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RE PER ENCES Agricultural Research Council. 1 96 5. The Nu trient Requiremen ts of Farm Livestock. No. 2, Ruminan ts. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Agricultural Research Council. 1967. The Nutrient Requirements of Farm Livestock. No. 3, Pigs. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Armstrong, D. G., K. L. Blaxter, and R. Waite. 1964. The evaluation of arti- ficially dried grass as a source of energy for sheep. III. The prediction of nutritive value from chemical and biological measurements. J. Agric. Sci. 62:417. Bickel, H., and J. Landis. 1978. Feed evaluation for ruminants. III. Proposed application of the new system of energy evaluation in Switzerland. Live- stock Prod. Sci. 5 :36 7-3 72. Blaxter, K. L. 1 95 5. Methods of assessing the energy value of foods for rumi- nant animals. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 14:131-139. Blaxter, K. L. 1956. The nutritive value of feeds as sources of energy: A Re- view. J. Dairy Sci. 39:1396. Blaxter, K. L. 1962. The Energy Metabolism of Ruminants. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas. Brewer, L. H. 1975. Effects of more diet during late gestation and lactation, supplemental feeding of foal and early weaning on food development. Proceedings, Fourth Equine Nutrition Symposium. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, p. 114. Brody, S. 1 945. Bioenergetics and Growth. New York: Reinhold. Brouwer, E. 1965. Report of Subcommittee on Constants and Factors. Pro- ceedings, Third Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Troon, Scotland. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. 11 :441-443. Bull, L. S., H. F. Tyrrell, and I. T. Reid. 1976. Energy utilization by growing male and female sheep and rats by comparative slaughter and respiration 45

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46 techniques. Proceedings, Seventh Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Vichy, France. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. 19:137-140. Cho, C. V., H. S. Bayley, and S. J. Slinger. 1976. Energy metabolism in grow- ing rainbow trout: Partition of dietary energy in high protein and high fat diets. Proceedings, Seventh Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Vichy, France. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. 19:299-302. Davidson, J., I. McDonald, and R. B. Williams. 1957. The utilization of dietary energy by poultry. 1. A study of the algebraic method of determining the productive energy of poultry feeds. J. Sci. Food Agric. 8: 173-1 82. Diggs, B. G. D. E. Becker, S. W. Terrill, and A. H. Jensen. 1959. The energy value of various feedstuffs for the young pig (abstract). J. Anim. Sci. 1 8:1492. Diggs, B. G., D. E. Becker, A. H. Jensen, and H. W. Norton. 1965. Energy values of various feeds for the young pig. J. Anim. Sci. 24:555. Ewan, R. C. 1976. Utilization of energy of feed ingredients by young pigs. Distill. Feed Res. Counc. Conf. Proc. 31:16. Flatt, W. P., C. E. Coppock, and L. A. Moore. 1965. Energy balance studies with lactating, non-pregnant dairy cows consuming rations with varying hay to grain ratios. Proceedings, Third Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Troon, Scotland. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. 11:121-130. Fraps, G. S. 1946. Composition and productive energy of poultry feeds and rations. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 678. Garrett, W. N., C. L. Ferrell, and P. V Rattray. 1976. Energy utilization by the pregnant ruminant. In M. Vermorel (ed.), Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. No. 19:315. G. De Brossac, Clermont-Ferrand, France. Harkins, J., R. A. Edwards, and P. McDonald. 1974. A new energy system for ruminants. Anim. Prod. 19: 141-148. Harris, L. E. 1966. Biological Energy Interrelationships and Glossary of Energy Terms. Publ. 141 1. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Hellberg, A. 1949. Metabolism of rabbits at different planes of nutrition. Uppsala, Sweden: Almquist and Wiksell Boktrycheri Forlag AB. Hill, F. W., and D. L. Anderson. 1958. Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive energy determinations with growing chickens. J. Nutr. 64: 587-603. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. 1978. Alimentation des Ruminan ts. Versailles: INRA Publications, 5 97 pp. Just-Nielsen, A. 1975. Feed evaluation in pigs. Festskrift til Hjalmar Clausen. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Landhusholdningsselskab. Kane, E., J. P. Baker, and L. S. Bull. 1978. Utilization of a corn oil supple- mented diet by ponies (abstract). 70th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science, E. Lansing, Mich. Kielanowski, I. 1976. Energy cost of protein deposition. In D. J. A. Cole et al. feds.), Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. 16:207. London-Boston: Butterworths.

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47 Kleiber, M. 1961. The Fire of Life, An Introduction to Animal Energetics, New York: John Wiley. Kromann, R. P., J. A. Froseth, and W. E. Meiser. 1976. Interactional diges- tible, metabolizable and net energy values of wheat and barley in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 42:1451-1459. Lofgreen, G. P., and W. N. Garrett. 1968. A system for expressing net energy requirements for beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 27:793-806. Maynard, L. A. 1953. Total digestible nutrients as a measure of feed energy. J. Nutr. 51:15-22. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1975. Energy Allowances end Feeding Systems for Ruminants. Tech. Bull. 33. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Moe, P. W., and W. P. Flatt. 1969. Net energy of feedstuffs for lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 52:928-929. Moe, P. W., and H. F. Tyrrell. 1972. Metabolizable energy requirements of pregnant dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 55:480-483. Moe, P. W., H. F. Tyrrell, and W. P. Flatt. 1971. Energetics of body tissue mobilization. J. Dairy Sci. 54:548-553. Moe, P. W., W. P. Flatt, and H. F. Tyrrell. 1972. Net energy value of feeds for lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 55: 945-958. Moore, L. A., H. M. Irvin, and J. C. Shawl 1953. Relationship between TDN and energy values of feeds. J. Dairy Sci. 36:93-97. Moore, T. 1977. The calorie as the unit of nutritional energy. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 26: 1 -25. Morgan, D. J., D. J. A. Cole, and D. Lewis. 1975. Energy values in pig nutri- tion. I. The relationship between digestible energy, metabolizable energy and total digestible nutrient values of a range of feedstuffs. J. Agric. Sci. 84:7. Morrison, F. B. 1956. Feeds and Feeding. 22nd ed. Clinton, Iowa: Morrison. National Research Council (NRC). 1966. Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (NRC). 197 la. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Nutrien t Requirements of Domestic Animals Series. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (NRC). 1971 b. A tlas of Nutritional Data on United States and Canadian Feeds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (NRC). 1973. Nutrient Requiremen ts of Horses. Nutrient Requiremen ts of Domestic Animals Series. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (NRC). 1975. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. Nutrient Requiremen ts of Domestic Animals Series. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (NRC). 1976. Nutrient Requirements of Beef

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48 Cattle. Hutrien t Requirements of Domestic A nimals Series. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (NRC). 1977. Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (NRC). 1 978a. Nu trient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (NRC). 1 978b. Nutrient Requirements of Horses. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (NRC). 1979. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Nutrient Requiremen ts of Domestic Animals Series. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Nehring, K., and G. F. W. Haenlein. 1973. Feed evaluation and ration calcu ration based on net energy fat. J. Anim. Sci. 36:949-964. Ott, E. A. 1971. Energy and protein for reproduction in the horse. Proceed- ings, Second Equine Nutrition Symposium. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. pp. 6-1 0. Pullar, J. O., and A. J. F. Webster. 1977. The energy cost of fat and protein deposition in the rat. Brit. J. Nutr. 3 7:3 5 5. Rattray, P. V., W. N. Garrett, N. Hinman, I. Garcia, and J. Castillo. 1973. A system for expressing the net energy requirements and the net energy content of feeds for young sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 36: 1 1 5-1 22. Reid, J. T. 1962. Energy value of feeds—Past, present and future. Symposium paper. Animal Nutrition's Contributions to Modern Animal Agriculture. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N.Y. pp. 54-92. Rubner, M. 1885. Calorimetrische Unterserchengen. Z. Biol. 21:319. Schiemann, R., K. Nehring, L. Hoffmann, W. Jentsch, and A. Chudy. 1971. Energetische Futterbewertung und Energienormen. Berlin: Deutscher Lan dwirtschaftsverlag. Sibbald, I. R. 1975. The effect of level of feed intake on metabolizable energy values measured with adult roosters. Poult. Sci. 54: 1 990-1997. Sibbald, I. R. 1976. A bioassay for true metabolizable energy in feedingstuffs. Poult. Sci. 55:303-308. Sibbald, I. R. 1980. Metabolizable energy in poultry nutrition. Bioscience 30:736-741 . Smith, R. R. 1971. A method of measuring digestibility and metabolizable energy of feeds. Prog. Fish Cult. 33:132-134. Smith, R. R., and G. L. Rumsey. 1976. Nutrient utilization by fish. Proceed- ings, First International Symposium, Feed Composition, Animal Nutrient Requirements, and Computerization of Diets. Utah State University, Logan, Utah, pp. 320-326. Smith, R. R., G. L. Rumsey, and M. L. Scott. 1978a. Net energy maintenance requirements of salmonids as measured by direct calorimetry: Effect of body size and environmental temperature. J. Nutr. 108:1017-1024.

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49 Smith, R. R., G. L. Rumsey, and M. L. Scott. 1978b. Heat increment associ- ated with dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate and complete diet in salmonids: Comparative energetic efficiency. J. Nutr. 1 0 8 :102 5- 103 2. Smith, R. R., M. C. Peterson, and A. C. Allred. 1980. Effect of leaching on apparent digestion coefficients of feedstuffs for salmonids. Prog. Fish Cult. 42:195-199. Thorbek, G. 1977. The energetics of protein deposition during growth. Nutr. Metab. 21:105. Titus, H. W., A. L. Mehring, Jr., D. Johnson, Jr., L. L. Nesbitt, and T. Tamas. 1959. An evaluation of M.C.F. (Micro-Cel-Fat), a new type of fat product. Poult. Sci. 38:1 114-1 119. Tyrrell, H. F., P. W. Moe, and W. P. Flatt. 1970. Influence of excess protein intake on the energy metabolism of the dairy cow. Proceedings, Fifth Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Vitznau, Switzerland. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Proc. Publ. 13:69-72. Van der Honing, Y., A. Steg, and A. J. H. Van Es. 1977. Feed evaluation for dairy cows: Tests on the system proposed in the Netherlands. Livestock Prod. Sci. 4: 57-67. Van Es, A. J. [I. 1976. Report of the activities of the working group on feed evaluation. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. 19:293-298. Widdowson, E. M. 1955. Assessment of the energy value of human foods. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 14: 142-1 54. Willard, J. C., L. S. Bull, and I. P. Baker. 1978. Digestible energy requirements of the light horse at two levels of work (abstract). 70th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science, E. Lansing, Mich. Windell, J. T., J. W. Foltz, and J. A. Sarokon. 1978. Methods of fecal collec- tion and nutrient leaching in digestibility studies. Prog. Fish Cult. 40~2~: 51-55. Wu, J., and R. C. Ewan. 1979. Utilization of energy of wheat and barley by young swine. J. Anim. Sci. 49: 1470. Young, B. A. 1976. Effect of cold environments on nutrient requirements of ruminants. Proceedings, First International Symposium, Feed Composition, Animal Nutrient Requirements, and Computerization of Diets, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, pp. 491-496.

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Representative terms from entire chapter:

net energy