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WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
July 31, 1878{)ctober 29, 1970
BY JACOB B. BIALE
B`` ECAUSE OF THIS RESERVE OF DORMANT BUDS, said
W. H. Chandler, lecturing during the dark days of
World War Il. "a tree is more clependable in a destructive
world. It can be broken to pieces pretty badly and will grow
new parts to replace the lost ones" (1944,1~.
Trees with buds at rest, keeping the secrets of dormancy;
trees with buds bursting to bloom and to fruit; trees of dif-
ferent climates and of varier! behavior fascinated Chandler
and served as his dependable companions throughout a long,
productive, and humane life. Delving into their complex
functioning, he unraveled the story of their response to in-
ternal and external environment. Esteemecl worIdwicle for
transforming horticulture from an art into a science, he—
with his reservations about the validity of classifying horti-
culture or agriculture as distinct sciences wouIct surely have
rejected any such claim. But his original research papers and
books, filled with knowledge and deep insight, continue to
· · · · · .
bring norm ~nternat~ona recognition.
In addition to advancing the field of horticulture gener-
ally, Chandler helped elucidate the mechanism by which frost
kills plant tissue. He was the cocliscoverer of the fact that zinc
deficiency causes a number of physiological disorders, in-
cluding little leaf and mottle leaf. He introcluced a system of
87
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88
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
pruning that resulted in maximum yield. He developer! hy-
brids of temperate zone trees that grow, flower, and produce
fruits satisfactorily in climates with mild winters.
The university community, experiment station workers,
and extension staff all valued ChandIer's ideas on research,
teaching, and communicating results. He inspired promising
investigators, then helped place them where they could con-
tribute the most to horticulture and plant physiology. Anyone
who had the good fortune to know him—whether profes-
sionally or socially—was left with the impression of a man of
sturdy character, mild manner, and no pretensions. His con-
victions were strong, yet he was open to others' views. He was
cultured, appreciating history, poetry and novels. Not blind
to human shortcomings, he yet had an idealistic trust in the
future of mankind.
EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION
Bill ChancIler, the oiliest of eight children, was born in
Butler, Missouri, in a little log house where the dog went in
ant! out freely through the open door. Many years later he
recalled that, during his childhood, all eight children slept in
a single room in trundle beds that were stored away under
larger beds cluring the clay.
His father, who came from the hill country bordering
Virginia and Tennessee, clislikecl farming and often allowecl
weeds to displace planter] crops. When Bill was ten years old,
the family moved to a somewhat larger house and smaller
farm, incurring a large debt. They lost the property three
years later, and from then on the family was forced to live on
rented farms. From the age of fifteen, the responsibility for
maintaining his family through farming rested on Bill with
the help of a younger brother.
Seriously restricted! in the time he could devote to school-
ing, Bill attended the country school only during the six
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WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
89
months of autumn and winter. The remainder of the year he
worked full-time on the farm. At eighteen he went to stay
with his uncle at the county seat, where he studies! for two
semiannual periods at the Academy. From IS98 to 1901 he
taught in a single-room country school, while aspiring at the
same time to study farming at the University of Missouri Col-
lege of Agriculture. When he clivulged his ambitions to his
uncles, who were successful farmers, they ridiculed the
young dreamer. "It isn't what ~ don't know that loses me
money," one toIc! him. "It's what ~ know and don't do."
Chandler disregarded the advice of his relatives and en-
rolled in agriculture at the University in the fall of 1901. The
five-year course led to the B.S. degree in 1905, and a year
later he received the M.S. degree. Partly clue to the influence
of Dr. I. C. Whitten, then head of the Department, he spe-
cializect in tree horticulture, though in later years he re-
grettecl that the program of study had not included required
courses in physics ant! chemistry.
As a student, Chandler was inspired by the teaching of
plant physiologist B. M. Duggar. For his doctoral dissertation
topic he elected to study the killing of plant tissue by low
temperature, a major problem in agriculture in Missouri as
well as in many other regions, which continued to interest
him throughout later appointments as assistant ~1906-1908),
instructor ~~908-l909), and assistant professor ~~9~0-l9~3)
in horticulture. Due to a technical regulation, he was not of-
ficially awarded the Ph.D. until 1914, when he was no longer
afliliatecl with the University of Missouri.
In 1913, ChanctIer was invited to join the faculty of the
College of Agriculture at Cornell University as professor of
Homology. Better pay and research support, the presence of
I.iberty Hyde Bailey as clean of the College, and the greater
distinction of the University made the over extremely attrac-
tive, and he accepted. Once there, he found that the climatic
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go
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
conditions and the widespread growing of apples in New
York State stimulated his interest in winter injury to fruit
trees, and he extended his observations to the relation of
winter frost damage to growth responses during the preced-
ing summer. '
Local farmers cooperated willingly with the research and
extension staff of Cornell's agricultural experiment station.
Yet not everyone was equally enthusiastic about the program.
"It's the farmer's conservatism that saves him," a skeptical
Dean Bailey was reported to say. "If he'd done everything
that you Ethe research men] recommend, he'd be ruined."
Chandler shared Bailey's respect for the innate intelli-
gence and good sense of the farmer. Working on field plots
with New York growers, he found their attitude to farm life
more wholesome than that of farmers in Missouri, so that the
area remained relatively free of land speculation and real
estate promotion. "You could not buy a farm at any price,"
he remarked at the time, "from a man who had a son to take
his place."
I~ike Bailey, too, he was skeptical about the quality of
knowledge imparted by teachers of agriculture and the wor-
thiness of certain agriculture research projects. L. H.
MacDaniels, a Cornell graduate student at that time, re-
ported that when Chandler arrived he was assigned to teach
a course in the culture of nut trees that a number of football
players took to lighten their load. After delivering a half-
dozen lectures, he dismissed the class for the rest of the se-
mester, saying that he had covered all that was known about
the subject that was backed by evidence.
Chandler insisted that the Homology program be related
to plant physiology and the basic sciences, arguing that prep-
aration for trees research shouIc! lead to a Ph.D. in plant
physiology or in another related field that could serve as a
background for horticulture. He often directed his graduate
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WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
9
students to study uncler other professors, ant! though
many investigators credit him for inspiring and directing
their horticultural or physiological research chaired, in
fact, only one cloctoral committee, that of A. I. Heinicke.
During his decade at Cornell, Chandler chaired the De-
partment of Pomology from 1915 to 1920 and, as vice-
clirector for research, administered research funds from
1920 to 1923. This last task, at times frustrating because of
the limited funds supporting a number of meritorious pro-
jects, allowed him to broaden his contacts with his colleagues.
He enjoyed his clearings with members of the general faculty
on campus and life in the small, charming community of
Ithaca.
During this period, he also established his professional
standing as the pomologist best able to analyze and under-
stand the complex responses of fruit trees. This ability found
its fullest expression in Fruit Grozo~ng, a textbook written and
reviser! with great care ant} precision during his Cornell
years, though published after he left there permanently for
the West.
In 1922, ChancIler was invited to tour various regions of
California in connection with the dedication of a building of
the University of California at Davis. Once there, he observed
a wealth of horticultural problems that did not exist in New
York, where fruit trees had grown for hundreds of years and
many of the intricacies of their culture were known. Califor-
nia, on the other hand, with its great range of climatic zones
and wide spectrum of horticultural materials, was unique. In
aciclition to the innate interest to an agriculturalist, C. B.
Hutchison, an administrator in the College of Agriculture at
Davis who had been ChancIler's associate at Missouri ant!
Cornell, also player! a major role in his decision to transfer.
Chandler came to California in 1923 as professor of pom-
ology and chairman of the Department at both Berkeley and
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92
.
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Davis, with headquarters in Berkeley. He later considered his
fifteen at Berkeley highly, both professionally and personally,
crediting his accomplishments in part to D. R. Hoagland,
professor and chairman of the Division of Plant Nutrition.
Hoagland's Division was noted for its research on the nu-
tritional requirements of plants, and especially their need for
trace nutrients: copper, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, and
boron. Using special laboratory apparatus free of contami-
nating elements, the Division staff developed a procedure for
purifying chemicals to a high degree.
In this atmosphere, Chandler investigated physiological
disorders known as "little leaf" in peaches, "rosette" in apples
and pears, and "mottle leaf" in citrus. His training in both
horticulture and plant chemistry enabled him to identify a
zinc deficiency as the cause of all of these disorders, thereby
solving a problem that had baffled fruit growers since the
beginning of the century. Chandler viewer! these zinc-
deficiency studies as the most significant economic and scien-
tific contribution of his career. He attributed his gratifying
results to the combined efforts of his team members, whose
diverse talents allowed them to focus on the problem from
different angles, and to methodical experimentation using
acivancec} procedures of purification and analysis.
As a result of this cooperative venture, Chandler and
Hoagland established a long-lasting friendship. They shared
similar outlooks on research ant! university affairs and act-
vocated harmonious interaction between applied and basic
research. Both men had unusual personal qualities that in-
spired those students ant! colleagues who had the good for-
tune to be associated with them.
In 193S, with the zinc work partially completed, Chandler
was persuader! to accept the assistant deanship of the Uni-
versity of California's College of Agriculture and to establish
his headquarters on the Los Angeles campus of the Univer-
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WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
93
sity. Administrative duties held no great attraction for him,
but he yielded to the urgent pleas of C. B. Hutchison, then
statewide dean of the College.
As assistant dean, ChandIer's function was to harmonize
relations between the Los Angeles and Riverside Depart-
ments of the College and to strengthen UCLAs program in
plant science. He also identified profitable directions for re-
search in plant biology within the constraints imposed by
field work on a campus in an urban setting. He focused on
studies not requiring much land that could be conducted in
greenhouses and in laboratories, and on plants with rapid
growth rates, as the most suitable for graduate thesis work.
He was, consequently, instrumental in establishing a Depart-
ment of Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture at UCLA.
Knowing, from past experience, the benefits of aciminis-
trative association between botany and agriculture, he fur-
ther maple a special effort to transfer the Botany Department
from the College of Letters and Sciences to the College of
Agriculture. This action was later credited! with enriching
UCLAs offerings in plant science, particularly at the gradu-
ate level. Arranging this transfer was ChandIer's last major
administrative act before he relinquished the deanship in
1943. He continued on at UCLA as a professor of horticul-
ture until he officially retiree! in 1948.
During retirement, Chandler thoroughly revised his two
textbooks, Deciduous Orchards and Evergreen Orchards. To col-
lect source materials for his books he traveled' to the West
Indies, Trinidad, and Central America. UCLAs unofficial acI-
visor for campus ~nclscaping, he maintained his interest in
plant physiology ant! regularly attendee! seminars.
In 1966, the Chandlers moved from Beverly Hills to
Berkeley so that they could live closer to their three daugh-
ters. In November 1969, he suffered a mild stroke and a year
later ctied at the age of 92.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Chandler and his wife of sixty-three years, Nancy
Caroline, were married in 1905 when he was starting his
graduate studies at Missouri. The Chandler home exuded a
spirit of tranquility, hospitality, and good comradeship. In his
affection for his wife, Chandler named a wisteria after her
and dedicated to her several of his books.
Mrs. Chandler died in Berkeley in ~ 968. Their son,
William Lewis (wife Eleanor), a microbiologist, established his
home in Altadena. Their daughters, Carolyn Geraldine
Cruess and Ruth Steele I.ewis, live in Berkeley, and Mary
Martha Honeychurch has her home in Orinda, California.
Chandler is survived by four children, eleven grandchildren,
and ten great-grand-children.
William Henry Chandler was awarded many honors dur-
ing his lifetime. He was elected president of the American
Society for Horticultural Science in ~ 92 I, member of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences in 1943, and Faculty Research
Lecturer at UCLA in 1944. He won the Wilder Medal of the
American Pomological Society in 1948 and, in the same year,
was named one of three outstanding American horticultur-
ists by the American Fruit Grower magazine. The American
Society of Plant Physiologists bestowed on him the Charles
Barnes Life Membership in 1951. In 1949 he received the
honorary LL.D. degree from UCLA.
He held membership in the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, American Society for Horticultural
Science, American Society of Plant Physiologists, Botanical
Society of America, and Sigma Xi.
TREES IN TWO CLIMATES
On March 2l, 1944, four years before his retirement at
the age of seventy, Professor Chandler delivered a talk on
this subject as the annual UCLA Faculty Research Lecture
(1945,2~. By that time, he had spent two decades in the mild
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WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
. . ,
95
climate of California, with the last six years in the subtropical
environment of the southern region of the state. Growing
conditions and responses of fruit trees in the West differed
dramatically from those he had observed during the first two
decades of his career in Missouri and New York. The time
was ripe for him to summarize his rich experiences with fruit
trees of various climatic zones and to analyze the effects of
temperature on cellular events as the major factor determin-
ing their growth.
Death by Freezing
Chandler was searching for the mechanism of cellular
death by freezing. The killing of plant tissue by low temper-
ature had been the subject of his dissertation at the University
of Missouri, while in California he had been attracted to the
problem of why certain fruit trees required these same chill-
ing temperatures to grow.
Shortly after transferring from Missouri to Cornell,
Chandler began observing the response of deciduous fruit
trees to extremely low temperatures. In the early morn-
ing hours of January 14, 1914, the temperature of-34°F
(-36.7°C) was recorded in an orchard! in upstate New York
in which Northern Spy apples were grown. Several days ear-
lier ice had begun to form at the outer surfaces of some cells.
From his own research and the work of others, Chandler
knew that the gradual lowering of temperature facilitated the
movement of water from the interior of cells to the intercel-
lular spaces where ice crystals were formed. He further clis-
covered that, although water expands as it freezes, air in
these spaces gave way to ice so that the frozen tree actually
shrank. He estimated that seventy to eighty percent of the
water in the tree was converted to ice and that a third or
more of the weight of the above-ground portion of the tree
was ice.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Microscopic observation showed, furthermore, that
shrunken cells as protoplasm became a thin layer between
flattened walls. The pressure of ice particles present in the
intercellular spaces appeared to cause distortions of a mag-
nitude that suggested severe injury. As judged from the lux-
uriant growth during the spring and summer following the
severe winter, however, this was not the case, and the tree's
survival suggester} that these had been, in fact, the proper
conditions for harclen~ng.
Through field observations and laboratory tests Chandler
discoverecl a decreasing order of resistance to freezing tem-
peratures in the various tissues of hardened trees. Most re-
sistent was cambium, which, when not well-hardened, turned
out to be as sensitive as other tissues; then came bark, sap-
wood, ant! pith. He further observed that above-ground por-
tions of a tree were more resistant than roots; that flower
buds, generally more sensitive than vegetative bucts, were less
sensitive when trees were not fully mature; that resistance
diminished in some species whose flower buds reached an
advanced stage of ctifferentiation by the beginning of winter.
With great precision, he described how frost resistance
developecI, singling out two ways "maturing" and "hard-
ening" deciduous trees and shrubs became resistant to
cold. Maturing of wood ant! bucis begins after growth ceases
in the summer. It is characterized by the accumulation of
carbohydrates, decline of water content, increase in osmotic
pressure, thickening of cell walls, and a marked drop in the
succulence of newly formed tissues. At the end of the ma-
turing process—the time of natural leaf abscission some
deciduous trees can withstand temperatures of -l 7° to -25°C.
Hardening of mature wood occurs with exposure to freez-
ing or near-freezing temperatures, with immature wood re-
quiring a longer time to harden. Once hardened, some va-
rieties can withstand temperatures ten degrees lower. Even a
relatively short warm period can undo this increased resis-
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WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
105
gator—engaged in solving a problem of his choosing—col-
laboratec! not only with his contemporaries but with
generations of seekers of knowledge from the past as well.
Chandler's own work, for instance, depended on that of those
brave, "determined souls" of the Dark Ages who recorded
unorthodox findings at their own peril.
From this historical view of communication's significance
to science, Chandler particularly emphasized precise and
careful reporting as essential to the great cooperative enter-
prise of learning. He remarked that, as methodology be-
comes more refined and thinking more rigorous, the presen-
tation of ciata becomes more concise. "Where opinions are
publisher! in the most words and where there is most argu-
ment," he observed, there is the greatest accumulation of ig-
norance most likely to be found.
Chandler admired the brief, precise reports targeted to
a specific audience and unencumbered by lengthy discus-
sions common to the physical sciences. By contrast, agri-
cultural experimentalists often failed to address their most
interested reaclers, being more concerned about a paper's
reception in peripheral scientific fields than its usefulness to
other horticulturists. They published too often, he main-
tained, in too much detail, included exhaustive reviews of the
literature, and got lost in warily theoretical explanations.
He particularly objected to experimental stations publish-
ing special editions of technical papers, which tended to be
lengthy, cumbersome, costly, of limited reader access, ant}
poorly edited. He favored, rather, publication in society jour-
nals, which hac! a wide circulation and were reviewed by peers
capable of independent judgment.
The issue of priority of authorship in scientific publishing
also failed to impress Chandler. Since, he said, investigators
were rarely responsible for the same data in a paper, priority
played little role in their professional standing among their
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
peers. For all that he aclmonished his colleagues to be espe-
cially vigilant in fully crediting their research associates in-
cluding assistants and graduate students for their contri-
butions.
Finally, Chandler cautioned agricultural experiment sta-
tions against possessiveness with regard to research projects.
While major responsibility ant! funding should go to the best
qualified investigators, he contended, others should be en-
couraged to test promising leads.
Researchers shouIct also welcome the cooperation of
county farm advisors and extension specialists. These people,
who knew local conditions best, could help by testing labo-
ratory results on the farm or arranging for the use of outside
growers' field plots.
Chandler further adviser! laboratory people to present
their findings to farmers through agricultural agents rather
than direct contact. He saw no discredit in a researcher at-
tending so diligently to his research that he had no time to
learn applied aspects of the work necessary for giving the
best practical acivice. He himself had intimate personal
knowledge of working with trees that yielded publishable
data but rarely ant! practical advice for growers even less.
In real life, according to Chandler, farmers "harassed by
a whole range of nature's reactions" posed chastening ques-
tions to horticultural researchers. Yet attempts to solve a
problem with fruit trees required the convergence of several
disciplines, and those who "discovered" a practical remedy
might be no more deserving of credit than the many earlier
researchers whose earlier experiences had suggested the so-
lution. It was often, he contended, a matter of good fortune
to come to a problem when just a few added experiences were
needed to supply the solution.
In a dinner talk delivered in 1941 to the western section
of the American Society for Horticultural Science (1942,2),
Chandler reflected on the merits of studying plants.
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WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
107
"The material we work with has character," he stated, con-
siclering himself fortunate in both the trees and the people
with whom he had worked. Citing literary references to the
sturdy character and earthy beauty of the apple tree, he went
on to say that to him fruit and vegetables were not merely a
mass of materials but a collection of individuals. Trees and
plants, furthermore, were not merely objects worthy of ad-
miration, they also exerted an influence on the behavior of
the people who tended them. "As the apple tree is among the
trees of the wood," he quoted from the Song of Songs, "so is
my beloved among the sons. ~ sat down under his shadow
and his fruit was sweet to me."
Chandler suggester} that Thomas ~e~erson's ability to en-
dure the rigors and criticism of political life might be attrib-
uted to the comfort and encouragement he derived from the
extensive time he spent on his farm working with his trees.
Chandler discovered that, in the Scandinavian countries per-
haps more than anywhere else, the beauty of flowers and
trees, both ornamental and fruit-bearing, was associates! with
efforts for the general good that he himself called "effective
human love." When he visited Denmark he was told that pref-
erence in police recruitment was given to horticultural school
graduates who were known for their even tempers. In
Sweden, trained agriculturalists were put in charge of urban
housing projects in recognition of the importance of plants
for social contentment.
Chandler expressed his faith in the Tree of Knowleclge
anct in humankind in the following words:
"The God of Nature reveals his laws, I believe, very rarely to the propa-
gandist or to the pompous, or even to the merely zealous, but rather to
him who trains diligently in the technique and the records of a system of
knowledge, who records his own observations clearly and briefly for the
benefit of all workers, who reviews and reorganizes his knowledge fre-
quently in the light of new discoveries, who consults as frequently as pos-
sible with workers in his field and related fields, hoping for a vision that
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
points to a safe advance in human welfare, and who is meek enough to see
a vision unobscured by projects of himself.
"Truth discovered by research enters into the lives of the people and
its beauty is recorded for all time in literature and art; the drudgery of the
laboratory today becomes beauty in the soul of humanity tomorrow. Be-
cause our discoveries enter the basic part, the masonry of the soul of hu-
manity, we should report them with modest reverence. We want a foun-
dation not of spongy lava thrown up by workers each anxious to strut
about the biggest pile, even if it is the trashiest but rather of dressed
stone, each piece placed carefully where it belongs in the structure.
"We can have faith in the triumph of good in humanity in spite of the
evil we know exists; in fact, life is richer because of the imperfections in it.
I liked the part in one of George Bernard Shaw's plays where the Bishop
advised people always to give the devil a chance to state his case, for I have
come to believe that the devil has a rather strong case. He stands for self-
ishness, and a degree of selfishness is socially necessary for the most dili-
gent care of each individual. Furthermore, we need something to struggle
against. If in man the instinct of self-preservation, selfishness, and the
group instinct, human love, were so nicely balanced that there would be
no conflict, so that we could just enjoy our goodness comfortably like pigs
enjoy their fatness, would life be very interesting?
"Perhaps the richest part of life is knowledge of the great people that
have been in it. If selfishness were no problem, we should never have heard
of the thundering righteousness of the Hebrew prophets or of Jesus; they
would have been just other nicely balanced men. And what use would we
have had for Thomas Jefferson or Lincoln or Horace Greeley, or for the
thousands of supporters who made their work possible, dormant-bud Jef-
fers~ns and Lincolns and Greeleys out among the people? The only
changes I want to see in man are those he makes himself struggling
upward in response to the soul of humanity and his group instinct.
"The emblem of my faith is the tree and its system of dormant buds
that can grow only if buds that happen to be in more favorable positions
for growth are removed. If ends of branches are removed, shoots will grow
out of the older wood from buds that have grown each year only enough
to keep their tips in the bark. Then when their opportunity comes, they
grow vigorously. Because of this reserve of dormant buds a tree is more
dependable in a destructive world. It can be broken to pieces pretty badly
and will grow new parts to replace the lost ones.
"This condition in the tree symbolizes my faith in humanity, my con-
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WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
109
victim that society, at least in those countries that have been able to n~ain-
tain order without despotism most of the time, cannot long change in any
direction except toward a richer life for the average person: For I know
there are many dormant buds in human society also."
William ChancIler shared his sturdy faith in humanity
with the renowned fellow-botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey. Both
lived to a ripe and productive old age, and ~ inclucle, in con-
clusion, a stanza from "My Great Oak Tree," a poem by Bailey
that Chandler greatly cherished:
"Ant! thrice since then far over the sea
Have ~ journeyed alone to my old oak tree
And silently sat in its brotherly shade
Anct ~ felt no longer alone and afraid;
~ was filled with strength of its brawny-ribbed bole
And the leaves sIow-whispered their peace in my soul."
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1904
Result of girdling peach trees. West. Fruit Grower, 15: 191.
1907
The winter killing of peach buds as influenced by previous treat-
ment. Mo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull., 74:1-47.
1908
Hardiness of peach buds, blossoms and young fruits as influenced
by the care of the orchard. Mo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Circ.,31: 1-31.
Instructions for spraying. Mo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Circ., 34:1-16.
1911
Cooperation among fruit growers. Mo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull.,
97:3-58.
1912
Combating orchard and garden enemies. Mo. Agric. Exp. Stn.
Bull., 102:237-90.
1913
The killing of plant tissue by low temperature. Mo. Agric. Exp.
Stn. Res. Bull., 8:141-309.
Commercial fertilizers for strawberries. Mo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull.,
113 :297-305.
1914
Sap studies with horticultural plants. Mo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res.
Bull., 14:491-553.
Some problems connected with killing by low temperature. Proc.
Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 11:56-63.
Osmotic relationships and incipient drying with apples. Proc. Am.
Soc. Hortic. Sci., 11: 112-16.
1915
Some peculiar forms of winter injury in New York State during the
winter of 1914-15. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 12: 118-21.
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WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
1916
111
Influence of low temperature on fruit growing in New York State.
Cornell Countryman, 13:373-77.
1918
Influence of low temperature on fruit growing in New York State.
N.Y. State Fruit Grow. Assoc. Prod., 16:186-94.
Winter injury in New York State during 1917-18. Proc. Am. Soc.
Hortic. Sci., 15: 18-24.
1919
Pollination. Ind. Hortic. Sci. Trans. for 1918: 11-120, 173 -75.
The effect of the cold winter of 1917-18 on the fruit industry. Ind.
Hortic. Sci. Trans. for 1918:91-103.
Pruning its effect on production. Ind. Hortic. Sci. Trans. for
1918:137-45, 156-61.
Some results as to the response of fruit trees to pruning. Proc. Am.
Soc. Hortic. Sci., 16:88-101.
1920
Winter injury to fruit trees. Mass. Dep. Agric. Circ., 24:11.
Some preliminary results from pruning experiments. N.Y. State
Hortic. Soc. Proc., 2:77-84.
Some responses of bush fruits to fertilizers. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic.
Sci., 17:201-4.
1921
The trend of research in homology. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci.,
18:233-40.
1922
The outlook of agricultural research. (Address delivered at the
dedication of the Dairy Industry and Horticulture buildings,
University Farm, Davis: 24-37.)
1923
Results of some experiments in pruning fruit trees. N.Y. Agric.
Exp. Stn. Cornell Bull., 415:5-74.
OCR for page 112
llY
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1924
The advantages and disadvantages of organization and standard-
ization in horticultural research. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci.,
21 :259-63.
1925
Fruit Growing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Polarity in the formation of scion roots. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortw. Sci.,
22:218-22.
With A. I. Heinicke. Some effects of fruiting on growth of grade
vines. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 22:74-80.
1926
an- Or -
With A. I. Heinicke. The effect of fruiting on the growth of Old-
enburg apple trees. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 23:36-46.
1928
North American Orchards, Their Crops and Some of Their Problems. Phil-
adelphia: Lea & Febiger.
1931
Freezing of pollen: evidence as to how freezing kills plant cells.
Am. J. Bot., 18:892.
With D. R. Hoagland and P. L. Hibbard. Little leaf or rosette of
fruit trees. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 28:556-60.
1932
With D. R. Hoagland and P. L. Hibbard. Little leaf or rosette of
fruit trees. II. Effect of zinc and other treatments. Proc. Am.
Soc. Hortic. Sci., 29:255-63.
With D. R. Hoagland. Some effects of deficiencies of phosphate
arid potassium on the growth and composition of fruit trees
under controlled conditions. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci.,
29:267-71.
1933
With D. R. Hoagland and P. L. Hibbard. Little leaf or rosette of
fruit trees. III. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 30:70-86.
With W. P. Tufts. Influence of the rest period on opening of bud
OCR for page 113
WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
113
of fruit trees in spring and on development of flower buds of
peach trees. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 30:180-86.
1934
The dry matter residue of trees and their products in proportion
to leaf area. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 31:39-56.
With D. R. Hoagland and P. L. Hibbard. Little leaf or rosette of
fruit trees. IV. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 32: 11-19.
1935
With A. S. Hildreth. Evidence as to how freezing kills plant tissue.
Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 33:27-35.
With D. R. Hoagland and P. L. Hibbard. Little leaf or rosette of
fruit trees. V. Effects of zinc on the growth of plants of various
types in controlled soil and water culture experiments. Proc.
Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 33: 131-41.
1936
With D. R. Hoagland and P. R. Stout. Little leaf or rosette of fruit
trees. VI. Further experiments bearing on the cause of the dis-
ease. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 34:210-12.
With M. H. Kimball, G. L. Philp, W. P. Tufts, and G. P. Weldon.
Chilling requirements of opening of buds on deciduous or-
chard trees and some other plants in California. Calif. Agric.
Exp. Stn. Bull., 611:3-63.
1937
Zinc as a nutrient for plants. Bot. Gaz., 98:625-46.
1938
The winter chilling requirements of deciduous fruit trees. Blue
Anchor, 5: 2-5.
Our work. (Address to the Synapsis Club of the Citrus Experiment
Station at Riverside, California, October 3, 1938, pp. 1-13.)
Rolling of leaves on Oriental plum trees, apparently caused by cool
summers. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 26:259-60.
1940
Some problems of pruning, with special application to shade trees.
In: Proc. Seventh Western Shade Tree Conference, pp. 50-64.
OCR for page 114
114
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Teaching in a college of agriculture. (Address before the annual
conference of the Agricultural Extension Service, January 2,
1940, pp.l-8.)
1942
Deciduous Orchards. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
Forty years of helping the farmer with knowledge. Science,
95:563-67.
Sermons. (Address before the Western Section of the American
Society for Horticultural Science, June 20, 1941.) Proc. Am.
Soc. Hortic. Sci., 41:387-97.
1943
Some responses of trees in a few subtropical evergreen species to
severe pruning. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 42:646-51.
1944
Sturdy faith and dormant buds. (Address before joint meeting of
the Synapsis Club, Citrus Experiment Station, and the Amer-
ican Society for Horticultural Science. January 3, 1944, pp.
1-6.)
1945
Trees in two climates. (Faculty Research Lecture, University of Cali-
fornia, Los Angeles, March 21, 1944. Univ. of Calif. Press,
Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp. 1-22.)
1946
With D. R. Hoagland and I. C. Martin. Little leaf or rosette of fruit
trees. VIII. Zinc and copper deficiency in corral soils. Proc. Am.
Soc. Hortic. Sci., 47: 15 -19.
With D. Appleman. Little leaf or rosette of fruit trees. IX. Attempt
to produce corral injury with constituents of urine. Proc. Am.
Soc. Hortic. Sci., 47:25.
1949
Pruning trials on wisteria vines. Proc. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 54:482-84.
Evergreen Orchards. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
OCR for page 115
WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
115
1951
Deciduous Orchards, 2d ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
With D. S. Brown. Deciduous orchards in California winters. Calif.
Agric. Ext. Serv. Circ., 179:3-39.
1952
With R. D. Cornell. Pruning ornamental trees, shrubs, and vines.
Calif. Agric. Ext. Serv. Circ., 183:1-44.
1954
Cold resistance in horticultural plants: A review. Proc. Am. Soc.
Hortic. Sci., 64:552 - 72.
1955
Twenty-five years' progress in California fruit production. (Ad-
dress delivered at University of California, Davis, October 29,
1955, pp. 1-15.)
1957
Deciduous Orchards, ad ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
1958
Evergreen Orchards, 2d ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
1959
Plant physiology and horticulture. (Prefatory chapter.) Annul Rev.
Plant Physiol., 10: 1-12.
196
Some studies of rest in apple trees. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci.,
76:1-10.
1965
Reminiscences. Oral History Program. University of California,
Los Angeles, pp. 1-39.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
william henry
