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ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
October22, 1913—August23, 1983
BY ROBERT A. McCABE
WHEN A CREATIVE, innovative, talented, and intelligent
colleague cries, we mourn his loss and honor his accom-
plishments in print, and doing so honor him no less than clid
the ancient Egyptians who carver! pictures of their noble
dead on the walls of tombs. Such a colleague was A. Starker
Leopold, who died of a heart attack in his home in Berkeley,
California, on August 23, 1983.
A. Starker Leopold was born in Burlington, Iowa, on
October 22, 19 ~ 3, the oldest son of Aldo Leopold and EstelIa
Bergere Leopold. Both his father and grandfather were out-
doorsmen in the tradition of the early Midwest, and Starker
in his turn was schooled in natural history and imbued with
a sense of responsibility for the wild and free.
While he was still a young boy, the family moved to
Madison, Wisconsin, where Starker grew up. In 1936 he
graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a B.S. de-
gree in agriculture and went on to Yale, then to the University
of California at Berkeley for graduate study. In 1944 he re-
ceived his Ph.D. from Berkeley, where the eminent ornithol-
ogist Alden H. Miller guided his zoological studies. His doc-
toral thesis, The Nature of Heritable Witness in Turkeys, was
perhaps the first attempt to acIdress the subject of wildness
in birds.
237
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238
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
"The objectives of the study have been to determine insofar as possible the
fundamental, heritable differences between wild and domestic turkeys and
to compare the ecological relationships and general productivity of exist-
ing turkey populations which differ in degree of 'wildness.' The problem
is of practical importance in wild turkey management because the inter-
mixing of the domestic strain with wild populations has had certain ad-
verse effects upon the hardiness of the native turkeys of Missouri. It is of
theoretical importance in offering an opportunity better to understand the
nature of wildness in a locally adapted, indigenous race of birds." ( 1945,1,
p. 133)
Leopold's results were commensurate with these stated ob-
jectives, and his paper, with its insights into the biology and
behavior of turkeys, stands as a major contribution to the
understanding of avian hilliness.
Though Starker LeopoIc! functioned well as a lone scien-
tist dealing with an ecological problem, he was also an excel-
lent team worker. He listener! to and understood the opinions
of others, appreciated skills he himself did not possess, and
was tolerant of the shortcomings of his associates. In 1952 he
teamed with an ecologist who had few (if any) shortcomings:
F. Fraser (Frank) Darling, then of the University of Edin-
burgh. The two undertook an ecological reconnaissance of
Alaska to assess the current and potential impact of economic
growth and technology on the natural resources of that ter-
ritory, with particular reference to big game. Together they
spent four months traveling, observing, and conducting in-
terviews sponsored by the New York Zoological Society and
the Conservation Foundation. Their efforts resulted in a
clear, concise book unencumbered! by jargon:
"At the outset we stated that ideally a program of conservation and of land
use should be devised before a new country is developed. Unfortunately
the motive for conservation usually is impending shortage, which leads us
to trim the resource boat after it is half full of water. But in Alaska, despite
some buffeting about, the land resources are still largely intact, and what
is more, they are still in government rather than private hands. The prob-
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ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
239
lem of planning and executing the best possible development of the
Territory is therefore squarely up to the government.
" . . . fif] mechanical and administrative difficulties can be overcome,
we visualize an unusual opportunity for application of the principles of
conservation to a fascinating and magnificent stretch of country." (1953,7,
pp. 1 14-1 15)
It is difficult to evaluate the impact of that report on a state
that has had more reports on its welfare and its resources
than any other, but what could be said was perhaps best
stated by Fairfield Osborn:
"We could not have been more fortunate in the selection of the reconnais-
sance team for this study. Two eminent naturalists, one from the Old World
and one from the New, have pooled their knowledge and experience to
produce this report. On behalf of the two sponsoring organizations, it is a
deep pleasure to commend and thank Dr. A. Starker Leopold and Dr. F.
Fraser Darling for their accomplishment." (1953,7, Foreword)
Realizing the plight of our natural resources, S. Udall
sought to achieve adequate stewardship of the land through
science ant! education. He called on Starker Leopold to chair
the Department of Interior Advisory Board on Wildlife Man-
agement.i LeopoIct's Boars! first addressed the problem of
wilcIlife management in the national parks, examining goals,
policies, and methods of national wildlife management:
"The goal of managing the national parks and monuments should be to
preserve, or where necessary to recreate, the ecological scene as viewed by
the first European visitors. As part of this scene, native species of wild
animals should be present in maximum variety and reasonable abundance.
Protection alone, which has been the core of Park Service wildlife policy,
is not adequate to achieve this goal. Habitat manipulation is helpful and
often essential to restore or maintain animal numbers. Likewise, popula-
tions of the animals themselves must sometimes be regulated to prevent
habitat damage; this is especially true of ungulates." (1963,1, p. 43)
' Stewart L. Udall, The Quiet Crisis (New York: Halt, Rinehart and Winston, 1953),
p. 209.
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240
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Ungulate excess within the National Parks became a core
issue, exciting the hunting public, but the Committee con-
cluclec! that:
"Direct removal by killing is the most economical and elective way of
regulating ungulates within a park. Game removal by shooting should be
conducted under the complete jurisdiction of qualified park personnel and
solely for the purpose of reducing animals to preserve park values. Rec-
reational hunting is an inappropriate and nonconforming use of the na-
tional parks and monuments." (1963,1, p. 43)
This forthright position in the face of opposition was a cor-
nerstone in National Park programs for wildlife manage-
ment.
The Advisory Board then investigated unnecessary cle-
struction of animals by the Branch of Predator and Rodent
Control of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ~c. . .
augmented by state, county, and inclivid~ual endeavor," ant!
recommended:
". . . a complete reassessment of the goals, policies, and field operations of
the Branch of Predator and Rodent Control with a view to limiting the
killing program strictly to cases of proven need, as determined by rigidly
prescribed criteria." (1964,1, p. 47)
The Board's report was and still is- the most penetrating
assessment of Unitecl States government control of animals,
and it put the responsibility for correcting the unwarranted
destruction of animals on the Fish and Wildlife Service. Its
appearance was followed by a series of rebuttals and expla-
nations in defense of existing programs, but changes also
resulted.
Finally, the Board LeopoIc! chaired evaluated the National
WilcIlife Refuge System to "appraise the significance of the
national refuges in migratory biro} conservation, with em-
phasis on waterfowl." Their report recommended the estab-
lishment of eleven more refuges, better financial support for
OCR for page 241
ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
241
existing refuges, and detailed long-range and multiple-use
planning. Perhaps the most significant recommendation was
that:
"National wildlife refuges should be extensively used for research and
teaching by qualified scientists and naturalists. In many localities refuges
are the only land units devoted solely to wildlife preservation, and thus
offer unique possibilities for continuous research and ecologic education."
(1968,4, p. 52)
The Advisory Board's evaluations of wildlife manage-
ment—or, as they are universally known, the "Leopold Re-
ports" are outstanding for their concision and depth of
understanding. Though not everything they recommended
came to fruition, the reports themselves are benchmarks in
national conservation. Written with Riney, McCain, and
Tevis, Leopold's ecological evaluation of the California jaw-
bone deer herd (1951,2) was another significant contribution
to the assessment of our natural resources. Though now
nearly forty years old, both the data and narrative portions
of this bulletin could serve as patterns for modern big game
· · —
Investigations.
In 196 ~ Leopold produced a book on the desert for TIME-
1~IFE'S Fife Nature Library series (196l,1), a testimony to his
intellectual versatility. In keeping with the format of that se-
ries he traced the work of wind and water as well as the ecol-
ogy of men and animals living in the arid environments of
the world. His chapters six, "Life Patterns in Arid Lands,"
and seven, "Man Against Desert," are particularly enlight-
en~ng.
But Starker Leopold's magnum opus was his survey, Wildlife
of Mexico: The Game Birds and Mammals (1959,31. A skilled and
astute field scientist, he began fieldwork for this impressive
work in 1944 and ended it only with the book's publication
in 1959. He followed up an initial two years in the field with
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242
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
a variety of short trips, and in the summer of 1948 ~ accom-
panied him on one of these expeditions. Little escaped
Starker's attention, as he recorded all facets of the ecology
and natural history of his fifty-one camp study sites extend-
ing from the northern Sonoran border to the Yucatan. His
fluent Spanish helped him in getting both official sanction
from comasarios (officials) and guidance and information from
landowners ant! campesinos (farmers).
Well written, easy to understand, and vital to Latin Amer-
.
scan conservationists, Wildlife of Mexico won the WilcIlife So-
ciety's 1959 publication of the year award. As one reviewer
aptly put it:
"This publication is not only indispensable to any serious student of
Mexican game birds and mammals, but it is also a guide to all thirsting
Mexican citizens who are interested in managing a valuable resource
through wise use. It sets a pattern that other Latin American countries
might well strive to emulate."2
In order that it could be used in Latin America, Leopold's
book was translated into Spanish in 1965 by Luis Macias
ArelIano and Ambrosio Gonzales Cortes. It is a landmark
publication for conservation in Mexico and Latin America.
In 1979, Leopold again won the Wildlife Society's publi-
cation award for his book on the California quad! (1977,1~.
One of the finest monographs on single species in the field
of wildlife ecology, it contains not only insights into the ecol-
ogy and life history of the species but also exemplary sug-
gestions for the management of western quails.
On his last hart/cover book, Leopold collaborated with
Gutierrez and Bronson to provide information on the life
histories of 135 game species of the Uniter! States, Canada,
and northern Mexico. An encyclopedic assessment of species
2 William B. Davis, review of Wildlife in Mexico, journal of Wildlife Management
24,4(1960):446.
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ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
243
that are hunted or trapped, North American Game Birds and
Mammals (1981,1) is a valuable and accessible source of in-
formation for wildlife students and administrators.
Choosing the right hypothesis to test and the too! most
likely to solve a problem is an art. Starker Leopold's investi-
gative choices were inspired, and he applied himself untir-
ingly to follow them through to make worthy contributions
to science. Excelling as a field ecologist, he was not parochial
and in the field often found time to collect and prepare mu-
seum specimens for colleagues interested in classification and
evolution. Nor did he limit himself to any particular species
or group, as his many and varied Published naners amolv
testify.
1 1 1 1 ~
Though dedicated, he did not sacrifice everything to his
science. Throughout his life he divided his time among work,
family, and hobbies (particularly hunting and fishing) and
managed to do justice to all.
Starker was a quiet and dignified man who was always
neat and well groomed. He was jovial and fun loving without
being boisterous. He was at ease among friends, with stran-
gers, or on a lecture platform. Polite and well mannered, he
gave special consideration to others.
He had friends in all walks of life from a member of the
President's cabinet to a Mexican farmer eking out a living on
the mountain slopes of Hidaigo and a sheepherder in the
Australian outback.
He also came from a remarkable family, and both his
brother, I.una, and his sister, EstelIa, were elected to mem-
bership in the Academy a unique occurrence in the Acad-
emy's history. Although his father, AIdo Leopold, was a
leader of considerable prominence in the field of wildlife
ecology, Starker did not seek to trade on his father's name.
Earning his own achievements and honors, he yet benefitted
considerably from the education he received from his father,
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244
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
and both men held to the credo that "good land use is good
wildlife management." Today we know that good land use is
imperative for the salvation of civilization itself.
Starker's wife, Elizabeth Weiskotten Leopold, and his chil-
dren, Frederic S. and Sarah Leopold, survive him.
Ecologists anct wildlife scientists universally and partic-
ularly his fellow members of the National Academy hon-
orec} Starker LeopoIcI, the kind of scientist who enhances the
credibility of science. We all share in the loss of this outstand-
ing colleague.
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ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
PROFESSIONAL AND PUBLIC SERVICE
245
1972-1975 Marine Mammal Commission, appointed by the Pres-
ident
1970
1970
Board of Ecology Team Consultant for U.S. Plywood-
Champion Papers, Inc.
Consultant on Research Policy, Tanzania National
Parks
1969-1970 Chairman, Committee to Appraise the Program of
the Missouri Conservation Commission
1969 Advisory Committee, Lawrence Hall of Science
1968-1972 Chief Scientist and Chairman, Advisory Committee,
National Park Service
1968 Knapp Professorship, University of Wisconsin
1967-1983 Board of Advisors, National Wildlife Federation
1965-1969 Consultant, California Water Quality Control Board
1964 President, Board of Governors, Cooper Ornithologi-
cal Society
1964 Advisory Trustee, Alta Bates Hospital Association
1962-1968 Chairman, Wildlife Management Advisory Commit-
tee, appointed by Secretary of the Interior Stewart
L. Udall
1960 President, Northern Division, Cooper Ornithological
Society
1959-1966 President, California Academy of Sciences
1957-1958 President, Wildlife Society
1956-1983 Member of Science Council and Board of Trustees,
California Academy of Sciences
1955-1960 Vice President and Member of the Board of Direc-
tors, Sierra Club
1955 -1959 Editorial Board, Sierra Club Bulletin
1954-1957 Council Member, Wilderness Society
1954-1956 Board of Governors, Nature Conservancy
1948-1966 Editorial Board, Pacific Discovery
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246
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS
1947 Guggenheim Fellow
1959 Fellow, American Ornithologists' Union
1959 Wildlife Society Publication Award
1964 Department of Interior Conservation Award
1965 Aldo Leopold Medal of the Wildlife Society
1966 Audubon Society Medal
1969
1970
1970
1974
Honorary Member, the Wildlife Society
Member, National Academy of Sciences
California Academy of Sciences Fellows Medal
Winchester Award for Outstanding Accomplishment in
Professional Wildlife Management
1978 Berkeley Citation, University of California
1979 Wildlife Society Publication Award
1980 American Institute of Biological Sciences, Distinguished
Service Award
1980 Occidental College, Honorary Doctoral Degree
1980 Edward W. Browning Award for Conserving the Environ-
ment, Smithsonian Institution and the New York Com-
munity Trust
OCR for page 247
ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
249
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ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
253
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Values of the Natural Landscape of California. Sacramento: Cali-
fornia Department of Parks and Recreation. 36 pp.
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in south-eastern Australia. CSIRO Wildl. Res., 15:1-17.
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Council on Environmental Quality. Ann Arbor: University of
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The essence of hunting. Nat. Wild., 10:38-40.
With R. H. Barrett. Implications for Wildlife of the 1968 Juneau Unit
Timber Sale. Berkeley: University of California Press, Depart-
ment of Forestry and Conservation. 109 pp.
1973
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printed in Penn. Game News, 45~4~:16-21.
1974
Needed A broader base for wildlife administration. Ed., I. Yoa-
kum, Monterey: Trans. Calif.-Nevada Sec., Wildl. Soc., pp. 90-
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Hunting versus protectionism The current dilemma. Address to
the 1974 National Wildlife Federation Annual Meeting in Den-
ver, pp. 5-10. Reprinted in: Gun World, 14~61:50-53.
1975
Ecosystem Deterioration Under Multiple Use. Wild Trout Management
Symposium, Yellowstone National Park. Denver, Colorado:
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1976
With M. Erwin, l. Oh, B. Browning. Phytoestrogens: Adverse ef-
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1977
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1978
Wildlife in a prodigal society. Trans. 43rd N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Re-
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ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
255
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532 pp.
1979
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1981
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
wildlife management
