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OCR for page 189
Inclex
A
Absorption
controls, 16
visible light detection, 39
Asides), deposition, monitoring, 96
Acid rain, 8, 69
Active remote sensors, 179-80
Advection term, obtaining, 143
Aerosol particles, 136-40
assessments, 4
composition, 160-61 (table)
concentrations, studies, 146
data uses, 73
definition, 136
determining sources, 133
dry deposition, 15- 16
formation, 136 (figure)
future research, 139
light effects, 136
physical measurements, 162 (table)
production, 138 (table)
removal processes, 4-5, 139
residence time, 88
role in water condensation, 15, 88
scavenging processes, 88-89
soil, 46
sources, 137
transformations, 138
transport, 137
· . ~
Agricultural biomes, source
investigations, 24
Air masses, remote sensor technology, 176
Air pollution, 113
measurement from satellites, 176-77
Air quality models, 96
Air-sea exchange, trace gases, 42
Airborne matter, time-series data sets, 73
Aircraft platforms, 47, 145-46
summary, 163-66 (table)
use, 141
use in biomass investigations, 23
Aldehydes, 157 (table)
Amazon Basin, 22
Ammonia, 113, 153 (table)
dry deposition, 91
gas-phase reaction, 115
gaseous emissions, 24
reactions in troposphere, 82
Animal feedlots, 65
. . . . .
Aquatic environments, alogenlc gas
emissions, 66
Aqueous aerosols, chemistry,
construction scheme, 84
Aqueous-phase chemistry
sulfur end, 120
Aqueous-phase transformations,
homogeneous, 83-84
Atmosphere, as chemical system, 7
Atmospheric carbon, role of methane, 58
189
Atmospheric chemical systems, phase
transitions, 17 (figure)
Atmospheric chemicals, biological
sources, 21-26
Atmospheric halogens, sources, 130-31
Automated gas chromatography, use, 29
Background Air Pollution Monitoring
Network, 70-72
Bergeron process, 84
Biogenic gas emissions, 66
Biogenic hydrocarbons, photochemical
reactions, 56
Biogeochemical cycles, 101 -5, 102
(figure)
Biological source models, 96-98
Biological sources, 55-68
atmospheric chemicals, 21-26
chemical substances, evaluation, 4
importance, 55-58
models, 45, 96-98
nature, 57-66
Biomass burning
impact, 4
needed studies, 64-65
purpose, 64
OCR for page 190
190
source investigations, 22-23
in tropics, 12
Biomes, importance, 59-66
Biosphere, productivity, 3
Blackbody, Planck function, 178
Bogs, as ecosystem, 60 (table)
Boron, distribution, 134
Boundary layer models, 45
Bromine, distribution, 129
Budgetary concerns, 5-6
Calcium, source, 46
Canary Islands, Tenerife, 76
Carbon,
atmospheric, role of methane, 58
pool size, 103 (figure), 104 (table)
Carbon- 14, oceanic monitoring, 70
Carbon compounds
budgets, 123 (table)
detection constraints, 39
distribution, 123-24
reactive, 122-25
sinks, 124-25
sources, 122-23
transformations, 124-25
Carbon cycle, 122-26, 185 (table)
Carbon dioxide, 156 (table)
atmospheric concentration, 74-75
monitoring, 9, 70
production changes, 4
transfer, 125
variations, 75, 126
Carbon disulfide, sources, 29, 118- 19
Carbon monoxide, 156 (table)
atmospheric sink, 177
interactions, 126
removal process, 124
secondary sources, 25
sources, 22, 122
Carbonate rocks, dissolution, 125
Carbonyl sulfide, sources and
distribution, 117- 18
Carboxylic acids, distribution, 124
Charcoal production, determining, 23
Chemical composition, balance, 3
Chemical cycles, 101 -40
Chemical species
biological sources, evaluation, 4
distribution, processes, 55-93
measurement techniques, 27-29
Chemicals, removal from atmosphere, 3
Chlorine, distributions, 128-29
Chlorocarbons, source, 130
Chlorofluorocarbons, 158 (table)
detection, 9
source, 130
synthetic, release, 4
INDEX
Chlorofluoromethanes
as tests of, long-range transport
models, 28
sinks, 16
Circulation models, 95
Cloud condensation nuclei, 39, 162
(table)
Clouds
noncyclic transformation and removal
processes, 98
optical properties, 17
removal, modeling, 98
sulfur end, 120
Cloud droplets
chemical pathways, 84 (figure)
nucleation process, 16
Coastal ecosystems, 63
Coastal wetland, source investigations, 23
Combustion, as carbonyl sulfide E
source, 118
Concentration Distribution Experiment,
36-37
Concurrent sampling, vertical
distributions, 75-76
Condensation, role of aerosol particles, 15
Contact freezing, 84
Continental shelf ecosystems, 63
Conversion, 38-44
models, 46 F
Corn fields, nitrous oxide emissions, 67
(figure)
Current research, 171 -74
Cycle matrices, 183-88
Cyclic photochemical transformations,
78-82
Cyclones and mixing, 13
Data base, problems and circumven
tion, 74
Department of Energy, current research,
173-74
Deposition records, need for com
parison, 90
Deposition velocity, 91
definition, 16
Denitrification, 57
products, 66
Deposition, at sea, 42
Deserts, as ecosystems, 60 (table)
Dewfall, 90
Differential absorption lidar, 179
Dimethylsulfide
estimated flux, 24, 66
photooxidation, 120
sources and distribution, 119
Dimethylsulfoxide, ocean production, 66
Dispersion models, 96
Distribution
critical processes, 55-93
three-dimensional, 99
DMS, see Dimethylsulfide
DMSO, see Dimethylsulfoxide
Dry deposition, 16, 90-93
of aerosol particles, 15- 16
definition, 38, 88
measuring, 92
rates, 91
resistance models, 91
Dry Removal Experiment Program, 39,
42-44
Dry removal processes, 88-93
Dry tropical areas, 62
gas source, 63
Element cycle matrices, 183-88
Environmental Protection Agency,
current research, 176
Estuary ecosystems, 23, 63
Ethane, 156 (table)
emissions, 66
Ethanol, fermentation, 58
Ethylene, 156 (table)
Fallow field, nitrous oxide emissions, 66
(figure)
Fast-photochemical cycles and
transformations, modeling, 98-99
Fixed nitrogen, see Nitrogen, fixed
Fluorine, distribution, 130
Fluxes
determination, 43-44
estimates, 12
measurements and applications,
142, 143
modeling, 98
in tropical forests, measuring, 62
Fog, 90
Forests
as ecosystem, 25, 60 (table), 62
Fossil fuel combustion, impact, 4
Free troposphere, 13
boundary layer data, obtaining, 76
Freshwater marshes, source
investigations, 21-22
G
Gala hypothesis, 55
GAMETAG, see Global Atmospheric
Measurement Experiment on
Aerosols and Gases
Gas chromatography, automated, use, 29
OCR for page 191
INDEX
Gas flux determinations, 23
Gas-phase chemistry
homogeneous, 78-83
role ofozone, 14
Gas-phase rate coefficients,
measurement, 37-38
Gas sampling, 72
Gas-to-particle conversion, 83
Gas transfer processes, studies, 97
Gases, radiation, absorption and
emission, 16
GEMS, see Global Environmental
Monitoring System
Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic
Change, 172
stations, 30
Global Atmospheric Measurement
Experiment on Aerosols and
Gases, 75
Global distributions, modeling, 99
Global distributions and long-range
transport, 25-32, 69-76, 99
Global Distributions and Long-Range
Transport Study, 27, 32-33, 45
Global Distributions Network, 27, 30, 32
latitude zone, 36
Global Environmental Monitoring
System, 70
Global meteorology
monitoring, 70
understanding, 69
Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program
framework, 11-18
international cooperation in, 49
long-term goals, 3, 19-20, 69
need for, 7- 10
recommendations for, 3-6
vertical distribution studies, 76
Global Tropospheric Chemistry
Sampling Network
coordination, 27
elements observed, 51 (figure)
objectives, 27, 28 (table), 32, 45
GMCC, see Geophysical Monitoring for
Climatic Change
H
3H, see Tritium
Halogens, 128-32
atmospheric, sources, 130-31
distribution, 128-30
gaseous, detection constraints, 39
reactions and transformations, 131
removal processes, 132
see also individual species
Halogen cycles, 131 (figure), 187 (table)
Hawaii, Mauna Loa, see Mauna Loa
Heterogeneous transformations, 78-86
191
Homogeneous transformations, 14- 15,
78-84
Human perturbations, 8
Hydrocarbons
air quality models, 96
biogenic, photochemical reactions, 56
. . ,
emission, ~
light, 156 (table)
measurement, 36
mechanistic studies, 37
Hydrogen, 154 (table)
production, 57
Hydrogen oxidation, with carbon
dioxide, 58
Hydrogen peroxide, 155 (table)
Hydrogen sulfide
oxidation, 120
photochemical sources, 119
sources and distribution, 119
Hydroperoxyl radical, chemical
pathways, 15 (figure)
Hydroxyl-initiated reactions,
transformations, 78
Hydroxyl production, 78
Hydroxyl radicals, 154 (table)
chemical pathways, 15 (figure)
cycle by-products, 80
cyclic transformations, 78-81
formation, 14
measurement, 36
noncyclic transformations, 82
role in trace gas oxidation, 79 (figure)
I
Industrial emissions, 65
Infrared radiation, absorbance, impact, 4
In situ measurements, instrumentation,
144-45
In situ removal reaction, 16
Instruments
future techniques, 177-80
requirements, 47-48
survey, 144-67
Instrumentation
field and laboratory, 47
in situ measurements, 144-45
recommendations, 5
vertical distribution data, 31
Instrumentation development, 141 -43
Interelement ratios, 133
Internal production, calculating, 142
Iodine
distribution, 129
sources, 130
Isoprene, 80, 122
distribution, 124
~ r
emissions, oo
oxidation in nitrogen oxides, 80
(figure)
Lakes, as ecosystem, 60 (table)
Laser techniques, 179
Lead-210, as tracer, 29
Light absorption, 16
Lightning, 65
Limiting factors, distribution, 57
Long-lived species
simulation, 99
troposphere mixing, 14
Long-range transport
and global distribution, 25-32, 69-76
measurement techniques, 27
modeling, 99
Long-Term Trends Network, 27, 30, 32
Lower atmosphere, see Troposphere
M
MAPS, see Measurement of Air Pollution
from Satellites
Marshland, measurement needs, 22
(table)
Mass-balance technique, needs, 141 -43
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, carbon dioxide
variations, 75
Mean advection term, obtaining, 143
Mean concentration budgets, 141
Measurement of Air Pollution from
Satellites, technique, 176- 77
Measurement needs, 22 (table)
Measurement validation, 29
Medium-lived species
vertical distribution data, 31
simulation, 99
Mercury, distribution, 134
Metals, refining, 22
Meteorological processes, 69
Methane, 156 (table)
atmospheric, '4C content, 55
biological production, 58
as carbon monoxide source, 122
distribution, 124
emissions, swamp, 67 (figure)
production, 57
production changes, 4
from rice paddies, 24, 65-66
secondary sources, 25
sources, 21, 22
Methane fluxes, in rice paddies, 24
Methyl chloride, source, 130
Mineral aerosol particles, measurements,
31, 73
Mixing, in planetary boundary layer, 13
OCR for page 192
192
Modeling, role, 94-100
principles of, 94
Models,
circulation, 95
dimensionality, 95
dispersion, 96
Monitoring, global meteorology, 70-73
Monitoring networks, 70-73
Mountains, sampling station prob-
lems, 75
Mountain/surface measurement,
paired, 76
Multiphase systems, communication, 84
N
NASN, see National Air Surveillance
Network
National Acid Precipitation Program, 173
National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration, current research, 172
National Air Surveillance Network, 72
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, current research,
172
National Science Foundation, current
research, 171-72, 172-73
Natural surface sources, 12
Network design, 30-31, 73-74
Nitrate, 113
Nitric acid, gaseous, 151 (table)
Nitric oxide, 149 (table)
emissions, 66
Nitrif~cation, products, 66
Nitrogen
atmospheric form, 102
distributions, 114
fixed, cycle, 113- 15
fixed, from atmospheric electrical
discharge, 65
fixed, loss from animal feedlots, 65
odd compounds, transformation, 116
pool size, 103 (figure), 104 (table)
reactions in water droplets, 14
removal, 115
sources, 113-14
transformations, 114-115
Nitrogen compounds, detection
constraints, 39
Nitrogen cycle, 25, 56, 113- 15, 188
(table)
Nitrogen dioxide
dry deposition, 91
dry removal, 16
gaseous, 150 (table)
photolysis, 81
Nitrogen emissions, in rice paddies, 66
Nitrogen oxides
air quality models, 96
INDEX
cyclic transformations, 81
emission,
gaseous, 149 (table)
photochemicalequilibrium, 115
Photochemical expression, 34
production, 81
release, 4
sources, 21
species measurement, 36
Nitrogen trioxide
formation, 81
gaseous, 151 (table)
Nitrogeneous compounds, mechanistic
studies, 37
Nitrous acid, 152 (table)
Nitrous oxide, 113
distribution, 114
mean concentration, 74
production changes, 4
significant levels, 9
from soil emissions, 66
sources, 21, 22
Noncyclic transformations, 82-83
modeling, 98
Nonindustrial pollution, 64
Nonmethane hydrocarbons
atmospheric chemistry, 80
distribution, 124
emission rates, 123
major, 122
removal, 125
Nucleation process, cloud droplets, 16
Nyquist frequency, 142
o
Observational protocol, 29-30
Oceanographic Management
Information System, 146
Oceanographic platforms, 146-47
Oceanographic ships, academic
institutions, 167 (table)
Odd-nitrogen species, transformations,
116 (figure)
Open oceans, source investigations,
24-25
Oxygen
atmospheric concentration, 14
pool size, 103 (figure), 104 (table)
Ozone, 7, 155 (table)
air quality models, 96
atmospheric reactions, 33 (figure)
climatology, 110- 11
cycles, 109- 12
data sets, 110- 11
detection constraints, 39
distribution, 110-11
dry deposition, 91
experiments, 35
measuring, 74
photochemistry, 82 (figure)
photolysis, 78
production, 81, 82
removal paths, 110
role in gas-phase chemistry, 14
sinks, 109- 10
sources, 109
stratospheric injection, 12- 13
surface deposition velocities, 109
as tracer, 29
transformations, 82
Ozonesondes, 29
technicians, 74
p
PAN, see Peroxyacetyl nitrate
Particles, surface generation, 91
Particulate organic carbon, 123
distribution, 124
removal, 125
Passive remote sensors, 177-78
Passive spectroscopic remote sensors, 177
PBL, see Planetary boundary layer
Perchlorocarbons, decomposition, 131
Perfluorocarbons, decomposition, 131
Peroxyacetyl nitrate, 113
formation, 81
gaseous, 152 (table)
production, 64
sink, 115
Perturbations, human, 8
Petroleum, refining, 22
Phase transitions, 17 (figure)
Photochemical field experiment, critical
measurements, 33-35
Photochemical modeling, 38
Photochemical sources and sinks, 82
Photochemical theory
hydroxyl radical, 34
testing, 4
Photochemical transformations, 33-38
Photochemical Transformations Study
objectives, 33
sampling strategy, 35
Photochemistry
modeling, 33, 95
theory validation, 33
Photodissociation processes, 38
Planetary boundary layer, 13
Platform requirements, 47-48
Platform survey, 144-67
POC, see Particulate organic carbon
Point sources, as biological source, 64-65
Pollution
nonindustrial, 64
ozone production, 109
Pollution chemistry, 69
OCR for page 193
INDEX
Precipitation
generation, 88-89
sampling stations, 72
studies, 29
Propane, 156 (table)
Public policy problems, 8
R
Radiation, absorption and emission, 16
Radioactive fallout, monitoring, 92
Rainout, 88
Raman scattering techniques, 179
Redistribution, 38-44
models, 46
Reduced gas species, enhancing
production, 23
Reducing conditions, dehmition, 57
Remote sensing technology, 145, 175-82
Remote sensors
active, 178- 180
passive, 177-78
Removal, 15- 16, 38-44
modeling, 98
Removal processes, models, 46
Removal reaction, in situ, 16
Research Vehicle Reference Service, 146
Respiration, fossil fuel burning, 101
Rice agriculture, 65-66
Rice paddies
emissions, 24, 67 (figure)
soils, 65
S
Sampling
by untrained personnel, 74
temporal considerations, 74-75
Satellites, 48, 176-177
Savannas
as ecosystem, 60 (table)
needed investigations, 62-63-
source investigations, 25-26
Scattering
controls, 16
visible light detection, 39
Scavenging, sulfur dioxide, 89
Scavenging efficiencies, 88
Scavenging ratio, 89
Sea
deposition, 42
nitrogen cycle, 25
Sea-Air Exchange Program, 172-73
Seaboard tundra, measurement needs,
22 (table)
Seawater, reduced sulfur compounds,
24, 66
Selenium distribution, 134
Sensor systems, recommendations, 180
193
Ships, 47-48
Ships ofopportunity, 146
Short-lived species
network, 30
vertical distribution data, 31
Silicate rocks, dissolution, 125
Smog
from biomass burning, 64
reactions, 109
Soilers), as carbonyl sulfide source, 118
Soil aerosols, 46
sources, 137
as tracers, 29
Soil microorganisms, modeling, 97
Solar occultation measurements, 177
Solar radiation, observations, 178
South Pole, carbon dioxide variations, 75
Spaceborne remote sensors, 48, 145,
175-176
Stratospheric sources, 12
Streams, as ecosystem, 60 (table)
Sublimation freezing, 84
Submicrometer particles, dry deposi-
tion, 91
Sulfate particles, dry deposition, 92
Sulfate reduction, 57
Sulfur
anthropogenic sources, 117
aqueous-phase chemistry, 120
distributions, 117- 19
gaseous, 148 (table)
noncyclic transformations, 82
pool size, 103 (figure), 104 (table)
reactions in water droplets, 14
role ofclouds, 120
sinks, 119-20
sources, 117- 19
transformations, 119-20
Sulfur(IV), conversion to sulfur(VI), 83
Sulfur compounds
biogenic emissions, 118 (table)
concentration ranges, 117 (table)
detection constraints, 39
loss from animal feedlots, 65
mechanistic studies, 37
Sulfur cycle, 44 (figure), 117-20, 184
(table)
need for ocean studies, 66
Sulfur dioxide
conversion, 15
dry deposition, 91
dry removal, 16
gas-phase, conversion to sulfate, 85
oxidation, soot-catalyzed, 86
Sulfur oxides, release, 4
Supermicrometer particles, dry
deposition, 91
Surface boundary condition, modeling, 97
Surface flux, measurements, 141-42
Surface generation of particles, 91
Surface-level measurements, 31
Surface processes, see Heterogeneous
processes
Surface receptors, role, 56
Surface Source/Receptor Network, 27,
31, 32
Surface sources, 55-58
models, 45, 96-98
Surface time-series data sets, airborne
matter, 73
Surface transport models, 45
T
Taiga
measurement needs, 22 (table)
source investigations, 21-22
TCSMs, see Tropospheric Chemistry
Systems Models
Temperate forests, needed investigations,
25, 61-62
Temperate grasslands, as ecosystem,
25-26, 60 (table)
Temporal considerations, sampling,
74-75
Tenerife, Canary Islands, 76
Termite mounds, methane emissions, 66
Terpenes, 80
distribution, 124
Theory validation experiments, 33-36
Three-dimensional distribution, 99
Three-dimensional meteorological
model, 99
Trace element cycles, 186 (table)
Trace elements
distribution, 134
sinks, 134-135
sources, 133-34
transformation, 134- 135
transport, 133
trace gases
assessments, 4
removal processes, 4-5
scavenging processes, 88-89
warming effects, 56
Trace substances
in situ sources, 12
physical effects, 16- 18
Transformation, 14- 15
heterogeneous, 78-86
modeling, 98
noncyclic, 82-83
Transition metals, importance as
catalyst, 135
Transport processes, 13- 14
Tritium, oceanic monitoring, 70
Tropical areas, 62-63
Tropical forests
OCR for page 194
194
source investigations, 22
total emission rates, 62
Tropics, biomass burning, 12
Tropopause, 13
Troposphere, compositional balance, 3
Tropospheric chemical cycles, 101 -40
understanding, 4
Tropospheric Chemistry Systems
Models, 5, 20, 32, 44-46, 99
Tropospheric composition, changes and
impact, 4
Tropospheric species
distribution, 11
sources, 12-13
Tundra
needed investigation, 59-61
INDEX
seaboard, measurement needs, 22
(table), 61
V
Vertical distributions measurements,
75-76
obtaining 31-32
Vertical time series data, importance, 30
Vertical transport processes, 13
Visible light, measuring, 39
Volatile emissions from forests, 25
Volcanoes, 65
W
Washout, 88
Washout ratio, see Scavenging ratio
Water
removal, 106
sources, 106-7
transformation and sinks, 107-8
transport and distribution, 107
upward flux, 106
Water cycle, 106-8
Wet deposition, 88-90
definition, 38, 88
monitoring, 90
Wet/dry collectors, 90
Wet Removal Experiment, 39-42
Wet removal processes, 88-93
Wet tropical areas, description, 63
World Meteorological Organization, 72
air pollution monitoring, 71 (figure)
Representative terms from entire chapter:
source investigations
