National Academies Press: OpenBook

Video Displays, Work, and Vision (1983)

Chapter: References

« Previous: Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 243
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 244
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 245
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 246
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 247
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 248
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 249
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 250
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 251
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 252
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 253
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 254
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 255
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 256
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 257
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 258
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 259
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 260
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 261
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 262
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 263
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 264
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 265
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 266
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 267
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 268
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 269
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 270
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 271
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 272
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 273
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1983. Video Displays, Work, and Vision. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/169.
×
Page 274

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Able, L., Dell'Oso, L. F., Daroff, R. A., and Parker, L. 1979 Saccades in extremes of gaze. Investigative Optithalmology 1 8:324-327. Acton, W. I., and Carson, M. B. 1967 Auditory and subjective effects of airborne noise from industrial ultrasonic sources. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 24:297-305. Adler-Grinberg, D., and Stark, L. 1978 Eye movements, scanpaths, and dyslexia. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 55:557-570. Allen, M. J. 1955 The stimulus to accommodation. American Journal of Optometry 32:422-431. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1981 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended Changes for 1981. Cincinnati: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Andersson, G. J., and Ortengren, R. 1974 Lumbar disc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity during sitting. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation 3:115-121 . Belastningen pa ryggen vid alike utformning av stolar. Pp. 33-59 in B. Johsson, G. Andersson, G. Hedberg, J. Winkel, and S. Engdahl, eds., Sittande Arbetsstallningar. Report No. 1978:12. Umea, Sweden: Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen. 1979 Applied Ergonomics 1970 Seating in industry. Applied ergonomics handbook. Part 1. Applied E rgonomics 1 ~ 3~:1 59 -1 65 . Arndt, R. 1981 Telephone Operator Reactions to Video Display Terminals. ~ _ ANAL _n ~ — — ~ O conference, Portland, Oregon, May. Association for Computing Machinery, Washington, D.C., Chapter, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology of the National Bureau of Standards 1982 Proceedings: Human Factors in Computer Systems. March 15-17, Gaithersburg, Md. Washington, D.C~ Association for Computing Machinery, Washington, D.C., Chapter. 243

244 Astrand, P. O., and Rodahl, K. 1977 Textbook of Work Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ayoub, M. M., and Halcomb, C. G. 1976 Improved Seat, Console, and Workplace Design. Pacific Missile Test Center, Report No. TP-76-1. Point Mugu, C alit.. Department of the Navy. Bach-y-Rita, P. 1971 Neurophysiology of eye movements. Pp. 7-45 in P. Bach-y-Rita, C. C. Collins, and J. E. Hyde, eds., The Control of Eye Movements. New York: Academic Press. Bagnara, M. 1980 Error detection at visual display units. Pp. 142-146 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Bahill, A. T., and Stark, L. 1975 Overlapping saccades and glissades are produced by fatigue in the saccadic eye movement system. Experimental Neurology 48:95-106. Bahill, A. T., Ciuffreda, K. J., Kenyon, R., and Stark, L. 1976 Dynamic and static violations of Hering's law of equal innervation. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 53:786-796. Bales, R. F. 1950 Interaction Process Analysis. Cambridge, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Baloh, R. W., and Honrubia, V. 1979 Clinical NeurophYsioloeY of the Vestibular SYstem. Vol. 18. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. Barlow, H. B., and Andrews, D. P. 1973 The site at which rhodopsin bleaching raises the scotopic threshold. Vision Research 13:903-908. Barmack, N. H., and Pettorosi, V. E. 1980 Vestibulo ocular reflex in rabbits—reduction by intravenous injection of diazopam. Archives of Neurology 37:718-722. Barnowe, J. T., Mangione, T. W., and Quinn, R. P. 1973 Quality of employment indicators, occupational classifications, and demographic characteristics as predictors of job satisfaction. Pp. 385-392 in R. P. Quinn and T. W. Mangione, eds., The 1969-1970 Survey of Working Conditions: Chronicles of an Unfinished Enterorise. Ann - Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan . Bartley, S. H. 1938 1942 4:369-375. Bauer, D., and Cavonius, C. R. 1980 Subjective brightness in relation to flash rate and the light-dark ratio. Journal of Experimental Psychology 23:3 1 3-31 9. A factor in visual fatigue. Psychosomatic Medicine Improving the legibility of visual display units through contrast reversal. Pp. 137-142 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor dc Francis.

245 Beamon, W. S., and Snyder, H. L. 1980 An Experimental Evaluation of the Spot Wobble Method of Suppressing Raster Structure Visibility. Aerospace Medical Laboratory Technical Report No. AMRL-75-63. Dayton, Ohio: Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Bear, J. D., and Richter, A. 1982 Environmental influences on ocular refraction. American Journal of Epidemiology 115:138-139. Bedell, R. J. 1975 Modulation transfer function of very high resolution miniature cathode ray tubes. Proceedings of the Society for Information Display 16(3,\: 212-215. Bender, M. B., and Shanzer, S. 1964 Oculomotor pathways defined by electric stimulation and lesions in the brain stem of monkeys. Pp. 81-140 in M. B. Bender, ea., The Oculomotor System. New York: Harper & Row. Bentivegna, J., Owens, D. A., and Messner, K. 1981 Aging, cycloplegia, and the accuracy of accommodation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 20~3~:21. Berens, C., 1954 Experimental studies on fatigue of accommodation. I. Archives of Ophthalmology 31:148-159. Berens, C., and Stark, E. K. 1932 Studies in ocular fatigue. IV. Fatigue of accommodation, experimental and clinical observations. American Journal of Ophthalmology 15:527-542. Bergman, T. 1980 Health effects of video display terminals. Occupational Health and Safety. November/December: 25-28, 53-55. Berlyne, D. E. 1958 The influence of complexity and novelty in visual figures on 5O5i2n8ting8r9esponses. Journal of Experimental Psychology Bitterman, M. E. 1945 Heart rate and frequency of blinking as indices of visual efficiency. Journal of Experimental Psychology 35:279-292. 1946 A reply to Dr. Luckiesh. Journal of Experimental Psychology 36:182-184. 1947 Frequency of blinking in visual work: a reply to Dr. Luckiesh. Journal of Experimental Psychology 37:269-270. Blatt, N. 1931 Weakness of accommodation. Archives of Ophthalmology 62:372-373. Boghen, D., Troost, B. T., Daroff, R. A., Dell'Oso, L. F., and Birkett, J. E. 1974 Velocity characteristics of normal human saccades. Investigative Ophthalmology 13:619-622. Booker, R. ~ 1981 Luminance-brightness comparisons of separated circular stimuli. Journal of the Optical Society of America 71 :139-144. Borish, I. M. 1970 Clinical Refraction. Vol. 1. Chicago: Professional Press.

246 Bouma, H. 1980 Visual reading processes and the quality of text displays. Pp. 101--114 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Bourough, H. C., Warnock, R. F., and Britt, J. H. 19~67 Quantitative Determination of Image Quality. Report No. 2-114058-1. Seattle: Boeing Aircraft Co. Bowers, D. G., and Hauser, D. L. 1977 Work group types and intervention effects in organizational development. Administrative Science Quarterly 22:76-94. Bowers, D. G., and Seashore, S. E. 1966 Predicting organizational effectiveness with a four-factor theory of leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly 11:238-263. Boynton, R. M. 1961 Some temporal factors in vision. Pp. 739-756 in W. A. Rosenblith, ea., Sensory Communications. New York: John Wiley & Sorts. Boynton, R. M., and Miller, N. D. 1963 Visual performance under conditions of transient adap- tation. Illuminating Engineering 58:541-550. Boynton, R. M., Rinadducci, E. J., and Sternheim, C. E. 1969 Visibility losses produced by transient adaptational changes in the range from 0.4 to 4000 Foot-Lamberts. Illuminating Engineering 64:217-227. Branton, P., and Grayson, G. 1967 An evaluation of train seats by observation of sitting behavior. Ergonomics 12:316-327. Brehm, ]. W. 1966 A Theory of Psychological Reactance. New York: Academic Press. Breland, K., and Breland, M. K. 1944 Legibility of newspaper headlines printed in capitals and in lower case. Journal of Applied Psychology 28:117-120. Brown, B. S., Dismukes, R. K., and Rinalducci, E. J. 1982 Video display terminals and vision of workers. Summary and overview of a symposium. Behaviour and Information Technology 1~2~:121-140. Brown, C. R., and Schaum, D. L. 1980 User-adjusted VDU parameters. Pp. 195-200 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Brozek, J., S~monson, E., and Keys, A. 1950 Changes in performance and in ocular functions resulting from strenuous visual inspection. American Journal of Psychology 63:51-66. Bureau of Radiological Health 1981 An Evaluation of Radiation Emission from Video Display Terminals. HHS Publication No. FDA 81-8153. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health and Human Services. Burger, J. M., and Cooper, H. hl. 1979 The desirability of control. Motivation and Emotion 3.381-393.

247 Caird, F. I. 1973 Problems of cataract epidemiology with special reference to diabetes. Pp. 281-301 in A. Pirie, ea., Symposium on the Human Lens in Relation to Cataract, London, 1973. Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 19. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Cakir, A., Reuter, H.-J., Van Schmude, L., and Armbruster, A. 1978 Untersuchungen zur Anpassung Van Bildschirmarbeitsplatzen an die Physische und Psychische Funktionsweise des Menschen. Bonn, Germany: Der Bundersminister fur Arbeit . und Soz~alordnung. Cakir, A., Hart, D. J., and Stewart, T. F. M. 1980 Visual Display Terminals. A Manual Covering Ergonomics Workplace Design, Health and Safety, Task Organization. New York: John Wiley dc Sons. Cameron, C. 1973 A theory of fatigue. Ergonomics 16:633-648. Campbell, F. W., and Gubisch, R. W. 1966 Optical quality of the human eye. Journal of Physiology 1 86:558-578. Campbell, F. W., and Rcbson, J. G. 1968 Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. Journal of Physiology 197:551-556. Canadian Labour Congress 1982 Toward a More Humanized Technology: Exploring the Impact of VDTs on the Health and Working Conditions of Canadian Office Workers. Ottawa: CLC Labour Education . and Studies Center. Caplan, R. D. 1971 Organizational Stress and Individual Strain: A Socio- Psychological Study of Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease Among Administrators, Engineers, and Scientists. PhD dissertation. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan. University Microfilms No. 72-14822. Social support, person~nvironment fit, and coping. Pp. 89-137 in L. Ferman and J. Gordus, eds., Mental Health and the Economy. Kalamazoo, Mich: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Person~nvironment fit: past, present and future. Pp. 35-78 in C. Cooper, ea., Stress Research: Where Do We Go From Here? London: John Wiley & Sons. Caplan, R. D., and Jones, K. W. 1975 Effects of work load, role ambiguity, Type A personality on anxiety, depression, and heart rate. Journal of Applied Psychology 60:71~719. Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Jr., Harrison, R. V., and Pinneau, S. R., Jr. 1975 Job Demands and Worker Health. NIOSH Research Report, HEW Publication 7~160. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., and French, J. R. P., Jr. 1979 White collar work load and cortisol: disruption of a circadian rhythm by job stress? Journal of Psychosomatic Research 23:181-192. 1 979 1983

248 Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Jr., Harrison, R. V., and Pinneau, S. R., Jr. 1980 Job Demands and Worker Health: Main Effects and Occupational Differences. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Carlson, C. R., and Cohen, R. W. 1978 A model for predicting the just-noticeable difference in image structure as a function of display modulation transfer. Society for Information Display 78 Digest (April ):30-31 . Carmichael, L. 1951- Reading and visual work: a contribution to the technique 1952 of experimentation on human fatigue. Proceedings of the New York Academy of Sciences 14:94-97. Carmichael, L., and Dearborn, W. F. 1947 Reading and Visual Fatigue. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Carpenter, R. H. S. 1977 Movements of the Eyes. London: Pion. Center for Disease Control 1980 Working with video display terminals: a preliminary healt~risk evaluation. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Renort 29(25):307-308. . Centers for Disease Control 1981 Cluster of spontaneous abortions, Dallas, Texas. Unpublished memorandum from the Family Planning Evaluation Division, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Centers for Disease Control, to the Director, Centers for Disease Control, May 11. Chandler, J. S. 1973 Viewing Device with Filter Means for Optimizing Image Quality. U.S. Patent No. 3,744,893. Chatterjee, A., Milton, R. C., and Thyle, S. 1982 Prevalence and etiology of cataract in Punjab. British Journal of Ophthalmology 66:35-42. Christensen, M. 1981 Lighting prescription for areas containing cathode ray tube (CRT) displays. Lighting Design and Application 11( 5,1:23-25. Churchill, E., Laubach, L. L., McConville, J. T., and Tebbetts., I. 1978 Anthropometric Source Book. Vols. 1-3. National Aeronautics and Space Administration RP 1024. Yellow Springs, Ohio: Webb Associates; and Houston: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Cobb, P. W., and Moss, R. K. 1925 Eye fatigue and its relation to light and work. Journal of the Franklin Institute 200:239-247. Cobb, S. 1976 Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 3:300-31 4. Cobb, S., and Kasl, S. V. 1977 Termination: The Consequences of Job Loss. DHEW Publication No. (NIOSH) i7-224. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

249 Cobb, S., and Rose, R. M. 1973 Hypertension, peptic ulcer, and diabetes in air traffic controllers. Journal of the American Medical Association 224:489-49 2. Coe, J. B., Cuttle, K., McClellan, W. C., and Warden, N. J. 1980 Visual Display Units. A Review of the Potential Health Problems Associated with Their Use. Wellington, N.Z.: Regional Occupational Health Unit, New Zealand Department of Health. Cohen, S. 1980 Aftereffects of stress on human performance and social behavior: a review of research and theory. Psychological Bulletin 88:82-108. Cole, B. L. 1981 VDU's--not a new disease: a new challenge. Australian Journal of Optometry 64:24-27. Collins, C. 1975 The human oculomotor system. Pp. 145-180 in G. Lennerstrand and P. Bach-y-Rita, eds., Brain Mechanisms of Ocular Motility. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage 1975 Guide on Interior Lighting. CIE Publication No. 29. Paris: Bureau Central de la CIE. Proceedings of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) 19th Session, Kyoto, Japan. CIE Publication No. 50. Paris: Bureau Central de la CIE. 1981 An Analytic Model for Describing the Influence of Lighting Parameters Upon Visual Performance. Vol. I: Technical Foundations. Vol. II: Summary and Application Guidelines. CIE Publication Nos. 19/2~1 and 19/2~2 (TC-3. 1~. Paris Bureau Central de la CIE. Cook, T. D., and Campbell, D. T. 1976 The design and conduct of quasi~xperiments and true experiments in field settings. Pp. 223-326 in M. D. Dunnette, ea., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally. Costanza, E. B. 1981 An Evaluation of a Method to Determine Suprathreshold Color Contrast on CRT Displays. MS thesis. Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 1980 Cox, E. A. 1980 Radiation emissions from visual display units. Pp. 25-38 in Health Hazards of VDUs? Papers Presented at a One-Day Conference Sponsored by the HUSAT Research Group, Loughborough, England, December 1 1, 1980. Loughborough, England: Loughborough University of Technology. Czerski, P., Ostrowski, K., Shore, M. L., Silverman, C., Suess, M. J., and Waldeskog, B., eds. 1974 Biological Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Warsaw, 15-18 October, 1973. Warsaw: Polish Medical . Publlshers.

250 Dainoff, M. J. 1980 Visual fatigue in VDT operators. Pp. 95-99 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. 1982 Occupational stress factors in visual display terminal (VDT) operation: a review of empirical research. Behaviour and Information Technology 1(2~:141-176. Dainoff, &1. J., Happ, A., and Crane, P. 1981 Visual fatigue and occupational stress in VDT operators. Human Factors 23~41:421-438. Dainty, 3. C. and Shaw, R. 1974 Image Science. New York: Academic Press. Daniels, G. S. 1952 The "Average Ma_?" Technical Note WORD 53-7. Dayton, Ohio: Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. De Boer, J. B. 1977 Performance and comfort in the presence of veiling reflections. Lighting Research and Technology 9~4):169-176. de Lange, H. 1958 Research into the dynamic nature of the human foveamortex systems with intermittent and modulated light: I. Attenuation characteristics with white and colored light. Journal of the Optical Society of America 48:777-784. DeMatteo, B., FitzRandolph, K., and Daynes, S. 1981 The Hazards of VDTs. Ontario: Ontario Public Service . Employees Union. Demilia, L. 1968 Visual fatigue and reading. Journal of Education 151:4-34. DePalma, J. J., and Lowrey, E. M. 1962 Sine-wave and square-wave contrast sensitivity. Journal of the Optical Society of America 52:328-335. Deutsches Institut fur Normungen 1982 Kennwerte fuer die Anpassung van Bildschirmarbeits- platzen au den Menschen. DIN Standard 66234. Berlin: BEUTH Verlag GmbH. (Values taken from these DIN standards have been widely circulated and used in 1982. It is not known if they have been formally adopted.) Doll, R., and Jones, F. A. 1951 Occupational Factors in Aetiology of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers. Medical Research Council Special Report Series. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Duke-Elder, S. 1969 Diseases of the lens and vitreous: glaucoma and hypotony. Pp. 148-157 in System of Ophthalmology, Vol. XI. London: H. Hampton. Duke-Elder, S., and Abrams, D. 1970 Ophthalmic Optics and Refraction. Vol. V in S. Duke-Elder, ea., System of Ophthalmology. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby. Easterby, R., Kroemer, K. H. E., and Chaffin, D. B., eds. 1982 Anthropometry and Biomechanics: Theory and Applications. Proceedings of the NATO Symposium, Cambridge, England, July 1980. New York: Plenum Press.

251 Ederer, F., Hiller, R., and Taylor, H. R. 1981a Senile lens changes and diabetes in two population studies. American Journal of Ophthalmology 91 :381. 1981b Reply to Sommer letter . American Journal of Onhthal- mology 92:135. Eisen, D. J. 1981 Supplementary Analysis and Observations on the University of Wisconsin Report on Health Conditions of VDT Operators at the New York Times. UnDublished resort DreDared for the Newspaper Guild. Electronics Industries Association 1957 Electrical Performance Standards--Monochrome Television Studio Facility. R~170. Washington, DICE Electronics Industries Association. Elias, R., Call, F., Tisserand, M., and Christmann, H. 1980 Investigations in operators working with CRT display terminals: relationships between task content and psychophysiological alterations. Pp. 21 1-217 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Elias, R., Mayer, A., Call, F., Christmann, H., and Barlier, A. 1979 Conditions de Travail Devant les Ecrans Cathodioues. - Problem ~ _-97-79. _ Paris: Institut National de Recherche et de Securite. Emery, F. E., and Trist, E. L. 1960 Management Science Models and Techniques. Vol. 2. London: Pergamon Press. Engel, F. L. 1980 Information selection from visual display units. Pp. 121-125 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Erickson, R. A., Linton, P. M., and Hemingway, J. C. 1968 Human Factors Experiments with Television. Technical - Report NWC TP 4573. China Lake, Calif.: Naval Weapons Center. Ericsson, K. A., and Simon, H. A. 1980 Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review 87:21~251. Evinger, D., Kaneko, C. R. S., Johanson, G. W., and Fuchs, A. F. 1977 Omnipauser cells in the cat. Pp. 337-340 in P. Baker and A. Berthoz, eds., Control of Gaze by Brainstem Neurons. - Amsterdam: Elsevier. Favilla, M., Ghelarducci, B., LaNoce, A., and Starita, A. 1981 Phase changes induced by ketamine in the verticle vestibule ocular reflex in the rabbit. Brain Research 224:213-217. Feldon, S. E., Stark, L., Lehman, S. L., and Hoyt, W. F. 1982 Oculomotor effects of intermittent conduction block in myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barre syndrome: an oculographic study with computer simulations. Archives of Neurology 39:497-503. Fellman, T. H., Brauninger, U., Gierer, R., and Grandjean, E. 1981 An Ergonomic Evaluation of VDTs. ReDort No. CH-8092. - Zur~ch: Department of Hyg~ene Federal Institute of Technology. Ergonomics, Swiss

252 Fender, D. H., and Nye, P. W. 1961 An investigation of the mechanisms of eye movement control. Kybernetik 1:81-88. Ferguson, D. A., Major, G., and Keldonlis, T. 1974 Vision at work. Visual defect and the visual demand of tasks. Applied Ergonomics 5:84-93. Ferri, E. S., and Hagan, G. J. 1976 Chronic low-level exposure of rabbits to microwaves. Pp. 129-142 in C. Johnson and M. Shore, eds., Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves. Vol. 1. (Selected papers of the USNC/URSI Annual Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, 1975.) HEW Publication (FDA)77~010. Washington, D.C.. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Fincham, E. F. 1937 The mechanism of accommodation. British Journal of Ophthalmology Supplement 8:5-80. 1951 The accommodation reflex and its stimulus. British Journal of Ophthalmology 35:381-393. Fisher, D. F. 1975 Reading and visual search. Memory and Cognition 3:188-196. Frankenhaeuser, M. 1980 Psychoendocrine approaches to the study of stressful person- environment transactions. Pp. 46-70 in H. Selye, ea., Selye's Guide to Stress Research. Vol. 1. New York: Van Nostrand. . _ Frankenhaeuser, M., and Gardell, B. 1976 Underload and overload in working life: outline of a multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Human Stress 2:35-46. Frankenhaeuser, M., Nordheden, B., Myrsten, A. L., and Post, B. 1971 Psychophysiological reactions to understimulation and overstimulation. Acta Psychologica 35:298-308. French, J. R. P., Jr., and Caplan, R. D. 1972 Organizational stress and individual strain. Pp. 30-66 in A. Morrow, ea., The Failure of Success. New York: AMOCOM. French, J. R. P., Jr., and Kahn, R. L. 1962 A programmatic approach to studying the industrial environment and mental health. Journal of Social Issues 18:1-47. ~ French, J. R. P., Jr., Rodgers, W., and Cobb, S. 1974 Adjustment as person-environment fit. Pp. 316-333 in G. V. Coelho, D. A. Hamburg, and J. E. Adams, eds., Coping and Adaptation. New York: Basic Books. French, J. R. P., Jr., Caplan, R. D., and Harrison, R. V. 1982 Mechanisms of Job Stress and Strain. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Friedman, M.' and Rosenman, R. H. 1959 Association of specific covert patterns with blood and cardiovascular findings. Journal of the American Medical Association 1 69: 1286- 1296. Friedman, M., Rosenman, R. H., and Carroll, V. 1958 Changes in the serum cholesterol and blood clotting time in

253 men subjected to cyclic variation of occupational stress. Circulation 18:852-861. Fry, G. A., and King, V. M. 1975 The pupillary response and discomfort glare. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 4~4,1:307-324. l Frydman, N1. I. 1981 Social support, life events and psychiatric symptoms: a study of direct, conditional and interaction effects. Social Psychiatry 16:69-78. Fuchs, A. F. and Luschei, E. S. 1970 Firing patterns of abducens neurons of alert monkeys in relationship to horizontal eye movements. Journal of Neurophysiology 33:382-392. Fugate, 3. M., and Fry, G. A. 1956 Relation of changes in pupil size to visual discomfort. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 51:537-549. Gardell, B. 1971 Alienation and mental health in the modern industrial environment. Pp. 146-156 in L. Levi, ea., Society, Stress ? and Disease, I: The Psychosocial Environment and Psychosomatic Diseases. London: Oxford University Press. Gardner, G. T. 1978 Effects of federal human subjects regulations on data obtained in environmental stressor research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36:628-634. Gaskill, J. D. 1978 Linear Systems, Fourier Transforms and Optics. New York: . John Wiley & Sons. Geacintov, T., and Peavler, W. 1974 Pupillography in industrial fatigue assessment. Journal of Applied Psychology 59:213-216. Ghiringelli, L. 1980 Collection of subjective opinions on use of VDU's. Pp. 227-231 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Ghiselli, E. E., and Brown, C. W. 1948 Personnel and Industrial Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Glass, D. 1977 Behavior Patterns, Stress, and Coronary Disease. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Glass, D. C., and Singer, J. E. 1972 Urban Stress: Experiments in Noise and Social Stressors. New York: Academic Press. Gore, S. 1978 The effect of social support in moderating the health consequences of unemployment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 19:157-165. Gorrell, E. L. 1980 A Human Engineering Specification for Legibility of Alphanumeric Symbology on Video Displays (Revised). Technical Report No. 80-R-R-26. Downsview, Ontario:

254 Canadian Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine (DCIEM). Gosling, R. H. 1958 Peptic ulcer and mental disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2:284-301. Granda, R. E. 1980 Man/machine design guidelines for the use of screen display terminals. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 24th Annual Meeting 24:90-92. Grandjean, E. 1980 Fitting the Task to the Man. London: Taylor dc Francis. 1981 Sitzen Sie Richtig? Munich: Staetsministerium fur Arbeit und Sozialordnung. Grandjean, E. and Hunting, W. 1977 Ergonomics of posture. Review of various problems of standing and sitting posture. Applied Ergonomics 8:135~140. Grandjean, E., and Vigliani, E., eds. 1980 Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: . Taylor & Francis. Grandjean, E., Nakoseko, M., Hunting, W., and Laubli, T. 1981 Ergonomic evaluation of a new type of keyboard. Zeitschrift fuer Arbeitswissenschaft 4:221-226. (In German) Graybiel, A. M. 1977 Organization of oculomotor pathways in the cat and rhesus monkey. Pp. 79-88 in P. Baker and A. Berthoz, eds., Control of Gaze by Brainstem Neurons. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Grieco, A., Moleni, G., Piccoli, B., and Perris, R. 1980 Field study in newspaper printing: a systematic approach to the VDU operator strain. Pp. 185-194 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Grieco, A., Occhipinti, E., Boccardi, S., Moleni, G., Colombini, D., and Menoni, O. 1978 Development of a new method for evaluation of risks of injury induced by working posture. La Medicina del Lavoro (Supplement 3) 69:1-41. Gunnarsson, E., and Soderberg, I. 1979 Work with Visual Display Terminals in Newspaper Offices. Report No. 1979-21. Stockholm: National Board of Occupational Safety and Health. (In Swedish.) Eyestrain Resulting from VDT Work at the Swedish Telecommunications Administration. Eye Changes and Visual Strain During Various Working Procedures. Stockholm: National Board of Occupational Safety and Health . 1980 Guth, S. K. 1951 Brightness relationships for comfortable seeing. Journal of the Optical Society of America 41:235-244. Guy, A. W., and Chou, C.-K. 1982 Hazard Analysis: Very Low Frequency Through hledium Frequency Range. Bioelectromagnetic Research Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine. Seattle: University of Washington.

255 Haider, M., Kundi, M., and Weissenbock, M. 1980 Worker strain related to VDUs with differently coloured characters. Pp. 53-64 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Halstead, W. C. 1941 A note on the Bartley effect in the estimation of equivalent brightness. Journal of Experimental Psychology 28:524-528. Hammond, K. R., and Adelman, L. 1976 Science, values and human judgment. Science 194:389-396. Harrison, R. V. 1976 Job Demands and Worker Health: Person-Environment Misfit. PhD dissertation. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan. (Dissertation Abstracts International 37:1035B) 1978 Person-environment fit and job stress. Pp. 175-205 in C. L. Cooper, and R. Payne, eds., Stress at Work. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Heaton, J. M. 1966 The pain in eyestrain. American Journal of Ophthalmology 61:104-11 2. Hecht, S. 1934 Vision II. The nature of the photoreceptor process. Pp. 704-828 in C. Murchison, ea., A Handbook of General Experimental Psychology. Worcester, Mass.: Clark ~ . University Press. Helander, M. G. 1981 Review of Human Factors/Ergonomics Standards for Video Display Terminals. Paper presented at the Symposium on Video Display Terminals and Vision of Workers, Committee on Vision, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., August. Helander, M. G., Billingsley, P. A., and Schurick, J. M. 1983 An evaluation of human factors research on video display terminals in the work place. Human Factors Review 1. Helmholtz, H. 1867 Handbuch der Physiologische Optik. Leipzig: Voss. Henn, V., Cohen, B., and Young, L. 1980 Visual-Vestibular Interaction in Motion PerceDtion and the Generation of Nystagmus. Cambridge, Mass.. MIT Press. Hill, A. B. 1971 Principles of Medical Statistics. New York: Oxford University Press. Hochberg, J. 1970 Components of literacy Pp. 74-89 in H. Levin and J. P. Williams, eds., Basic Studies in Reading. New York: Basic Books . Hoffman, A. C. 1946 Eye-movements during prolonged reading. Journal of Excerimental Psvcholo~v 36:95-118. Hofstetter, 1943 An ergographic analysis of fatigue and accommodation. American Journal of Optometry 20:115-135.

256 Holladay, L. 1926 The fundamentals of glare and visibility. Journal Ontical Society of America 41:235-24 4. . Holland, M. K., and Tarlow, G. 1972 Blinking and mental load. Psychological Reports 31:119-127. Hopkinson, R. G., and Collins, J. B. 1970 The Ergonomics of Lighting. London: MacDonald Technical . . . and Scientific Press. Horwitz, C., and Bronte-Stewart, B. 1962 Mental stress and serum lipid variation in ischemic heart disease. American Journal of Medical Science 244:272-281. House, J. S. 1981 House, R. J., and Mitchell, T. R. 1975 Path-goal theory of leadership. Pp. 177-186 in K. N. Wexley and G. A. Yukl, eds., Organizational Behavior and Industrial Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Work Stress and Social Support. Reading, Mass.: AddisomWesley. House, J. S., and Wells, J. A. 1978 Occupational stress, social support, and health. Pp. 8-29 in A. McLean, G. Black, and M. Colligan, eds., Reducing Occupational Stress: Proceedings of a Conference. HEW _ Publication No. NIOSH 78-140. Washington, D.C.: U. S. - Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. House, J. S., McMichael, A. J., Wells, 3. A., Kaplan, B. H., and Landerman, L. R. 1979 Occupational stress and health among factory workers. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 20:139-160. - _ ~ Howe, L. 1916 The fatigue of accommodation, as registered by the er~o~rach. Journal of the American Medical Association 67:1 00-1 0 4. Huey, E. B. 1968 The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. (Originally published 1908.) Hultgren, G. V., and Knave, B. 1974 Discomfort glare and disturbances from light reflections in an office landscape with CRT display terminals. Applied Ergonomics 512-8. Humes, J. M., and Bauerschmidt, D. K. 1968 Low Light Level TV Viewfinder Simulation Program. Phase B: The Effects of Television SYstem Characteristics Upon _ Operator Target Recognition Performance. U.S. Air Force Avionics Laboratory Technical Report Nor AFAL-TR-68-271. Dayton, Ohio: Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Hung, G., Hsu, F., and Stark, L. 1977 Dynamics of the human eyeblink. American Journal of Optometry. 54:678-690. Hunting, W., Laubli, T., and Grandjean, E. 1981 Postural and visual loads at VDT workplaces. Ergonomics 24:917-93 1.

257 Ilgen, D. R., and Seeley, W. 1974 Realistic expectations as an aid in reducing voluntary resignations. Journal of Applied Psychology 59:452-455. International Business Machines 1979 Human Factors of Workstations with DisolaY Terminals. 2d . Ed. Document No. G320-6102-1. San Jose, Calif.: International Business Machines. International Radiation Protection Association 1977 Overviews on Nonionizing Radiation. Rockville, Mad Bureau of Radiological Health, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Janis, I. L., and Mann, L. 1977 Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, ~ : Choice, and Commitment. New York: The Free Press. Johansson, G., and Aronsson, G. 1980 Stress Reactions in Computerized Administrative Work. Reports from the Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm, Supplement Series. Supplement 50. Stockholm: University of Stockholm. Johansson, G., Aronsson, G., and Lindstrom B. O. 1978 Social psychological and neuroendocrine stress reactions in highly mechanized work. Ergonomics 21:583-599. Joreskog, K. G. and-Sorbom, D. 1979 Advances in Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Mode Judd, C. H., and Buswell, G. T. 1922 Silent reading: a study of the various types. Supplementary Educational Monographs 23. Just, M. A., and Carpenter, P. A. 1978 Inference processes during reading: reflections from eye fixations. Pp. 157-174 in J. W. Senders, D. F. Fisher, and R. A. Monty, eds., Aye Movements and the Higher Psychological Functions. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kahn, H. A., Leibowitz, H. M., Ganley, J. P. 1977 The Framingham eye study. 1. Outline and major prevalence findings. American Journal of Epidemiolog y 106:17. Kahn, R. L. 1981 Work and Healt_. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Kahn, R. L., and Quinn, R. P. 1970 Role stress: a framework for analysis. Pp. 50-115 in A. McLean, ea., Mental Health and Work Organizations. - Chicago: Rand McNallye Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M. Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D. and Rosenthal, R. A. 1964 Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Kajiya, J., and Ullner, M. 1981 Filtering high quality text for display on raster scan devices. Computer Graphics 15:7-15. Kasl, S. V. 1978 Epidemiological contributions to the study of work stress. Pp. 3-48 in C. L. Cooper and R. Payne, eds., Stress at Work. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

258 Katz, D., and Kahn, R. L. 1978 The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: John Wiley dc Sons. Katzell, R. A., and Yankelovich, D. 1975 Work, Productivity, and Job Satisfaction. New York: Psychological Corporation. Kaufman, J. E., and Christensen, J. F., eds. 1972 IES Lighting Handbook. 5th Ed. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of America. Keegan, J. J. 1953 Alternation of the lumbar curve related to posture and seating. Journal of Bone Joint Surgery 35:589-603. Keller, E. L. 1977 Control of saccadic eye movements by midline brainstem neurons. Pp. 327-336 in P. Baker and A. Berthoz, eds., Control of Gaze by Brainstem Neurons. Amsterdam: . Elsev~er. Keller, E. L., and Robinson, D. A. 1972 Abducer unit behavior in the monkey during vergence movements. Vision Research 12:369-382. Kenny, D. A. 1979 King, V. M. 1972 Correlation and Causality. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Discomfort glare from flashing sources. Journal of the American Optical Association 43:53-56. Kintz, R. T., and Bowker, D. O. 1982 Accommodation response during a prolonged visual search task. Applied Ergonomics 13:55-59. Klein, M. V. 1970 Optics. New York: John Wiley dc Sons. Kohn, M. L., and Schooler, C. 1969 Class, occupation, and orientation. American Sociological Review 34:659-678. Kolers, P. A., Duchnicky, R. L., and Ferguson, D. C. 1981 Eye movement measurement of readability of CRT displays. Human Factors 23:517-527. Kramer, J. 1973 Biomechanische Veranderungen im Lumbalen Bewegungssegment. Stuttgart: Hippokrates Verlag. Kraut, A. I. 1965 A Study of Role Conflicts and Their Relationships to job Satisfaction, Tension, and Performance. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan. (University Microfilms No. 66-06637) Kravklov, S. V. 1974 The hygienic basis of standard of illumination. Types of visual fatigue. NASA Technical Translations 1 6~06 6k 1-15. Krishnan, V. V., Shirachi, D., and Stark, L. 1977 Dynamic measures of vergence accommodation. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 54:470-473. Krishnan, V., and Stark, L. 1975 Integral control in accommodation. Computer Programs in Biomedicine 4:237-245.

259 Krivohlavy, J., Kodat, V., and Cizek, P.` 1969 Visual efficiency and fatigue during the afternoon shift. Ergonomics 12:735-740. Kroemer, K. H. E. 197n 1971 1972 1981 legs Industrial Seating. Technical Paper AD 70-138. Detroit: Society of Mechanical Engineers. Seating in plant and office. American Industrial Hyziene Association Journal 32~10~:633-642. Human engineering the keyboard. Human Factors 14:51-63. Engineering anthropometry: designing the work place to fit the human. Pp. 116-126 in Proceedings of the American Institute of Industrial Engineers Annual Conference. Norcross, Gal. American Institute of Industrial Engineers. Engineering anthropometry: designing the work place to fit the user. In D. J. Oborne and M. M. Gruneberg, eds., Psychology and Productivity at Work: The Physical Environment. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. Kroemer, K. H. E. and Price, D. L. 1982 Ergonomics in the office: comfortable work stations allow maximum productivity. industrial Engineering 14( 7~:24-3 2. Krueger, H. 1980 Ophthalmological aspects of work with display workstations. Pp. 31-40 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor dc Francis. Kulka, R. A. 1979 Interaction as person-environment fit. New Directions for Methodology of Behavioral Science 2:55-71. Kurtz, J. I. 1937 The general and ocular fatigue problem. Parts I and II. American Journal of Optometry 14:273-308. 1938 An experimental study of ocular fatigue. I. General fatigue. American Journal of Optometry 15:86-1 17. Lancaster, W. B., and Williams, E. R. 1914 New light on the theory of accommodation with practical applications. Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 19:170-195. LaRocco, J. M., House, J. S., and French, J. R. P., Jr. 1980 Social support, occupational stress, and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21:202-218. Laubli, T., Hunting, W., and Grandjean, E. 1980 Visual impairments in VDU operators related to environ- mental conditions. Pp. 85-94 in E. Grandj\ean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual DisulaY Terminals. London: Taylor & Franc~s. Lazarus, R. S. 1966 Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lee, R. E., and Schneider, R. F. 1958 Hypertension and arteriosclerosis in executive and nonexecutive personnel. Journal of the American Medical Association 167:1447-1450.

260 Leibowitz, H. W. 1977 Visual perception and stress. Pp. 25-37 in C. Borg, ea., Physical Work and Effort. New York: Pergamon Press . . — Le~bow~tz, H. W., and Owens, D. A. 1978 New evidence for the intermediate position of relaxed accommodation. Documenta Ophthalmologica 46~1~;13~147. Leo, J. 1980 Coping with computers. Discovery (December,):95-97. Levi, L. 1972 Stress and distress in response to psychosocial stimuli: laboratory and real life studies on sympathoadrenomedullary and related reactions. Acta Medics Scandinavica 191 (Supplement 528):1-166. Lilienfeld, A. M. 1971 Foundations of Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press. Lion, K. S., and Brockhurst, R. J. 1951 Study of ocular movements under stress. Archives of Ophthalmology 46:315-318. Liu, J., Lee, M., Jang, K., Ciuffreda, K., Wong, J., Grisham, D., and Stark, L. 1979 Objective assessment of accommodation orthoptics. I. Dynamic insufficiency. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 56:285-294. Lowenstein, O., Feinberg, R., and Loewenfeld, I. E. 1963 Pupillary movements during acute and chronic fatigue. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2:138-157. _ Lowenstein, O., and Loewenfe d, I. E. 1952 Disintegration of central autonomic regulation during fatigue and its reintegration by psychosensory controlling mechanisms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 115~1):1-21. Luckiesh, M. 1946 Comments on criteria of ease of reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology 36:180-182. 1947 Reading and the rate of blinking. Journal of Experimental Psychology 37:266-268. Luckiesh, M., and Moss, F. K. 1935a Muscular tension resulting from glare. Journal of General Psychology 8:455-460. ~ 1935b Fatigue of the extrinsic ocular muscles while reading under sodium and tungsten light. Journal of the Optical Society of America 25:216-217. 1937 The eyelid reflex as a criterion for ocular fatigue. Journal of Experimental Psychology 20:589-596. 1942 Reading as a Visual Task. New York: Van Nostrand. Lulla, A. B., and Bennett, C. A. 1981 Discomfort glare: range effects. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 10~2):74-80. Lundberg, V., and Frankenhaeuser, M. 1978 Psychophysiological reactions to noise as modified by personal control over noise density. Biological Psychiatry 6:51-59.

261 - Lundervold, A. J. S. 1951 Electromyographic investigations of position and manner of working in typewriting. Acta Phvsiolo~ica Scandinavica 24(Supplement 84~: MacLeod, D. I. A. 1978 Visual sensitivity. Annual Review of Psychology 29:613-646. Maddock, R. J., Mollodot, M., Leat, S., and Johnson, C. A. 1981 Accommodative responses and refractive error. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 20:387-391. - Mahto, R. S. 1972 Eyestrain from convergence insufficiency. British Medical Journal 2:564-565. Malmstrom, F. V., Randle, R. 3., Murphy, M. R., Reed, L. E., and Weber, R. J. 1981 Visual fatigue: the need for an integrated model. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 17:183-186. Mandal, A. C. 1981 The seated man (Homo sedans). Applied Ergonomics 12:19-26. Matula, R. A. 1981 Effects of VDU's on the eyes: a bibliography (1972-1980~. Human Factors 23:581-586. Mayer, A., and Barlier, A. 1981 Conditions de Travail Devant les Ecrans Cathodiques. Etude de l'Environnement Lumineux. Report No. 1332-104-81. Paris: Institut National de Recherche et de Securite. McConkie, G. W. and Rayner, K. 1975 The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception and Psychophysics 17:578-586. 1976 Identifying the span of the effective stimulus in reading: literature review and theories of reading. Ppd 137-162 in H. Singer and R. B. Ruddell, eds., Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading. 2d Ed. Newark, Del.: International Reading Association. McConville, J. T., Robinette, K. M., and Churchill, T. 1981 An Anthrooometric Data Base for Commercial Desi~n r_ Applications. Yellow Springs, Ohio: Anthropology Research Project. McDowell, E. D., and Rockwell, T. H. 1978 An exploratory investigation of the stochastic nature of the driver's eye movements and their relationship to the roadway geometry. Pp. 329-345 in J. W. Senders,~D. F. Fisher, and R. A. Monty, eds., Eye Movements and the Higher Psychological Functions. Hillsdale, N.J.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. McFarland, R. A., Holway, A. H., and Hurvich, L. M. 1942 Studies ofVisualFatigue. Boston: Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. McGrath, J. E. 1976 Stress and behavior in organizations. Pp. 1351-1396 in M. D. Dunnette, ea., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.

262 McLeod, W. P., Mandel, D. R., and Malven, F. 1980 The effects of seating on human tasks and perceptions. Pp. 117-126 in Human Factors and Industrial Design in Consumer Products. Medford, Mass.: Tufts University. Medalie, ]. H., Snyder, M., Groen, J. J., Neuleld, H. N., Goldbourt, U., and Riss, E. 1973 Angina pectoris among 10,000 men: 5-year incidence and univariate analysis. American Journal of Medicine. 55:583-59 4. Mershon' D. H., and Amerson, T. L., Jr. 1980 Stability of measures of the dark focus of accommodation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 19:217-221. Microwave News _. ~ 1981 Birth defects and miscarriage clusters stir up more fears over VDTs. Microwave News 1~1 0):1-3. Miles, R. H. 1976 Role requirements as sources of organizational stress. Journal of Applied Psychology 61:172-179. Miller, R. J. 1978 Mood changes and dark focus of accommodation. Perceptual Psychophysics 24:437-443. Milne, 3. S., and Williamson, J. 1972 Visual acuity in older people. Gerontologia Clinica 1 4:249-256. Moss, C. E., Murray, YI. E., Parr, W. H., Messite, J., and Karches, G. J. 1977 A Report on Electromagnetic Radiation Surveys of Video Display Terminals. Report No. DHEW (NIOSH) 78-129. Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Mourant, R. R., Lakshmanan, R., and Chantadisal, R. 1981 Murch, G. 1982a Visual fatigue and cathode ray tube display terminals. Human Factors 23~5,`:529-540. How visible is your display? Electro~ptical Systems Design. March:43-49. 1982b Visual fatigue with prolonged display use. Society for Information DisolaY Di'2est 13:200-201. Murray, H. 1938 Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press. Nachemson, A., and Elistrom, G. 1970 Intravital dynamic pressure measurements in lumbar discs. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine (Supplement 1). National Council on Radiation Protection 1977 Review of NCRP Radiation Dose Limit for Embryo and Fetus in Occupationally Exposed Women. NCRP Report No. 53. Washington, D.C.: National Council on Radiation Protection . National Council on Radiation Protection and Measures 1981 Radioirequency Electromagnetic Fields, Properties, Quantities, and Units, Biophysical Interaction and Measurements. NCRP Report No. 67. Washington, D. Cee . National Council on Radiation Protection and Nleasurese

263 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1981 Potential Health Hazards of Video Display Terminals. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-129. Cinc nnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. National Research Council 1939 Conference on Visual Fatigue, May 20-21. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council. 1980 The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Division of Medical Sciences, Assembly of Life Sciences. Washington, D. Cal National Academy Press. 1981 Effects of Microwave Radiation on the Lens of the Eye. - Working Group 35, Committee on Vision, Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences. Washington, D. C" National Academy Press. New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health 1980 Health Protection for Operators of VDTs/CRTs New York: New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health. Nilsen, A. 1 982 Facial rash in visual display unit operators. Contact Dermatitis 8~1 >.25-28. Nisbett, R. E., and Wilson, T. D. 1977 Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231-259. Noton, D., and Stark, L. 1 971a Scanpaths in eye movements during pattern perception. Science 171:308-31 1. 1971b Eye movements and visual perception. Scientific American 224:34-43. 1971c Scanpaths in saccadic eye movements while viewing and recognizing patterns. Vision Research 11:929-94 2. Nowakowski, B. 1926 The measurement of glare. American Journal of Hygiene 6:1-31. Nunnally, J. C. 1967 Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. O'Donnell, R. D., Gomer, F. E., Spicuzza, R. J., Renfroe, C. R., Klug, J. A., and Bach, D. L. 1976 Comparison of Human Information Processing Performance with Dot and Stroke Alphabetic Characters. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Report No. AMRL-TR-75-95. Dayton, Ohio: Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Olsen, R. A., ed. 1981 Handbook for Design and Use of Visual Display Terminals. Sunnyvale, Calif.: Lockheed Missiles and Space Company. Olsen, W. C. 1981 Electric Field Enhanced Aerosol Exposure in Visual DisolaY Unit Environments. Norwegian Directorate of Labor Inspection Report CMI No. 8036~1. Fantoft, Bergen, Norway: The Christian Michaelson Institute. O'Neill, W. D. and Stark, L. 1968 Triple function ocular monitor. Journal of the Optical Society of America 58:570-57 3.

264 Onishi, N., Nomura, H., and Sakai, L. 1973 Fatigue and strength of upper limb muscles of flight reservation system operators. Journal of Human Ergology 2:133-1 41 . O'Regan, K. 1979 Moment to moment control of eye saccades as a function of textual parameters in reading. Pp. 49-60 in P. A. Kolers, M. E. Wrolstead. and H. Bouma. eds.. Processing of Visible Language. New York: Plenum Press. 1980 stberg, O. 1978 Towards standards and threshold limit values for visual work. Pp. 359-382 in B. Tengroth and D. Epstein, eds., C urrent Concepts of Ergophthalmology. Stockholm: International Ergophthalmological Society. Accommodation and visual fatigue in display work. Pp. 41-52 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. · . Ostberg, O., Powell, J., and Blomkvist, A. C. 1980 Laser Optometry in Assessment of Visual Fatigue. University of Lulea Technical Report No. 1980: 1 T. Lulea, Sweden: University of Lulee Ostrom, C. A. 1981 Bussforares Arbetsmiljo: Stol. Report No. 229. Linkoping, Sweden: National Road and Traffic Institute. Padmos, P., and Vos, J. J. 1980 The Validity of Interior Light Level Recommendations: Some Neglected A-spects. Publication No. 50. Paris: Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage. Parrish, J. A., Anderson, R. A., Urbach, F., and Pitts, D. G. 1978 WV-A, Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation with Emphasis on Human Response to Longwave Ultraviolet. New York: Plenum Press. Paterson, D. G., and Tinker, M. A. 1956 Readability of newspaper headlines printed in capitals and lower case. Journal of Applied Psychology 30:161-168. Pavlides, G. Th. 1981 Sequencing eye movements and the early objective diagnosis of dyslexia. Pp. 99-163 in G. Th. Pavlides and T. R. Miles, eds., Dyslexia Research and its Applications to Education. Chichester, England: John Wiley ~ Sons. Pell, S., and D'Alonzo, C. A. 1963 A three-year study of myocardial infarction in a large employed population. Journal of the American Medical Association 175:463-470. Peter, L. J., and Hull, R. 1969 The Peter Principle. New York: Morrow. Petherbridge, P., and Hopkinson, R. G. 1955 A preliminary study of reflected glare. Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society 20:255-257. Pflanz, M., Rosenstein, E., and Von Uexkull, T. 1956 Sociopsychological aspects of peptic ulcer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1:68-74.

265 Phillips, S., and Stark, L. 1977 Blur: a sufficient accommodative stimulus. Documenta Ophthalmologica 3:65-89. Pinneau, S. R., Jr. 1975 Effects of Social Support on Psychological and Physiological Strain. PhD dissertation. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan. Radl, G. W. 1980 Experimental investigations for optimal presentation-mode and colours of symbols on the CRT screen. Pp. 127-135 in E. Grandiean and E. Vi~liani. eds.. Ergonomic AsDects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor dc Francis. Rashbass, C.- 1959 Barbiturates, nystagmus and the mechanisms of visual fixation. Nature 183:897-898. Rashbass, C., and Russel, G. F. M. 1961 Action of a barbiturate (amylobarbitone sodium) on the vestibule ocular reflex. Brain 84:785-792. Rayner, K. 1978 Eye movements in reading and information processing. Psychological Bulletin 85:618-660. Reading, V. M., ed. 1978 Visual AsDects and Ergonomics of Visual Display _ Department of Visual Science, Institute of Ophthalmology. London: University of London. Reitmaier, J. 1979 Some effects of veiling reflections in papers. Lighting Research and Technology 11~4,1:204-209. Rey, P., and Meyer, 3. J. 1977 1980 Problemes Visuels aux Ecrans de Visuelisation. Geneva, Switzerland: Groupe de Recherche sur les Ecrans de Visuelisation. Visual impairments and their objective correlates. Pp. 77-83 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Ridder, C. A. 1959 Basic Design Measurement for Sitting. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 1 16. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas. Rinalducci, E. J. 1967 Early dark adaptation as a function of wavelength and pre-adapting level. Journal of the Optical Society of America 57:1270-1271. - Rinalducci, E. J., and Beare, A. N. 1974 Losses in nighttime visibility caused by transient adaptation. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 3:336-345. Visibility losses caused by transient adaptation at low luminance levels. Pp. 11-22 in Driver Visual Needs in Night Driving. Special Report 156. Transportation Research Board, Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

266 Riley, J. AS., and Barbato, G. J. 1978 Dot-matrix alphanumerics viewed under discrete element degradation. Human Factors 20:473-479. Roberts, J. 1978 Refraction Status and Motility Defects of Persons 4-74 - Years, United States, I971-~72. DHE~ Pub~lcation No. (PHS) 78-1654. Washington, D. C.: Ue Se Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Robinson, D. A. 1964 The mechanisms of human saccadic eye movements. Journal of Physiology 174 245-264e 1981 The use of control systems analysis in the neurophysiology of eye movementse Annual Review of Neuroscience 4:463-501. Roebuck, J. A., Kroemer, K. H. E., and Thomason, W. Ge 1975 Engineering Anthropometry Methodse New York: John Wiley dc Sons. Rohen, Je We, and Rentsch, F. J. 1969 Our konstructiv bay des zonulaappartes beim manschen bund desser funktionelle bedertung. van Graefe's Archives of C linical and Experimental Ophthalmology 178: 1-1 9e Rosenberg, M. 1968 The Logic of Survey Analysis. New York: Basic BOokse Routs, J. A. J., and Bouma, H. 1980 Towards linking perception research and image quality Proceedings of the Society for Information Display 21 (3)c247-270. Rupp, B. Ae 1981 Visual display standards: a review of issuese Proceedings the Society for Information Display 22~1 ):63-72. Russek, He Ie 1965 Stress, tobacco, and coronary heart disease in North American professional groupse Journal of the American Medical Association 192:189-194. Saito, M., Tanaka, T., and Oshima, M. 1981 Eyestrain in inspection and clerical workers. Ergonomics 3:1 61-173. Sakrison, D. J. 1977 On the role of the observer and a distortion measure in image transmission. IEEE Transactions on Communication COM-25:1 251-1267. Saladin, J. J., and Stark, L. 1975 Presbyopia: new evidence from impedance cyclography supporting the Hess-Goldstrand theory. Vision Research 1 5:537-541 . Sales, S. M. 1969 Organizational role as a risk factor in coronary disease. Administrative Science Quarterly 14:325-336. Sauter, S. L., Arndt, R., and Gottlieb, M. 1981 A Controlled Survey of Working Conditions and Health Problems of VDT Operators at the New York Times. Unpublished report prepared for The Newspaper Guild. Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin.

267 Schade, O. H. 1948 Electro~ptical Characteristics of Television Systems. RCA Review Vol. 11. Harrison, N.J.: Tube Department, RCA Victor. Schaefer, D. J., Warren, W. B., and Cain, F. L. 1982 VLF Hazards Analysis. FinalTechnical Report Project A-3172, Biomedical Research Division, Electronics and Computer Systems Laboratory. Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology. Schobert, H. 1962 Sitzhaltung, Sitzschaden, Sitzmobel. Berlin: Springer. Scinto, L. F. 1978 Relation of eye fixation to old-new information of texts. Pp. 175-194 in J. W. Senders, D. F. Fisher, and R. A. Monty, eds., Eye Movements and the Higher Psychological Functions. Hillsdale, N.1 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Sekey, A. and Tietz, J. 1982 Text display by "saccadic scrolling." Visible Language 1 6~1 ):62-77. Shirachi, D., Liu, J., Lee, M., Jang, J., Wang, J., and Stark, L. 1978 Accommodation dynamics: 1. range nonlinearity. American Journal of Physiology 55:631-641. Shurtleff, D. A. 1982 How to make displays legible. Contemporary Psychology 27(1 ):46. Sliney, D. H., and Wolbarsht, M. L. 1980 Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources, A Comprehensive Handbook. New York: Plenum Press. Smith, A. B., Tanaka, S., and Halperin, W. 1982 A Preliminary Report on a Cross-Sectional Survey of VDT Users at the Baltimore Sun. Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Smith, F. 1971 Understanding Reading. New York: Halt, Rinehart and Winston. Smith, M. J., Cohen, B. G. F., Stammerjohn, L. We, Jr., and Happ, A. 1981 An investigation of health complaints and job stress in video display operation. Human Factors 23:387-400. Smith, M. J., Stammerjohn, L. W., Cohen, B. G. F., and Lalich, N. R. 1980 Job stress in video display operations. Pp. 201-209 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor dc Francis. Smith, S. W., and Brown, D. G. 1971 Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation Levels Resulting from Man-made Sources in the Washington, D. C. Area. Bureau of Radiological Health. DHEW Publication No. (FDA) 72-8015 BRHDEP 72-5. Washington, D. C.. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Smith, W. J. 1966 Modern OpticalEngineering. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1979 A review of literature relating to visual fatigue. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 23rd Annual Meeting 23:362-366.

268 Snyder, H. L. 1974 Image quality and face recognition on a television display. Human Factors 1 6(3~300-307. Snyder, H. L., and Maddox, M. E. 1978 Information Transfer from Computer-Generated Dot-Matrix Displays. Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, Human Factors Laboratory Report No. HFL-78-3/ARO-78-1. Blacksburg, Va.: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Snyder, H. L., and Taylor, G. B. 1979 The sensitivity of response measures of alphanumeric legibility to variations in dot matrix display parameters. Human Factors 21 (4k457-471. Sommer, A. 1977 Cataracts as an epidemiologic problem. American Journal of Ophthalmology 83:334-339. 1980 Epidemiology and Statistics for the Ophthalmologist. New York: Oxford University Press. 1981 Diabetes and senile cataract (letter). American Journal of Ophthalmology 92:134. Sorsby, A. 1972 Modern Ophthalmology. Vol. 3. London: Butterworths Scientific Publications. Spiro, R. J., Bruce, B. C., and Brewer, W. F., eds. 1980 Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension: Perspectives from Cognitive Psychology, Linguistics, Artificial Intelligence, and Education. Hillsdale, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Staffel, F. 1889 As quoted in Lundervold, A. J. S. 1951. Electromyographic investigations of position and manner of working in typewriting. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 24(Supplement 84): 1-17. Stammerjohn, L. W., Smith, M. J., and Cohen, B. G. F. 1981 Evaluation of work station design factors in VDT operations. In M. J. Smith, B. G. F. Cohen, L. W. Stammerjohn, and A. Happ, eds., An Investigation of Health Complaints and Job Stress in Video Display Operations. Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Stark, L. 1968 Neurological Control Systems. New York: Plenum Press. 1971 The control system for versional eye movements. Pp. 363-428 in P. Bach-y-Rita, C. C. Collins, and J. E. Hyde, eds., The Control of Eye Movements. New York: Academic Press . 1975 The main sequence, a tool for studying human eye movements. Mathematical Biosciences 24:1 91-20 4. Stark, L., and Bahill, A. T. 1979 The trajectories of saccadic eye movements. Scientific American 240:108-117. Stark, L., and Ellis, S. R. 1981 Scanpaths revisited: cognitive models direct active

269 looking. Pp. 193-116 in D. F. Fisher, R. A. Monty, and J. W. Senders, eds., Eye Movements, Cognition and Visual Perception. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Stark, L., Vossius, G., and Young, L. 1962 Predictive control of eye tracking movements. Institute of Radiation Engineering. IRE Transactions, Human Factors in Electronics HFE 3:52-57. Stark, L., Hoyt, W., Ciuffreda, K., Kenyon, R. and Hsu, F. 1980 Time optimal saccadic trajectory model and voluntary nystagmus. Pp. 75-89 in B. L. Zuber, ea., Models of Ocular Motor Behavior and Control. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. Stein, I. H. 1980 The effect of active area on the legibility of dot-matrix displays. Proceedings of the Society for Information Display Stern, J. 1978 Eye movements, reading, and cognition. Pp. 145-155 in J. W. Senders, D. F. Fisher, and R. A. Monty, eds., Eye Movements . .. . · . _ . . . . . and the nlgner Psychological t~unctlons. Hitlsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Stewart, T. F. M. 1 980a Practical experiences in solving VDU ergonomic problems. Pp. 233-240 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. 1980b Problems caused by continuous use of visual display units. Lighting Research and Technology 12:26-36. Stodgill, R. M. 1974 Handbook of Leadership. New York: Free Press. Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health 1979 Reading of Display Screens. Health Directive 136. Stockholm: Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health. Tannenbaum, A. S., Kavcic, B., Rosner, M., Vianello, M., and Wieser, R. 1974 Hierarchy in Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass . Task, H. L., and Verona, R. W. 1976 A New Measure of Television Display Quality Relatable to Observer Performance. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Report No. AFAMRL-TR-76-73. Dayton, Ohio: Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Taylor, H. R. 1980 The environment and the lens. British Journal of Ophthalmology 64:303. Racial variations in vision. American Journal of Epidemiology 113:62-80. 1982 The author replies. American Journal of Epidemiology 115:139-142. Teele, R. P. 1965 Photometry. Pp. 1-42 in R. K~ngslake, ea., Applied Optics and Optical Engineering. Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press. ten Doesschate, J. and Alpern, M. 1967 The effect of photoexcitation of the two retinas on pupil size. Journal of Neurophysiolo~ 30:562-576. 1981

270 Terrana, T., Merluzzi, F., and Giudici, E. 1980 Electromagnetic radiations emitted by visual display units. Pp. 13-21 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals. London: Taylor & Francis. Terreberry, S. 1968 The evolution of organizational environments. ~ 12:590-614. Tichauer, E. ~ 1976 Biomechanics sustains occupational safety and health. ndustrial Engineering 27:46-56. Timmers, H., van Nes, F. L., and Blommaert, F. J. J. 1980 Visual word recognition as a function of contrast. Pp. 11~120 in E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani, eds., Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Disolay Terminals. London: Taylor dc Francis. Tinker, M. A. 1939 The effect of illumination intensities upon speed of perception and upon fatigue in reading. journal of Educational Psychology 30:561-571. 1946 Validity of frequency of blinking as a criterion of readability. Journal of Experimental Psychology 36:453-460. 1949 Involuntary blink rate and illumination intensity in visual work. Journal of Experimental Psychology 39:558-560. 1965 Legibility of Print. Ames: Iowa State University Press. Tinker, M. A., and Paterson, D. 1939 Influence of type form on eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology 25:528-531. Toffler, A. 1970 Future Shock. New York: Random House. Tomizuka, M., and Whitney, D. E. 1975 Optimal finite pre-preview problems (why and how is future information important?. ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems. Measurement and Control 97(4):319-325. Treurniet, 1980 Spacing of characters on a television display. Pp. 365-374 in P. A. Kolers, M. E. Wrolstead, and H. Bouma, eds., Processing of Visible Language. New York: Plenum Press. Troelstra, A. 1968 Detection of time-varying light signals as measured by the pupillary response. Journal of the Optical Society of America 58:685-690. Troup, J. D. G. 1978 Postural stress in sedentary work. Pp. 51-62 in V. M. Reading, ea., Visual Aspects and Ergonomics of Visual Display Units. London: Institute of Ophthalmology, University of London. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1977 Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. USCEAR Report to the General Assembly, with annexes. New York: United Nations.

271 U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency 1981 Investigation of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Defense Contract Administration Services Region, Atlanta, GA. Occupational Health Special Study No. 66-32-1359-81. Alexandria, Va.: Defense Logistics Agency. U.S. Department of Defense 1971 Human Factors Engineering Design for Army Materiel. MIL-HDBK-759. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense. Human Engineering Design Criteria for Military Systems, Equipment and Facilities. MIL-STD-1472B. Washington, D.C.. U.S. Department of Defense. Human Engineering Design Criteria for Military Systems, Equipment and Facilities. MIL STD 1472C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense. Usui, S., and Stark, L. 1978 Sensory and motor mechanisms interact to control amplitude of pupil noise. Vision Research 18:505-507. Van Cott, H. P., and Kinkade, A. G., eds. 1972 Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design. Catalog No. D210.6/2:En2. Washington, D.C~ U.S. Government Printing Office. van Heyningen, R. 1975 What happens to the human lens in cataract. Scientific American 233:70-81. van Nes, F. L., and Bouman, M. A. 1967 Spatial modulation transfer in the human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America 57:401-406. van Wely, P. 1970 Design and disease. Applied Ergonomics 1:262-264. Vernon, H. 1924 As quoted in Lundervold, A. J. S. 1951. Electromyographic investigations of position and manner of working in typewriting. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 24(Supplement 84>l-17. Vroom, V. H., and Yetton, P. W. 1973 Leadership and Decision-Making. - Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Walker, C. R., and Guest, R. H. 1952 The Man on the Assembly Line. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Wanous, J. P. 1978 Realistic job previews: can a procedure to reduce turnover also influence the relationship between abilities and performance? Personnel Psychology 31 :249-258. Warwick, D. P., and Lininger, C. A. 1975 The Sample Survey: Theory and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill. Watanabe, A., Mori, T., Nagata, S., and Hiwatashi, K. 1968 Spatial sine-wave responses of the human visual system. V ision Research 8: 1245- 1263 _ — Weber, R. A. 1950 Ocular fatigue. Archives of Ophthalmology 43:257-264. 1974 1981

272 Weiss, M. W., and Petersen, R. C. 1979 Electromagnetic radiation emitted from video computer terminals. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 40(4):300-309. Westheimer, G. 1957 Accommodation measurements in empty visual fields. Journal of the Optical Society of America 47:714-718. Amphetamines, barbiturates, and accommodation-vergence. AMA Archives of Ophthalmology 70:830-836. Westheimer, G., and Rashbass, C. 1961 Barbiturates and eye vergence. Nature 191:833-834. Whiteside, T. C. D. 1957 The Problems of Vision in Flight at High Altitude. London: Butterworths Scientific Publications. Wilkinson, I. M. S., Kime, R., and Purnell, M. 1974 Alcohol and human eye movement. Brain 97:785-792. Williams, T. P., and Baker, B. N., eds. 1980 The Effects of Constant Light on the Visual Process. New York: Plenum Press. Wilson, V., and Jones, G. M. 1979 Mammalian Vestibular Physiology. New York: Plenum Press. Wolbarsht, M. L., O'Foghludha, F. A., Sliney, D. H., Guy, A. W., Smith, A. A., Jr., and Johnson, G. A. 1980 Electromagnetic emission from visual display units: a non-hazard. Pp. 187-195 in M. L. Wolbarsht and D. H. Sliney, eds., Ocular Effects of Non-lonizin~ Radiation. (Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Vol. 229.) Bellingham, Wash.: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Wood, C. L., and Bitterman, M. E. 1950 Blinking as a measure of effort in visual work. American Journal of Psychology 63:584-588. 1963 - Woodson 1981 Human Factors Design Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. Woodworth, R. S. 1938 Experimental Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Working Women Education Fund 1981 Warning: Health Hazards for Office Workers. Cleveland, Ohio: Working Women Education Fund. Working Women, National Association of Office Workers 1980 Race Against Time: Automation of the Office. Cleveland: Working Women, National Association of Office Workers. World Health Organization 1979 Ultraviolet Radiation. Environmental Health Criteria Document No. 14. Geneva: World Health Organization. Microwave Radiation. Environmental Health Criteria Document No. 17. Geneva: World Health Organization. Yamaguchi, Y., Umeawa, F., and Jashinada, Y. 1972 Sitting posture: an electromyographic study on health and notalgic people. Journal of Japanese Orthopedic Association 46:5 1-56. 1 981

Yarbus, A. L. 1967 273 Movements and Vision. New York: Plenum Press. Yonemura, 1977 Task lighting--another view. Lighting Design and Application (November):27-30. - Young, L., and Stark, L. 1963 Variable feedback experiment testing a sampled data model for eye tracking movements. IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics HFE 4:38-51. Zaret, M. M. 1 980a Cataracts and visual display units. Pp. 49-60 in Proceedings of the Conference on Health Hazards of VDUs. Loughborough, England: Loughborough University of Technology. 1980b Cataracts Following Use of Cathode Ray Tube Displays. Paper presented at the International Symposium of Electromagnetic Waves and Biology, Juoy~n-Josas, France, June 30-July 4, 1980. 1981 Testimony presented before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, Committee on Science and Technology, U. S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., May 12, 1981. Zentralstelle fur Unfallverhutung und Arbeitsmedizin 1980 Hauptuerband der gewerblichen Beruis~enossenschaffen e.V. Tsafety Regulations for Display Workplaces in the Office Sector.) Koln, W. Germany: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG. Zigman, S., and Vaughan, T. 1974 Near ultraviolet light effects on the lenses and retinas of mice. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1 3:462-465. Zigman, S., Datiles, M., and Torcyznski, E. 1979 Sunlight and human cataracts. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 18:462-467. Zipp, P., Ohl, B., Haider, E., and Rohmert, W. 1980 EMG Untersuchungen der Korperhaltung bei der Variation von Tastaturparametern. Pp. 257-259 in W. Brenner, J. Rutenfranz, E. Baumgartner, and M. Haider, eds., A r b e i t s b e d i n g t e : G e s u n d h e i t s s c h a d e n - F. i k t i o n O d e r Wirklichkeit. Stuttgart: Genter.

Video Displays, Work, and Vision Get This Book
×
 Video Displays, Work, and Vision
Buy Paperback | $60.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Along with the widespread use of computers have come growing fears that working in front of video display terminals (VDTs) can irritate and even damage the eyes. Separating scientific fact from popular opinion, this report takes a critical look at the link between VDT use and eye discomfort and disease as well as at changes in visual performance and oculomotor function. Drawing on information from ergonomics, illuminating engineering, and industrial and organizational psychology, the report gives practical advice on optimal workstation design to improve the comfort, performance, and job satisfaction of VDT users.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!