army and, in
191S, near the end of WorIct War I, crossest the Atlantic with
an artillery unit in which he served as lieutenant. Upon his
return from Europe and discharge from the service in 1919,
the time came for Dick to decide on a career. His choice was
the medical profession not surprising, given a grandfather
and three uncles who had responded to similar calls! Dick
entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 19 ~ 9. Ow-
ing to his enormous zest for work, he not only completed his
medical studies brilliantly, obtaining his M.D. in 1923, but
also his master's degree in physiology at the end of his third
year under the guidance of Professor Ernest L. Scott. Forty-
three years later, in 1966, Dick paid his debt of gratitude to
his first teacher of physiology by bringing to light documents,
totally ignored until then, upon which Scott's Ph.D. thesis tract
been based: The data collectecl back in 191 ~ clearly demon-
strated the favorable effect of a pancreatic extract, which he
had prepared, upon depancreatizecl dogs.
After graduation he continued his training in medicine as
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DICKINSON WOODRUFF RICHARDS 463
an intern and as a resident in medicine at the oIcI Presbyte-
rian Hospital from 1923 to 1927. During this period he
formed close friendships, which proved to be lifelong, with
Robert Loeb and Dana AtchIey. Both were members of the
staff of Presbyterian Hospital, newly affiliated with the Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons. Both of these gifted friends
guided Dick's earliest footsteps in hospital practice and clin-
. . . .
ca Investigation.
However, the men who most affecter! his mind ant! actions
in these years were, by his own account, two outstanding
physiologists from whom he clerived his grounding in phys-
iological research and his approach to scientific medicine ancI
clinical investigation, which wouIct shortly rival the basic
knowlecige acquirer] earlier in the century. Of their early in-
fluences, Dick said: "A man's mine! and his actions are chiefly
molded by a very few. For me, in the early years, these were
Lawrence I. Henderson and Henry Hallet Dale."
Although Dick never worked in the Fatigue Laboratory,
created at the Harvard Business School by ~ I Henderson,
the professor's influence on and interest in the budding phys-
iologist were strengthened by numerous exchanges of letters
anct by Dick's frequent visits to Cambridge, Massachusetts.
These exchanges had been facilitated by Dick's Yale classmate
and friend Cecil Murray. It was from Henderson that Dick
derived what was to be the guiding idea of his work in human
physiology and physiopathology. To his influence must be
traced one of Dick's earliest publications (in 1927), "The Oxy-
hemogIobin Dissociation Curves Ecurves defining the affinity
of hemoglobin for oxygen at various pressures] of Whole
Blooc! in Anemia," which supplied the first experimental evi-
dence of a clisease-inducecl decrease in the affinity of hemo-
gIobin for oxygen in man.
Under Henderson's tutelage Dick published three papers
cluring his residency: one on the circulatory adjustments in
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
anemia; another on the blood flow through the lung ant!
systemic circulations, quantitatively clefinec} (for the first
time) in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot; and a third one on
the influence of posture upon the mechanics of blood flow.
On several occasions Dick Richards paid tribute to Pro-
fessor Henderson as his mentor in physiology anct his ideal
as a scientist. The most notable of these was Dick's speech at
the respiration dinner of the American Physiological Society
held during its meeting in Chicago, in April 1957. Here, Dick
offered the following portrait:
It seemed to me he was quite a bit like Socrates, the Socrates of those early
dialogues when he was young and lively, poking fun at aged philosophers
and straining the wits of young ones.... It may as well be said now as later
that in spite of his complete freedom of mind, in personal demeanor Hen-
derson was always most courteous and considerate. That Jeffersonian
phrase, "a decent respect for the opinions of mankind" applied well to his
manner of life....
.
.
Dick's description of what it was like to discuss actual work
in progress with Henderson vivictly depicts their personal
relationship at this early time:
What would happen was something like this. You would work and strive
to put your experimental ideas together, then go to the Professor and tell
him about them. He would then either decapitate your entire brainchild
in a single whistling sentence, or else take about three more sentences to
put your ideas in order for you, and you would come back and start to
work. Then (after a while) you would go back again with what you had
done, and again, with great kindness, yet with still the same unsparing
critique, he would take your work apart. If there was anything left, after
he finished with it, you would feel elated and go back and try some more.
At the end of his residency, Columbia University awarded
Dick a research fellowship to work at the National Institute
for Medical Research in Lonclon, England, during the period
1927 to 1928. There he worked uncler the guidance of Henry
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DICKINSON WOODRUFF RICHARDS 465
Dale. Looking back on this period of training in experimental
physiology, Dick hacI this to say about his British mentor:
[Sir] Henry Dale could theorize, too, but his tmind] was fas compared with
that of L. I. Henderson] different. Dale was primarily an experimenter
and continued this through almost all his active years.... On a day when
an experiment was planned, Collison, the head technician, would start at
some time in the dark British predawn; Walter tBauer]2 and I would arrive
about nine . . . we were working on the dog's hepatic circulation. Just as
we reached the key point of cannulating the blood vessels and bile duct,
the laboratory door would fling open, and Sir Henry (Dr. Dale as was then)
would come charging in, often in morning coat and striped trousers, grab
a lab coat off the hook, and be with us in seconds. What is more, he would
stay until the experiment was finished, whether at tea time, dinner time,
or later.
As it happened, it was in the spring of 1928 that the concept of the
chemical transmission of the nervous impulse was born. Our job in this
was the simplest, to test in cats the vasodilator principle supposedly his-
tamine in extracts of horses' spleen. I recall one afternoon when the
testing was finished, I had some extract left over, and I went on to acidify
and then alkalinize samples of it and test them again, to find, suprisingly,
that on the alkaline side of neutrality all vasodilator activity disappeared.
This would not occur with histamine, but would with acetylcholine. I re-
ported this to Dr. Dale at tea that day, and he said, "Hmm," no more. But
this was clearly one small addition to many things he had been thinking
about, because only a few days later he began to construct for us the pos-
sibilities of acetylcholine as a biological agent. The generation of a great
idea in a first-class research mind, over months and years, is a remarkable
thing.
One can only admire the way Dick modestly neglects
to emphasize his own role, a trait that was so significant
throughout his entire scientific life. In any case his work in
Henry Dale's laboratory was sanctioned by the publication in
the journal of Physiology of two papers, one in collaboration
with Walter Bauer on the vasoclilator effect of acetates, and
2Bauer was another American research fellow with whom Dick maintained a life-
long friendship.
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466
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
the seconc} in collaboration with Walter Bauer ant! Henry
Dale on the control of the circulation in the liver.
More significant for his career as an investigator, Dick's
training in Dale's laboratory was to prove of particular value
in later years when he familiarized himself with the technique
of right-heart catheterization in experiments on clogs anct in
a chimpanzee.
At the end of the tenure of his research fellowship, Dick
Richards returned to New York. In 1928 to 1929 he began
his career as a clinician, teacher, and independent clinical
investigator, pursued entirely at the Columbia-Presbyterian
Meclical Center ant! at the Columbia University Division of
Bellevue Hospital until his official retirement.
EARLY CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS (1928-1932)
Upon his return from London in the fall of 1928, Dick
was to join the other members of the Department of Medi-
cine in the newly creates! Columbia University-Presbyterian
Hospital Medical Center as an assistant in medicine anc! as-
sistant physician. The members of the department, under the
chairmanship of Walter Palmer, included one of the most
brilliant groups of fulitime investigators, clinicians, and
teachers in North America.
Dick turned to the problem of how to equilibrate O2 anct
CO2 in a lung-bag system in order to estimate their concen-
tration in the mixer! venous blood. A first application of the
method, known as "indirect Fick," was to stucly the effect of
therapeutic pneumothorax upon the pulmonary blood flow.
It so happened! that this investigation was to play an impor-
tant role in Dick's personal life as well. A young graduate of
Wellesley College, Constance Riley, came to work in Dick's lab
as a technician. They became engaged in 1930 and married
in September 1931.
A survey of Dick's scientific activity after his return from
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DICKINSON WOODRUFF RICHARDS 467
London is not limitect to the research already mentioned. In
1929, in collaboration with Alvin Barach (a part-time mem-
ber of the Presbyterian Hospital clinical staff), he initiated a
series of investigations, pursued during the next five years.
The studies concerned the effects of oxygen therapy in
chronic cardiac anti pulmonary diseases, including cardiac
failure, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary fibrosis, ant! em-
physema. Dick was well prepared for these studies since they
had as their particular focus of interest the effects of oxygen
therapy on serial bloocl respiratory gas anct electrolyte re-
sponses. For the first time, they observed the seemingly par-
a(loxical response to O2 therapy in certain pulmonary clis-
eases (fibrosis and emphysema) of a high CO2 tension that
developer} as a result of the relief of hypoxia followed by
reclucec] ventilation.
THIRTY YEARS OF COLLABORATION WITH A. COURNAND
( 1 932-196 1 )
To Dick himself shouIc! be left the occasion to present, in
his own terms, how he envisioned the long perioc! of his col-
laboration with me. This purpose will be served by reference
to the contents of a letter he wrote in December 1972, to
Julius Comroe, a distinguished colleague who since the mid-
1940s had greatly contributes! to pulmonary physiology ant}
physiopathology. In this letter Dick established the natural
sequence of his investigative work. The first sequence,
termed by Dick "BloocI and Circulation," deals with the in-
vestigations mentioner! previously during the period 1922 to
1932. The seconc! sequence is the signal of his extending
interest from "Blood to Lung" in order to cope with "neglect
of lung performance by cardiocirculatory physiologists." This
latter perioc! stretched from 1932 to 1942. A series of tests
and the equipment these necessitates! were clevisec! for the
analysis of the various components of the pulmonary func-
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
tions as they were observed in normal subjects in whom stan-
ciarc! measurements were establishect anct in patients with
various forms of chronic pulmonary diseases.
The beginning of the third sequence, from 1940 to 1961,
termed! by Dick "Lungs, BloocI, and Circulation," is heraldec!
by the introduction into clinical investigation of the technique
of cardiac catheterization. This additional technique enabled
the exploration of the dynamics of the cardiac functions—
output, filling and ejection pressure, pulmonary and systemic
blood flow. In association with implementation of the tech-
niques established during the previous periods, the new tech-
nique heralcled the crowning fulfillment of the plan laicI
clown for him by his mentor, L. I. Henderson, allowing the
description of the successive phases of respiratory gas trans-
port from the atmosphere to the tissues in normal humans
as well as in an almost limitless variety of diseases.
Our daily collaboration over several decades provided a
unique opportunity for observation and insight. To begin
with, my recollections, vivid in my mind, are of his display of
technical skill he was truly ambidextrous—and efficiency;
of his care and caution in studying human subjects; of his
implementation of self-experiment in the true tradition of
the British and Scandinavian respiratory physiologists; of his
foresight ant! careful planning, which included taking aclvan-
tage of the unexpected and stressed methoclological inno-
vations; and of his thorough knowledge of medical literature,
current ant! classical.
For all his affability, even temper, anti friendliness, Dick
was a hare! taskmaster and a clemancling teacher, always prob-
ing the prior question, exacting high accuracy in the collec-
tion of data and strict objectivity in their interpretation. He
expected from his associates, if not the perfection, then at
least the work pace that he set for himself. In(lee(1 ~ recall
my mixed feelings when confronted by a deluge of books,
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DICKINSON WOODRUFF RICHARDS 477
gases in a closed breathing circuit. II. Pulmonary fibrosis and
emphysema. I. Clin. Invest., 16:9.
With l. L. Caughey, A. Cournand, and F. L. Chamberlain. Intra-
venous saline infusion as a clinical test for right heart and left
heart failure. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 52:250.
1938
With A. Lambert, F. B. Berry, and A. Cournand. Pulmonary and
circulatory function before and after thoracoplasty. i. Thorac.
Surg., 7:302.
A modified nasal catheter for use in oxygen therapy. N.Y. State l.
Med., 38:19.
1939
With A. Cournand and R. C. Darling. Graphic tracings of respi-
ration in study of pulmonary disease. Am Rev. Tuberc., 40:487.
1940
With A. L. Barach and H. A. Cromwell. Use of vaporized bron-
chodilator solutions in asthma and emphysema. A continuous
inhalation method for severe asthmatic states. Am I. Med. Sci.,
199:225.
Extension of the specialty of tuberculosis to that of diseases of the
chest. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 42:426.
With R. C. Darling, A. Cournand, and I. S. Mansfield. Studies on
the intrapulmonary mixture of gases. I. Nitrogen elimination
from blood and body tissues during high oxygen breathing. J.
Clin. Invest., 19:591.
With A. Cournand, R. C. Darling, and I. S. Mansfield. Studies on
the intrapulmonary mixture of gases. II. Analysis of the re-
breathing method (closed circuit) for measuring residual air. }.
Clin. Invest., 19:599.
With R. C. Darling and A. Cournand. Studies on the intrapulmon-
ary mixture of gases. III. An open circuit method for measur-
ing residual air. I. Clin. Invest., 19:609.
1941
With A. Cournand. Pulmonary insufficiency. I. Discussion of
a physiological classification and presentation of clinical tests.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 44:26.
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478
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With A. Cournand. Pulmonary insufficiency. II. The effects of var-
ious types of collapse therapy upon cardiopulmonary function.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 44:123.
With A. Cournand and H. C. Maier. Pulmonary insufficiency. III.
Cases demonstrating advanced cardiopulmonary insufficiency
following artificial pneumothorax and thoracoplasty. Am. Rev.
Tuberc., 44:272.
With A. Cournand, E. deF. Baldwin, and R. C. Darling. Studies on
the intrapulmonary mixture of gases. IV. The significance of
the pulmonary emptying rate and a simplified open circuit mea-
surement of residual air. l. Clin. Invest., 20:681.
With A. Cournand, R. C. Darling, and W. H. Gillespie. Pressure in
the right auricle of man, in normal subjects and in patients with
congestive heart failure. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 56:218.
1942
With A. Cournand, R. C. Darling, W. H. Gillespie, and E. deF.
Baldwin. Pressure of blood in the right auricle, in animals and
in man under normal conditions and in right heart failure. Am.
J.Physiol.,136:115.
1943
With A. Cournand et al. Studies of the circulation in clinical shock.
Surgery, 13:964.
1944
With R. C. Darling and A. Cournand. Studies on intrapulmonary
mixture of gases. V. Forms of inadequate ventilation in normal
and emphysematous lungs, analyzed by means of breathing
pure oxygen. J. Clin. Invest., 23:55.
The circulation in traumatic shock in man. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med.,
20:363.
With A. Cournand et al. Chemical, clinical, and immunological
studies on the products of human plasma fractionation. VIII.
Clinical use of concentrated human sews albumin in shock, and
comparison with whole blood and with rapid saline infusion. J.
Clin. Invest., 23:491.
With A. Cournand. Circulation in shock. Mechanical and vaso-
motor factors. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 58:11 I.
The circulation in traumatic shock in man. Harvey Lect., 39:217.
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DICKINSON WOODRUFF RICHARDS 479
1945
With A Cournand, R. L. Riley, E. S. Breed, and E. deF. Baldwin.
Measurement of cardiac output in man using the technique of
catheterization of the right auricle or ventricle. I. Clin. Invest.,
24:106.
Cardiac output by the catheterization technique in various clinical
conditions. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 4:215.
With H. N. Harkins, O. Cope, E. I. Evans, and R. A. Phillips. The
fluid and nutritional therapy of burns. I. Am. Med. Assoc.,
128:475.
. . . .
1946
With R. A. Bloomfield, H. D. Lauson, A. Cournand, and E. S.
Breed. Recording of right heart pressures in normal subjects
and in patients with chronic pulmonary disease and with vari-
ous types of cardiocirculatory disease. i. Clin. Invest., 25:639.
Observations on the dynamics of the systemic circulation in man.
Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 22:630.
With A. Cournand, H. L. Motley, A. Himmelstein, and D. T. Dres-
dale. Latent period between electrical and pressure pulse waves
corresponding to right auricular systole. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med., 63:148.
With H. L. Motley, A. Cournand, and M. Eckman. Physiological
studies on man with the pneumatic balance resuscitator, "Burns
model." l. Aviat. Med., 17:431.
With A. Cournand and H. L. Motley. Effects on circulatory and
respirator functions of various forms of respirator. Trans. As-
soc. Am. Physicians, 59:102.
1
947
With H. L. Motley, A. Cournand, L. Werko, D. T. Dresdale, and A.
Himmelstein. Intravascular and intracardiac pressure record-
ing in man: electrical apparatus compared with the Hamilton
manometer. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 64:241.
Conditions of pressure and flow in the heart and great vessels in
congestive heart failure. Acta Med. Scand., 1 96 Supply.: 1 1 6.
With A. Lowell and A. Cournand. Changes in plasma volume and
mean arterial pressure after the intravenous injection of con-
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480
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
centrated human serum albumin in thirty-eight patients with
oligemia and hypotension. Surgery, 22:442.
Bronchitis. In: A Textbook of Medicine, ed. R. L. Cecil, p. 917. Phil-
adelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.
Contributions of right heart catheterization to the physiology of
congestive heart failure. Am. I. Med., 3:434.
With H. L. Motley, L. Werko, and A. Cournand. Observations on
the clinical use of intermittent positive pressure. I. Aviat. Med.
18:417.
With A. Cournand, H. L. Motley, D. T. Dresdale, and M. I. Ferrer.
Relation between electrical and mechanical events of the cardiac
cycle in normal and abnormal clinical states. Trans. Assoc. Am.
Physicians, 60:65.
1948
The effects of hemorrhage on the circulation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
44:534.
With A. Cournand, H. L. Motley, and L. Werko. The physiological
studies of the effects of intermittent positive pressure breathing
on cardiac output in man. Am. I. Physiol., 152: 162.
With H. L. Motley, A. Cournand, L. Werko, D. T. Dresdale, and
A. Himmelstein. Intermittent positive pressure breathing. A
means of administering artificial respiration in man. I. Am.
Med. Assoc., 137:370.
With M. I. Ferrer, R. M. Harvey, L. Werko, D. T. Dresdale, and A.
Cournand. Some effects of quinidine sulfate on the heart and
circulation in man. Am. Heart I., 36:816.
With W. F. Hamilton et al. Comparison of the Fick and dye injec-
tion methods of measuring the cardiac output in man. Am. I.
Physiol., 153:309.
With E. deF. Baldwin and A. Cournand. Pulmonary insufficiency.
I. Physiological classification, clinical methods of analysis, stan-
dard values in normal subjects. Medicine, 27:243.
.. . ~ ~ . . . .
1949
With E. deF. Baldwin and A. Cournand. Pulmonary insufficiency.
II. A study of thirty-nine cases of pulmonary fibrosis. Medicine,
28:1.
With E. deF. Baldwin and A. Cournand. Pulmonary insufficiency.
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DICKINSON WOODRUFF RICHARDS 481
III. A study of 122 cases of chronic pulmonary emphysema.
Medicine, 28:20 1.
With H. H. Coopersmith, W. Perkins, I. Leland, and K. I. Thom-
son. The treatment of pneumonia with penicillin. Comparison
of penicillin in water-in-oil emulsion and penicillin in water so-
lution. N.Y. State J. Med., 49:535.
With B. Coblentz, R. M. Harvey, M. I. Ferrer, and A. Cournand.
The relationship between electrical and mechanical events in
the cardiac cycle. Br. Heart I., 11:1.
Dynamics of congestive heart failure. Am. I. Med., 6:772.
With R. M. Harvey, M. I. Ferrer, R. T. Cathcart, and A. Cournand.
Some effects of digozin upon the heart and circulation in man.
Digoxin in left ventricular failure. Am. I. Med., 7:439.
1950
With M. I. Ferrer, R. M. Harvey, R. T. Cathcart, C. A. Webster, and
A. Cournand. Some effects of digoxin upon the heart and cir-
culation in man. Digoxin in chronic cor pulmonale. Circulation,
1:161.
Pulmonary physiology. In: Research in Medical Science, ed. D. E.
Green and W. E. Knox, p. 259. New York: MacMillan.
Cardiac failure. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 26:384.
Respiratory system: external respiration. In: Medical Physics, vol. 2,
p. 836. Chicago: Year Book Publishers, Inc.
With E. deF. Baldwin, K. A. Harden, D. G. Greene, and A. Cour-
nand. Pulmonary insufficiency. IV. A study of sixteen cases of
large pulmonary air cysts or bullae. Medicine, 29:169.
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With J. R. West et al. Effects of cortisone and ACTH in cases of
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With M. I. Ferrer, R. M. Harvey, M. Kuschner, and A. Cournand.
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With F. B. Berry, l. H. Comroe, Jr., A. Cournand, M. Galdston, and
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Medical priesthoods, past and present. Presidential address. Trans.
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With R. O. Levy and C. F. de la Chapelle. Heart disease in drivers
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
dickinson woodruff
