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WALSH McDERMOTT
October 24, 1 909~ctober ~ 7, l 981
BY PAUL B. BEESON
WA L S H M C D E R M O TT S professional life ctivides into two
phases. Until his mid-forties he followed a highly pro-
ductive career in academic clinical medicine and laboratory
investigation. He then decided to shift emphasis and work in
the field of public health at the local, national, ant} interna-
tional levels. From this vantage point he played an influential
role in the development of national health policy and the
reorganization of U.S. medical research, earning recognition
as a yearling statesman in American medicine.
EDUCATION AND EARLY LIFE
McDermott was born on October 24, 1909, in New Haven,
Connecticut, where his father was a family (loctor. His
mother, the former RoselIa Walsh, came from Massachusetts.
After attending New Haven public schools and Andover, he
went to Princeton for premedical studies, receiving the B.A.
degree in 1930. He then enterer} Columbia University's Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, earning the M.D. degree in
1934. In college and medical school he had little financial
support and had to obtain scholarships as well as part-time
jobs. For residency he moved across Manhattan Island to the
New York Hospital. Thus began a long association with that
hospital and with the Cornell University College of Medicine.
283
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284
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
After his cleath, Cornell created an endowed! chair of mecli-
. . · · . · ~ . . .
cane In Ins name In recognition ot this association.
During the second year of residency training, in August,
1935, Walsh McDermott was diagnosed as having tubercu-
losis. He was transferred! to the Trudeau Sanitarium, Saranac
Lake. Over the next nineteen years he would be admitted to
the New York Hospital nine times for treatment of the
disease.
At Saranac, he seemed! to make good progress and after
seven months returned to take a part-time appointment in
an outpatient clinic of the New York Hospital devoted to the
treatment of syphilis, though priding themselves on the
practice of general internal medicine- the clinic physicians
seldom referred patients elsewhere for the treatment of non-
syphilitic problems. At that time penicillin had not been in-
troducecl into clinical practice, and the mainstay of anti-
syphilitic treatment was injection of arsenical compounds at
weekly intervals over periods of months or years.
In the New York Hospital syphilis clinic, McDermott dem-
onstrated his capabilities as physician, teacher, and humane
care-giver. It is also reasonable to assume that his own pro-
tractec! illness and the long-term care for patients with syph-
ilis influenced the nature of his work during both phases of
his medical career. First, it brought home the fact that the
etiologic agent of a disease can remain in the body for long
periods without causing discernible evidence of disease. Sec-
ond, it unclerscorec! the importance of the Samaritan role of
the physician and the need to treat the whole person rather
than focusing on a single process or etiologic agent.
Another dividend of incalculable importance came out of
his work in the syphilis clinic, for it was there that he met
Marian MacPhai! of the MacPhai! baseball dynasty who
was serving as a volunteer clinic worker. They marries! in
1940 and their home was always in Manhattan, though they
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WALSH MCDERMOTT
285
used a vacation house in Pawling, New York, on weekends
and summer holidays.
Marian's support during McDermott's illnesses and her
influence on his style of living were of greatest significance
to the successful pursuit of his professionallife. In 1941,
Marian joined the staff of Time Magazine as a researcher and
in 1947 transferred to Life Magazine, where she eventually
became senior research editor and a member of the Boarc!
of Editors. Both McDermotts thus enjoyed productive indi-
vidual careers, and their friends included not only colleagues
from the field of medicine, but also writers, political figures,
photographers, and sports executives.
THE MCDERMOTT LABORATORY
Penicillin
In ~ 942 David Barr, chief of medicine at the Cornell—New
York Hospital, appointed McDermott head of the Division of
Infectious Diseases. By that time penicillin was being made
available for the treatment of certain diseases. McDermott
was chosen as one of the clinicians responsible for using the
limitecl supplies of the drug in trials against certain defined
clinical infections. It was soon discovered that penicillin was
far more effective than the arsenicals in treatment of syphilis
and the management of that disease was so simplified that
the special out-patient clinic could be closed. McDermott's
scene of operations then mover} to the infectious disease floor
of the hospital, and his investigations broaclened to include
many other infections proclucecl by staphylococci, pneumo-
cocci, the typhoic! bacillus, and brucelIa. In the next few
years, several other effective antimicrobial drugs became
available: streptomycin, the tetracyclines, and chIoramphen-
icol. McDermott's infectious disease service at New York Hos-
pital became an exciting training area where members of the
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286
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
resident staff as well as research fellows were eager to be
assigned.
McDermott studied the pharmacological behavior of the
new antimicrobial agents in a variety of clinical situations. He
showed, for example, that in some circumstances penicillin
could exert its beneficial effect when given orally, though it
was originally thought that the drug had to be administered!
by injection to avoid the destructive effect of gastric acid.
Travelling to Mexico, he also collaborated with health au-
thorities in Guadalajara in devising therapy for such diseases
as typhoid fever and brucellosis, comparing the relative ef-
fectiveness of the tetracyclines, streptomycin, and chIoram-
phenicol.
Yet flareups of his own tuberculosis kept intervening dur-
ing these years, necessitating periods of bed rest either in the
hospital or at home. McDermott was treated with several new
drugs thought to be active against the tubercle bacillus, but
the disease continued to manifest itself from time to time with
pulmonary spread, cervical adenitis, and uveitis. Despite pe-
riods of incapacity, he continued to direct the work of the
Infectious Disease Ward and through his team of col-
leagues—of his research laboratories. Even when forced to
give advice and directions from his bed, his voracious reading
of the medical literature and remarkable memory enabled
him to retain the respect and leadership of his team.
McDermott's most serious episode of tuberculosis oc-
currec! in 1950 when he cleveloped a bronchopleural fistula.
After a series of consultations and at his own urging, an at-
tempt was macle to close the fistula surgically. This was ac-
complished by a high-risk lobectomy and thoracoplasty,
fortunately with supplementary treatment by the newly in-
troclucecl drug isoniazicl. After that, the disease began to
abate, although there was some ractiologic evidence of active
progression in the left lung, for which he received further
chemotherapy.
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WALSH MCDERMOTT
Antimicrobial Therapy for Infections in Animals
287
Along with an extensive program of clinical investigations
into the treatment of several infectious diseases, McDermott
and his team of associates undertook laboratory investiga-
tions involving antimicrobial therapy of infections in animals.
His able young associates includecl Paul Bunn, Ralph
Tompsett, David Rogers, Vernon Knight, Robert McCune,
Floyd Feldman, Charles LeMaistre, Edwin Kilbourne, Roger
DesPrez, Harold Lambert, and John Batten.
Their special focus of attention was the interaction of mi-
crobes and drugs in living tissues, with particular emphasis
on the phenomenon of microbial persistence. In such cases
a microbe susceptible to a drug in vitro can, nevertheless, sur-
vive long-term exposure to that drug in the living animal
host. For nearly two clecacies McDermott explored this phe-
nomenon which he had observed clinically in syphilis, tu-
berculosis, typhoid fever, typhus fever, brucellosis, and more
rarely in staphylococcal infections. In certain circumstances
a latent microbe can again acquire the ability to reproduce
and cause disease within the host.
McDermott and his team studier! mice inoculated with
human tubercle bacilli most intensively and subsequently
determined the number of living organisms recoverable
from these animals' spleens. The experiments were time-
consuming and tedious, requiring months for completion.
Mice that received no therapy were found to have fairly
constant numbers of organisms in their spleens during suc-
ceeding months. Certain drugs causer! a rapid decline in the
number of organisms during the first three weeks but no
further reduction in the number of culturable units when
therapy was continued for as long as seventeen weeks. The
bacteria recovered from treated animals showed the same
susceptibility to the antimicrobial drugs as at the beginning
of the experiment, i.e., microbial persistence.
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288
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
When the researchers used the potent drugs isoniazid and
pyrazinamide, what appeared to be complete sterilization
came about within twelve weeks: no living organisms could
be demonstrated by culture of spleens. Yet after a rest period!
of three months, viable organisms were once again found in
about one-thirc! of the animals. Treatment with cortisone
seemed to favor the infecting agent, so that viable organisms
could be demonstrated earlier and in a higher population of
treated mice.
After investigating this phenomenon for many vears.
1L ~ _ ~ ~ 1 1 1 . 1 . . ~ · ~ · ~ . ~
, , ,
1vl`;wermoll conclucea Inar antlmlcroola1 therapy induced a
kink! of temporary "adaptive olasticitv" in a certain propor-
~lon or Ine 1nrecung 1noculum, or change that could undergo
spontaneous reversal. This long quest is recounted in his
1959 Dyer Lecture and his 1967 Harvey Lecture ~1959,I).
On the basis of many lines of reasoning, McDermott and his
colleagues conclucled that the phenomenon of microbial per-
sistence conic! not be explained on the basis of survival in
certain "sanctuaries," e.g., within cells. They also shower! that
microorganisms were not protected! from the effect of drugs
by the chemical milieu of an inflammatory reaction.
r.l · r
~ 1 ~
,
· .
More Penicillin and the Role of Drugs in Combination
McDermott's laboratory tester! the bactericidal effect of
penicillin against the staphylococcus, and a series of imagi-
native experiments procluced evidence that here, too,
pointed to an effect on the microbe. McDermott suggested
that microorganisms became "indifferent" to the drug bY
~ , ~
_ c~ _ J
some cnange In term ~pOSSloly analogous to protoplasts), a
transformation he often described as "adaptive plasticity."
McDermott also investigated the mechanisms of action of
drug combinations. Clinical and experimental evidence
showed that two different antimicrobial drugs can sometimes
sterilize a bacterial population, either in vitro or in vivo, more
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WALSH MCDERMOTT
289
effectively than either one alone. The McDermott team came
to conclusions not in accord with conventional thinking-
that each drug kills those bacterial cells susceptible to it. Their
findings favored an enhanced antimicrobial effect greater
than a simple additive action in which each drug exerts its
elect by its own mechanism.
It is interesting to note that McDermott never hac! any
formal research training in college, medical school, or in his
postgraduate years. He was able, nevertheless, to organize a
microbiology and experimental pathology research labora-
tory and to attract talented younger people to work with him.
He taught himself much by extensive reading and in conver-
sations with his colleagues. In this connection he was partic-
ularly fortunate to form a lasting friendship with Rene Dubos
of The Rockefeller Institute (later University). They were fre-
quently in touch and were both superb communicators. Some
of McDermott's scientific success is surely attributable to the
close association he maintainer! with Dubos and other Rocke-
feller scientists.
EDITORIAL WORK
McDermott became managing editor of the American
Review of Tuberculosis in ~ 948 and editor in ~ 952, when Esmoncl
Long retirecl. He held the position for twenty years. During
that time tuberculosis diminished as a cause of morbidity and
mortality, the interest of pulmonary physicians shifted to
other diseases and problems, ant! the name of the journal
was changed to the American Review of Respiratory Disease.
McDermott managed the transition smoothly anal, under his
editorship, the journal's importance in the biomedical world
grew. He was known to be a conscientious editor who often
revised the manuscripts submitter! to him extensively.
He also played a leading role in the custodianship of the
Cecil Textbook of Medicine (first edition, 1928~. In the early
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1950s, editors Russell Cecil and Robert Loeb invited
McDermott to become associate editor with special respon-
sibility for the infectious diseases section of the textbook. Ce-
ci] and Loeb retired after the lOth edition in 1959 and were
succeeded by McDermott and this author as coeditors. We
collaborated in that work through the next five editions of
the textbook, until 1979.
For me this joint effort was both enjoyable and instructive.
Our function was mainly to add new subjects to the contents,
to select contributors (more than 200 in each edition), and to
ensure that manuscripts were ready by the deadline. We were
in touch constantly by meetings, by telephone, and by let-
ters. Because this relationship exposed me to McDermott's
broad concepts of man, disease, and society, ~ came to enjoy
it more and more. ~ was, therefore, especially interested to
read something he said about this textbook work in 1973,
when being interviewed as "Medicine's Man of the Year." The
greatest compensation for such work, said McDermott, was
"knowing that the volume goes to the remotest parts of the
world that someplace, perhaps in an African jungle, some
human being is getting correct treatment because a doctor
or a nurse has our book." This statement illustrates his sin-
cere concern for the delivery of medical care in underserved
segments of the population, at home and abroad.
CHANGE IN FOCUS: PUBLIC HEALTH
The necessity to carry out some field trials of antimicro-
bial therapy, plus an interest in the social and political prob-
lems in his own metropolitan area, caused McDermott to
change the character of his medical work. In the course of
his long-term studies on streptomycin therapy he had ob-
served clinical relapses caused by the emergence of resistant
microbes during a long course of therapy. When isoniazid
became available there was reason to hope that more elective
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WALSH MCDERMOTT
291
treatment was at hand. But the matter of testing a new agent
in a life-threatening disease presented a grave ethical di-
lemma. Was it justifiable to try a new agent, isoniazid, while
withholding streptomycin an agent which indubitably had
some therapeutic value?
His concern about this ethical problem was resolver} when
one of his fellows, serving at the Communicable Disease Cen-
ter, learned that Navajo Indians with serious ant! uniformly
fatal forms of tuberculosis i.e., meningitis and military tu-
berculosis were crying on their reservations in Arizona and
New Mexico because conditions did not permit the requires!
daily injections of streptomycin over long periods of time. It
was, therefore, justifiable to test isoniazid alone.
McDermott then arranged a program, the Many Farms
Project, to use isoniazid therapy in that population. Physi-
cians and nurses manner! aid stations ant! a mobile visiting
service reached wide territorial areas. McDermott macle
many visits there, negotiated with tribal leaclers, ant! securer!
agreements for the drug trials to be carried out. The Many
Farms Project provided unequivocal evidence of the superi-
ority of isoniazid, which has largely supplanted streptomycin,
although other antituberculous drugs of unquestioned value
later became available.
The success of isoniazid in curing an otherwise lethal in-
fection among the Navajo suggested the possible benefit of
bringing other sophisticates! medical service to that under-
servecl population, and the Many Farms Project was ex-
panclec} to include many other forms of modern medical
care. The experiment continued for six years, and some parts
of the program were continuer! beyond that time with benefit
to the Navajo population. But as McDermott and his col-
league Kurt DeuschIe reported in 1972—even the best med-
ical care could not bring about a general improvement in the
health of people who tract inadequate foocI, insufficient
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
drinking water, lived in extreme poverty, and lacked modern
· —
sanitary services.
By ~ 955 McDermott decided that he could make his most
important contribution to medicine in the area of public
health. Maintaining his appointment in the Department of
Medicine at Cornell, he became professor of Public Health
and chairman of that Department, a position he held until
1972. During that period, he and his Department focused
much attention on the public health problems to be found in
a modern city: air pollution, poverty, malnutrition, drug ad-
diction, alcoholism, tobacco usage, etc. A pilot project was set
up with Kenneth Johnson in the Bedford-Stuyvesant area of
Brooklyn, including day clinics, visiting nurses, and social
work services. McDermott used this project in his teaching of
public health and arranged for dozens of Cornell medical
students to observe and participate.
In addition to the work at home, he served on committees
dealing with international health problems and traveled
widely in Central America, South America, Europe, and
Asia. He spoke of this kind of work as "statistical compas-
sion," i.e., a kind of activity that allows members of the med-
ical profession to help people they never get to see.
WORK IN THE JOHNSON FOUNDATION
The early 1970s saw the creation of The Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation, headquartered in Princeton, New ~er-
sey. The income from a very large endowment was to be used
.
in support of projects testing ways to provide better access to
medical care. The creation of this Foundation provided an
ideal opportunity for McDermott to work in health care de-
livery, a field for which he was so superbly prepared.
David Rogers, the first president of the Johnson Foun-
dation, who had some years earlier collaborated on research
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WALSH MCDERMOTT
297
"In the creation of the Board of Medicine and its evolution finito the
Institute of Medicine, Walsh was absolutely critical to the success of these
developments. He had a deft touch, he was politically sensitive and astute,
and he spoke with the authority of one who had achieved scientific dis-
tinction, was a recognized authority in his field, and enjoyed the respect
of physicians in the practice of medicine. He deserves to be regarded as
the Founding Father of the Institute of Medicine."
AWARDS
Walsh McDermott's first major recognition came in 1955
when, with Car] Muschenheim and two other clinicians, he
received the Albert Lasker Awarc! for "contribution of the
first orcler to our knowlecige of the principles of the treat-
ment and control of tuberculosis...."
In 1963, the National Tuberculosis Association gave him
its Trudeau Mecial. In 196S, he won the lames D. Bruce Me-
morial Awarc! of the American College of Physicians, anct in
1969, received the Woocirow Wilson Award of Princeton Uni-
versity "to a Princeton alumnus in recognition of clistin-
guished achievement in the nation's service...." In 1970, the
College of Physicians and Surgeons' Alumni Association gave
him its Alumni GoIct Mecial Award "for clistinguished
achievement in medicine...." In 1975, the Association of
American Physicians gave him the Kober Medal in "full re-
alization of the commanding knowledge in medicine...." In
1979 he received the Blue Cross-Blue Shield Association's
National Health Achievement Award "for his monumental
contribution to the education of generations of physicians . . .
fend] for playing a major role in shaping the health policy in
the United States." Princeton and Columbia universities
awarded him honorary degrees.
He gave clozens of special lectures in American medical
schools and other institutions. Among these may be men-
tioned the William Allen Pusey Memorial I,ecture at the
Chicago Institute of Medicine, 1949; the Penner Lecture at
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298
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, 1958; the R.
E. Dyer Lectureship of the National Institutes of Health,
1959; the I. Burns Amberson Lecture of the National Tu-
berculosis Association, 1962; the Holme Lecture, University
College Hospital, University of London, 1967; the Barnwell
Memorial Lecture of the National Tuberculosis Association,
1969; the Heath Clark Lecture, Lonclon School of Preventive
Medicine and Tropical Hygiene, London, 1971; the William
S. Paley Lecture, Cornell Medical College, 1967.
ETHICS, THE MEDICAL PROFESSION,
AND MODERN SCIENCE
It seems appropriate to conclude this memoir with some-
thing of McDermott's philosophy expressed in his own care-
fully chosen words. In an introductory chapter to the Textbook
of Medicine, of which he was co-editor, he explained the
expression "statistical compassion:"
"The physician who treats one patient at a time and the physician who
deals with a community as a whole both exert compassion, but it is of two
quite different sorts. The compassion exercised by the physician who treats
individuals takes the form of a cultivated instinct to lend support and
comfort to a particular fellow human being. By contrast, the 'group' com-
passion of the public health or community physician necessarily takes the
form of what the writer has previously termed 'statistical compassion.' By
this is meant an imaginative compassion for people whom one never gets
to see as individuals and, indeed, can know only as data on a graph."
In 1978, in an article entitled "Medicine: The Public Goof!
and One's Own," he wrote further:
"Medicine itself is deeply rooted in a number of sciences, but it is also
deeply rooted in the Samaritan tradition. The science and the samaritan-
ism are both directed toward the same goal of tempering the harshness of
illness and disease. Medicine is thus not a science but a learned profession
that attempts to blend affairs of the spirit and the cold objectivity of science
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WALSH MCDERMOTT
. . .
299
These two functions, the technologic and the Samaritan, are separable
in the world of analysis but not in the world of real life...."
Accepting the Kober Medal In 1975, McDermott spoke of
the explosion of meclical science and technology over the pre-
ceding fifty years:
. . . _
"The importance today of these developments that started fifty years ago
can hardly be exaggerated. What was substantially a whole new technology
was born. Had this new technology, like atomic energy, been ushered in
with one big bang on a single day, the implications would have been so
obvious that medicine would have been forced to create a comprehensive
institutional framework for the new science [like] . . . the Atomic Energy
Commission. But the rate of change, although rapid, was just slow enough
that it was easy to miss that something quite different was going on from
just the logical extension of what had gone on before. The scene was now
occupied by a new, powerful, and unruly force which on the one hand
could lift our profession into the heights of much greater usefulness, but
on the other could destroy it as a profession....
"The piecemeal nature of our institutional approach was greatly fur-
thered by the fact that, with medicine, the coming of the new technology
was not followed by a delivery system shaped to fit it. Instead, the new
technology was simply engrafted on a centuries-old delivery system the
personal-encounter physician. As a result the profession was stressed al-
most to the bursting point by the new science—a stress that still continues.
This turmoil is not the fault of our science and technology; it results from
the relative failure of the institutions for their management."
Regarding the social consequences of modernization, he
addecl:
" . . . Something quite new has been added to the social contract namely
the idea that each of us as an individual bears a moral responsibility for the
collective acts of our particular society. No longer are we allowed to cling
either to [the excuse of ~ 'orders from above' or to the personal hypocrisies
that enabled us to avoid looking at what was morally outrageous. Thanks
to communication technology, we cannot escape a virtually daily awareness
of the extended consequences of our acts or of our failures to act. There
are now very few places to hide."
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300
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
SELECTED B I B LI OGRAPH Y
1941
With W. G. Downs and B. Webster. Reactions to tryparsamide ther-
apy. Am. J. Syph. Gonorrhea Vener. Dis., 25:16.
With B. Webster and D. Macrae. The effect of arsphenamine on
tuberculosis in syphilitic animals. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 44:3.
With R. Tompsett, W. G. Downs, and B. Webster. The use of clor-
arsen in the treatment of syphilis. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
73:412.
1942
With R. Tompsett and B. Webster. Syphilitic aortic insufficiency:
The asymptomatic phase. Am. l. Med. Sci., 2:203.
1943
With B. Webster, R. Baker, I. Lockhart, and R. Tompsett. Nutri-
tional degeneration of the optic nerve in rats: Its relation to
tryparasamide amblyopia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 77:24.
1944
With D. R. Gilligan and I. A. Dingwall. The parenteral use of so-
dium lactate solution in the prevention of renal complications
from parenterally administered sodium sulfadiazine. Ann. Int.
Med., 20:604.
With D. R. Gilligan, C. Wheeler, and N. Plummer. Clinical studies
of sulfamethazine. N. Y. State }. Med., 44:394.
Recent advances in the treatment of syphilis. Med. Clin. N. Am.,
293:308.
1945
With P. A. Bunn, M. Benoit, R. Dubois, and W. Haynes. Oral pen-
icillin. Science, 101 :2618, 228-29.
With M. Benoit and R. Dubois. Time-dose relationships of penicil-
lin therapy. Regimens used in early syphilis. Am. J. Syph. Gon-
orrhea Vener. Dis., 29:345.
With R. A. Nelson. The transfer of penicillin into the cerebrospinal
fluid following parenteral administration. Am. I. Syph. Gon-
orrhea Vener. Dis., 29:403. ;
With M. M. Leask and M. Benoit. Streptobacillus moniliformis as
OCR for page 301
WALSH MCDERMOTT
30
a cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis. Ann. Int. Med.,
22:414.
With P. A. Bunn, S. Hadley, and A. Carter. The treatment of pneu-
mococcic pneumonia with orally administered penicillin. I. Am.
Med. Assoc., 129:320.
1946
With P. A. Bunn, M. Benoit, R. Dubois, and M. Reynolds. The
absorption of orally administered penicillin. Science, 103:2673,
359-61.
With P. A. Bunn, M. Benoit, R. Dubois, and M. Reynolds. The
absorption, excretion, and destruction of orally administered
penicillin. J. Clin. Invest., 25:2, 190—210.
1947
With R. Tompsett and S. Schultz. Influence of protein-binding on
the interpretation of penicillin activity in viva. Proc. Soc. Exp.
Biol. Med., 65:163.
With H. Koteen, E. I. Doty, and B. Webster. Penicillin therapy in
neurosyphilis. Am. I. Syph. Gonorrhea Vener. Dis., 31: 1.
With R. Tompsett and S. Schultz. The relation of protein-binding
to the pharmacology and antibacterial activity of penicillins X,
G. Dihydro F. and K. I. Bacteriol., 53:581.
Toxicity of streptomycin. Am. J. Med., 2:491.
With G. G. Reader, B. l. Romeo, and B. Webster. The prognosis of
syphilitic aortic insufficiency. Ann. Int. Med., 27:584.
With H. Koprowski and T. W. Norton. Isolation of poliomyelitis
virus from human serum by direct inoculation into a laboratory
mouse. Publ. Heal Rep., 62:1467.
With C. Muschenheim, S. l. Hadley, P. A. Bunn, and R. V. Gorman.
Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis in humans. I.
Meningitis and generalized hematogenous tuberculosis. Ann.
Int. Med., 27:769.
With C. Muschenheim, S. l. Hadley, H. Hull-Smith, and A. Tracy.
Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis in humans. Ann.
Int. Med., 27: 769.
1948
With H. Gold and H. Koteen. Conference on streptomycin. Am. J.
Med., 4:130.
With C. M. Flory, J. W. Correll, J. G. Kidd, L. D. Stevenson, E. C.
OCR for page 302
302
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Alvord, et al. Modifications of tuberculous lesions in patients
treated with streptomycin. Am Rev. Tuberc., 58:4.
With L. B. Hobson, R. Tompsett, and C. Muschenheim. A labora-
tory and clinical investigation of dihydrostreptomycin. Am.
Rev. Tuberc., 58:5.
1949
With R. Tompsett, A. Timpanelli, and O. Goldstein. Discontinuous
therapy with penicillin. I. Am. Med. Assoc., 139:555.
With V. Knight and F. Ruiz-Sanchez. Antimicrobial therapy in ty-
phoid fever. Trans. Assoc. Am. Phys., 62:46.
With V. Knight, F. Ruiz-Sanchez, and A. Ruiz-Sanchez. Aureomy-
cin in typhus and brucellosis. Am. I. Med., 6:407.
Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis. I. Natl. Med. Assoc.,
41:167.
With R. Tompsett. Recent advances in streptomycin therapy. Am.
J. Med., 7:371.
With L. B. Hobson. Criteria for the clinical evaluation of antitu-
berculous agents. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 52:782.
1950
With H. C. Hinshaw. Thiosemicarbazone therapy of tuberculosis
in humans. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 61:145.
With V. Knight, F. Ruiz-Sanchez, A. Ruiz-Sanchez, and S. Schultz.
Antimicrobial therapy in typhoid. Arch. Int. Med., 85:44.
With V. Knight and F. Ruiz-Sanchez. Chloramphenicol in the treat-
ment of the acute manifestations of brucellosis. Am. I. Med.
Sci., 219:627.
With C. A. Werner and V. Knight. Absorption and excretion of
terramycin in humans; comparison with aureomycin and chlor-
amphenicol. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 74:261.
With R. Tompsett and J. G. Kidd. Tuberculostatic activity of blood
and urine from animals given gliotoxin. l. Immunol., 65:59.
With A. Timpanelli and R. D. Huebner. Terramycin in the treat-
ment of pneumococcal and mixed bacterial pneumonias. Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci., 53:440.
1951
With C. A. Werner, R. Tompsett, and C. Muschenheim. The tox-
icity of viomycin in humans. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 63:49.
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303
With C. A. LeMaistre, R. Tompsett, C. Muschenheim, and }. A.
Moore. Effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisone
in patients with tuberculosis. I. Clin. Invest., 30:445.
With C. Muschenheim and R. Maxwell. The therapy of miliary and
meningeal tuberculosis: Review of a five-year experience.
Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc., 63:257.
1952
With DuM. F. Elmendorf, fir., W. U. Cawthon, and C. Muschen-
heim. The absorption, distribution, excretion, and short-term
toxicity of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (Nydrazid) in man. Am.
Rev. Tuberc., 65:429.
With C. M. Clark, DuM. F. Elmendorf, fir., W. U. Cawthon, and C.
Muschenheim. Isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide) in the
treatment of miliary and meningeal tuberculosis. Am. Rev.
Tuberc.,66:391.
With C. Muschenheim, C. M. Clark, DuM. F. Elmendorf, Jr., and
W. U. Cawthon. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide in tuberculosis in
man. Trans. Assoc. Am. Phys., 65:191.
1953
Antimicrobial therapy
47:472.
.
in tuberculosis. Bull. St. Louis Med. Soc.,
With C. A. LeMaistre and R. Tompsett. The effects of corticoste-
roids upon tuberculosis and pseudotuberculosis. Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., 56:772.
With C. Muschenheim, DuM. F. Elmendorf, fir., and W. U. Caw-
thon. Failure of para-isobutoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarba-
zone as an antituberculous drug in man. Am. Rev. Tuberc.,
68:791.
The antimicrobial therapy of tuberculosis. Bull. Quezon Inst.,
2:169.
1954
With L. Ormond, C. Muschenheim, K. Deuschle, R. M. McCune,
fir., and R. Tompsett. Pyrazinamide-isoniazid in tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 69:319.
With C. A. Werner and V. Knight. Studies of microbial populations
artificially localized in viva. I. Multiplication of bacteria and dis-
tribution of drugs in agar loci. J. Clin. Invest., 33:742.
OCR for page 304
304
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With C. A. Werner. Studies of microbial populations artificially lo-
calized in viva. II. Differences in antityphoidal activities of
chloramphenicol and chlortetracycline. I. Clin. Invest., 33:753.
With D. E. Rogers. Neoplastic involvement of the meninges with
low cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentrations simulating tu-
berculous meningitis. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 69:1029.
With R. Tompsett, R. M. McCune, fir., L. Ormond, K. Deuschle,
and C.Muschenheim. The influence of pyrazinamide-isoniazid
on M. tuberculosis in animals and man. Trans. Assoc. Am. Phys.,
67:224.
With K. Deuschle, L. Ormond, DuM. F. Elmendorf, Jr., and C.
Muschenheim. The course of pulmonary tuberculosis during
long-term single-drug (isoniazid) therapy. Am. Rev. Tuberc.,
70:228.
With R. Tompsett. Activation of pyrazinamide and nicotinamide in
acidic environments in vitro. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 70:748.
With C. Muschenheim, R. McCune, K. Deuschle, L. Ormond, and
R. Tompsett. Pyrazinamide-isoniazid in tuberculosis. II. Results
in fifty-eight patients with pulmonary lesions one year after the
start of therapy (notes). Am. Rev. Tuberc., 70:743.
1955
The enlarging role of the general practitioner in tuberculosis ther-
apy (editorial). J. Chron. Dis., 2:234.
With Y. Kneeland, Jr., A. L. Barach, D. V. Habif, and H. M. Rose.
Current concepts in the use of antibiotics. Panel meeting on
therapeutics. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med., 31:639.
1956
The problem of staphylococcal infections. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
65:58.
With O. Wasz-Hoeckert, R. M. McCune, Jr., S. H. Lee, and R.
Tompsett. Resistance of tubercle bacilli to pyrazinamide in viva.
Am. Rev. Tuberc. Pulm. Dis., 74:572.
With R. M. McCune, Jr., and R. Tompsett. The fate of mycobacter~um
tuberculosis in mouse tissues as determined by the microbial enu-
meration technique. II. The conversion of tuberculous infec-
tion to the latent state by the administration of pyrazinamide
and a companion drug. J. Exp. Med., 104:763.
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1957
305
With l. Adair and K. Deuschle. Patterns of health and disease
among the Navajos. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci., 311 :80.
1958
With C. tordahl, R. Des Prez, K. Deuschle, and C. Muschenheim.
Further experience with single-drug (isoniazid) therapy in
chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Tuberc. Pulm. Dis.,
77:539.
1959
Inapparent infection. The R. E. Dyer Lecture (delivered at the
National Institutes of Health). Publ. Heal Rep., 74:485.
With R. Des Prez, C. ~ordahl, K. Deuschle, and C. Muschenheim.
Streptovaricin and isoniazid in the treatment of pulmonary tu-
berculosis (notes). Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 80:431.
Drug-microbe-host mechanisms involved in a consideration of
chemoprophylaxis. 15th International Tuberculosis Confer-
ence, Istanbul, Sept., 1959. Bull. Int. Union Tuberc., 29:243.
1960
With E. D. Kilbourne, D. E. Rogers, and H. M. Rose. Influenza
upper respiratory infections (a panel meeting). Bull. N. Y. Acad.
Med., 36:22.
With K. Deuschle, I. Adair, H. Fulmer, and B. Loughlin. Introduc-
ing modern medicine in a Navajo community. Science,131: 197.
With C. A. Berntsen. Increased transmissibility of staphylococci to
patients receiving an antimicrobial drug. N. Engl. i. Med.,
262:637.
The community's stake in medical research. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.,
81:279.
Antimicrobial therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. Bull. WHO,
23:427-61.
1961
Air pollution and public health. Sci. Am., 205:49-57.
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306
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1962
The chemotherapy of tuberculosis. The l. Burns Amberson Lec-
ture. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 86:323.
1963
Science for the individual the university medical center. I. Chron.
Dis., 16:105-10.
1964
The role of biomedical research in international development.
Med. Ed., 39:655.
1965
Summary remarks. Dedication symposium of the Institute for Bio-
medical Research of the American Medical Association. l. Am.
Med. Assoc., 194: 1374.
1966
With R. McCune, F. Feldman, and H. Lambert. Microbial persis-
tence. I. The capacity of tubercle bacilli to survive sterilization
in mouse tissues. J. Exp. Med.
With R. McCune and F. Feldman. Microbial persistence. II. Char-
acteristics of the sterile state of tubercle bacilli. l. Exp. Med.
Modern medicine and the demographic disease pattern of overly
traditional societies: A technologic misfit. l. Med. Ed., 41:9.
1967
Ed. W. McDermott and P. B. Beeson. Cecil-Loeb Textbook of Medicine,
12th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.
The changing mores of biomedical research. A Colloquium on Eth-
ical Dilemmas from Medical Advances (opening comments).
Ann. Int. Med., 67:39.
1969
Early days of antimicrobial therapy. Presidential address delivered
at the meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
In: Antimicrobial Agents &? Chemotherapy, 1968, pp. l-6. Washing-
ton, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology.
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WALSH MCDERMOTT
307
Microbial persistence. The Harvey Lectures, Series 63, delivered Sep-
tember 21, 1967. New York: Academic Press.
1970
Microbial drug resistance. The John Barnwell Lecture. Am. Rev.
Respir. Dis., 102 :857-76.
1972
With K. W. Deuschle and C. R. Barnett. Health care experiment at
Many Farms. Science, 175:23.
1974
General medical care: Identification and analysis of alternative ap-
proaches. Johns Hopkins Med. J., 135:5, 292-321.
1977
Evaluating the physician and his technology. Daedalus,106:135.
1978
Medicine: The public good and one's own. The Paley Lecture.
Perspect. Biol. Med., 21:167.
Health impact of the physician. Am. J. Med., 65:569.
1980
Pharmaceuticals: Their role in developing societies. Science,
209:240.
1981
Absence of indicators of the influence of its physicians on a society's
health. Am. J. Med., 70:833-43.
1982
Education and general medical care. Ann. Int. Med., 96:512.
1983
With D. Rogers. Technology's consort. Am. J. Med., 74:353.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
biographical memoirs
