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Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities (1991)

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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

Index

A

Advisory boards, 12, 17–18, 284

Africa, 2, 3, 4–5, 32, 43, 56, 68, 217–218, 223, 225, 244, 260, 284

surveillance, vectors, 118, 127

Agency for International Development, 7, 44, 45, 47–48, 49, 50, 51, 157

Agriculture, 223, 259–261

irrigation and malaria, 218–219, 259, 261

migrant workers, 2, 4

plains malaria, 220

AIDS, 47, 52, 73, 74, 78, 82, 160

diagnostic tests and transfusions, transmission of, 13, 56, 60–61, 62, 164, 213

Amino acids, 96, 97, 153, 179

Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 156

Anemia, 13, 24, 61–62, 64, 65

Animal models

antimosquito vaccines, 195–196

cerebral malaria, 60

drug effects, 157–160, 161

vaccine actions, 173, 176, 178, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195

Anopheles, 4, 26, 27, 29, 40, 119–122, 124, 125, 136, 172, 222, 259, 260, 262, 263

An. arabiensis, 217, 263

An. claviger, 40

An. dirus, 218

An. farauti, 196

An. funestus, 217, 219

An. gambiae, 27, 28, 30, 34, 41, 124, 217, 259, 263

An. maculipennis, 125

An. stephensi, 27, 195, 219, 224, 263

Antibiotics, 147, 148, 156, 160

Antibodies, 81–82, 95, 128

antimosquito vaccines, 133

drug development, general, 147, 173–174, 178–179

immunoglobulin, 123, 179

monoclonal, 77, 82, 178–179, 188, 191–192, 193

tumor necrosis factor, 59, 61, 189

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

vaccine development, 133, 173–174, 178–179, 182, 183–186, 188, 191–193, 195, 197

vector ingestion of human, 123

see also Immunoassays

Antigens, 95, 99–100

erythrocyte surface, 188

immunoassays, 77–79, 82, 85, 86

liver, 170, 172, 177

neoantigens, 99–100

transmission-blocking vaccines, 194

vaccines, 170, 177–178, 180, 188–189, 191, 194

variation, 102–103

see also Cell-mediated immunity

Antimalarial drugs, see Drugs, antimalarial

Army Medical Research and Development Command, 49, 153

Artemisinin, 148, 155–156, 159, 162

Assays, 73, 77–78, 181, 124, 139

ELISA, 77–78, 80, 81, 127

immunoassays, general, 77–79, 82, 85, 86

in vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229

radioimmunoassays, 78–79

vaccine development, 181

vector studies, 122, 126

Asymptomatic infections, 22, 74, 212–214, 234

Autologous red blood cell agglutination assay, 82

B

B cells, 174, 177, 178

Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis, 35

Bednets, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235–236

Behavioral factors, 8, 223–224, 226, 257, 264–265, 271–272

clothing, protective, 35

research, 13–14, 258, 271–274

see alsoCultural factors;

Migration;

Social factors;

Travel and tourism

Beta-lactam antibiotics, 156

Biochemistry, general, 90, 107, 163

see also Drugs;

Vaccines

Biological control agents, vectors, 35, 133–134, 229

Board for the Co-ordination of Malaria Studies, 157

BW566c, 160

C

California, 3–4

Cell-mediated immunity, 174–182 passim, 186, 189, 193, 194

immunoglobulin, 123, 179

Centers for Disease Control, 48, 51, 157

Cerebral malaria, 13, 57–61, 23, 65, 265

Children, 4–5, 13, 47, 169, 184, 189, 213, 215, 218, 234

antimalarial drugs, 158, 184, 225

bednets, 228

endemics, 33, 146, 222–223

severe malaria, 58, 61, 62, 66–67, 145–146, 169, 189, 211, 220, 225, 244

China, 155

Chloramphenicol, 156

Chlorguanil, 153

Chloroquine, 3, 4, 5, 35, 45, 60, 64, 107–108, 129, 144, 147, 148, 150–151, 156, 157, 160–161, 267, 268, 269

Chlorproguanil, 153

Chlorpromazine, 161

Chronic complications, 27, 63, 145, 147, 222

Circumsporozoite protein (CS protein), 91, 175–181

Civil War, 39

Classification, see Taxonomy

Climate, 28, 30, 218, 219, 222

see also Seasonal factors

Clindamycin, 156

Clinical factors, 23–24, 57–64

pathogenesis, 13, 65

research, 65

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

see also Diagnosis;

Symptoms

Clinical immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218

P. falciparum, 146, 213

research, 108, 129, 132

Clinical trials, 161–162, 170, 190–191, 198

Cloning, 100, 102, 103–104, 163

monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178–179, 188, 191–192, 193

Clothing, protective, 35

Coastal zones, 220–221

Control strategies, general, 1–2, 6, 10–11, 15–20, 34–36, 284

biological agents, 35, 133–134, 229

community participation, 269–271, 273–274

cost-effectiveness, 131, 240–243, 244, 246, 247–252, 257–258

decentralization, programs, 216, 234

economic factors, general, 10, 237–253

epidemiology and, 212–214, 215–236

eradication, 41–45, 212, 232, 263, 274

funding, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13–14, 15, 44

historical perspectives, 41–45

larvicides, 35, 130, 131, 228

larvivorous fish, 35, 123, 131

local programs, 16–17, 216, 226, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243–244, 245, 252, 257

program evaluation, 18, 233, 253, 269, 273–274

program planning, 216, 230–234, 257, 269, 273–274

research on, 12, 13–14, 15–20, 139–140

social and behavioral factors, 13–14, 257, 258, 264–271

vectors, 15, 119, 129–134, 140, 243, 244, 269–270

zooprophylaxis, 228

see also Drugs;

Insecticides;

Vaccines

Convulsions, 60, 154

Coordination, see Management and managers;

Organizational factors;

Policy

Costs and cost-effectiveness, 2, 18, 19, 237–243

control strategies, general, 131, 240–243, 244, 246, 247–252, 257–258

diagnostic tests, 73, 82

insecticides, 133, 244

larval control, 131

vaccines, 195

Cultural factors, 13–14, 223–224, 264–274

Cytoadherence, 98–99, 108

D

DDT, 35, 41, 42, 44–45, 132–133, 259

Demographic factors, 214–215, 222–223, 259

migrant workers, 2, 4, 260, 262

migration, other, 2, 223, 260, 261–262, 264

population exposed, 32

see also Cultural factors;

Epidemiology;

Migration;

Military personnel;

Social factors

Department of Defense, 11, 49–50, 52, 157–158

Army Medical Research and Development Command, 49, 153

Naval Medical Research Institute, 49–50

see also Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

Desert fringe malaria, 219

Development projects, 226, 261, 281

Developmental biology, 107

Diagnosis, 3, 13, 16, 24–25, 56, 73–86, 214

costs, 73, 82

international programs, 158

via microscope, 75, 76, 158

national screening programs, 157

urine, diagnosis using, 158

see also Assays;

Symptoms

DNA, 79–81, 82, 86, 108–109, 126, 150, 151

vaccine development, 177, 180, 192, 194, 197

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

Doxycycline, 147, 156

Drugs, antimalarial, 10, 11, 15, 16, 34–35, 64–65, 120, 129, 140, 144–165, 280

administration, 144, 164

animal models, 157–160, 161

antibiotics, 147, 148, 156, 160

children and, 158, 184, 225

cultural beliefs, 268

drug resistance, 1, 3, 5, 10, 34–35, 45, 56, 60, 66, 103, 107–108, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152–153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160–161, 162–163, 226, 229, 235, 284

economic factors influencing development, 153, 158–159, 160, 195, 226

epidemiologic factors, 211, 225–226, 227, 229, 235

evaluation, 64–65

funding, 11, 45, 52

genetics, 103, 104, 148, 150, 151

guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272

historic perspectives, 35, 39, 148, 150, 154, 155, 156–158, 160

liver, effects on, 145, 148–149, 156

P. falciparum

P. vivax, 35, 145, 146, 150, 152, 156, 161, 163–164

pregnant women, 153–154, 158, 244

private sector, 153, 158–159, 160, 171

research, 66–68, 140, 144, 155, 156–165, 171–172, 190

schizonticidal, general, 129, 149, 158, 162

side effects, 60, 145, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, 159–160, 268

travelers, 3, 64, 65–66, 131, 172, 179, 181

see also Artemisinin;

BW566c;

Chloramphenicol;

Chlorguanil;

Chloroquine;

Chlorproguanil;

Chlorpromazine;

Clindamycin;

Doxycycline;

Erythromycin;

Floxacrine;

Halofantrine;

Hydroxynaphthoquinones;

Mefloquine;

Pamaquine;

Primaquine;

Proguanil;

Pyrimethamine;

Quinazoline;

Quinine;

Quinolines;

Rifampicin;

Sulfa drugs;

Tetracyclines;

WR238605

E

Economic factors, 10, 237–253, 269, 283

control programs, general, 10, 237–253

drugs, 153, 158–159, 160, 195, 226

epidemiology and, 213, 223–225, 226, 242, 246–253, 264

eradication, 43

local programs, 238, 240, 243–244, 252

research, 238–242, 252–253

vaccine development, 171

see also Costs and cost-effectiveness;

Foreign aid;

Funding

Education and training, 6, 20–21

diagnosis and treatment, 16, 17, 76–77, 78

evaluation of, 253, 272–273

local programs, general, 17, 229, 232

managers, 20, 21, 231–232, 252

parasite biology, 104–105

professional, general, 6, 20–21, 56, 229, 231–232, 282, 270–271

public, 56, 224, 226, 229, 244, 253, 264–269, 272–273, 282

treatment guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272

vector biology, 134–135

Emigration, see Migrant workers;

Migration

Endemicity, 33–34, 120, 127, 128, 131, 132, 146, 213, 221, 242, 253, 267, 279

AIDS and, 60–61

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

children and, 33, 146, 222–223

clinical immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218

vaccines, 181

Entomological inoculation rate, 126, 128, 129, 136, 137

Environmental issues, 30

biological agents, 133–134

insecticides, 44–45, 118, 132–133

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), 77–78, 80, 81, 127

Epidemics, 10, 33, 219, 285

Epidemiology, 30–34, 118, 211–236

Centers for Disease Control, 48, 51

control strategies and, 212–214, 215–236

diagnostic tests and, 84, 86

drugs, 211, 225–226, 227, 229, 235

economics and, 213, 223–225, 226, 242, 246–253, 264

entomological inoculation rate, 126, 128, 129, 136, 137

geographical factors, 22, 30–32, 122, 124, 125, 127, 213, 217–222, 238

historical perspectives, 212, 215, 232, 259

immunology and, 24, 32, 66, 212, 213, 222–223, 234

infection versus disease, 22, 74, 212–214, 234

microepidemiology, 135–136, 243–244

parasites, general, 221–222

P. falciparum, 213, 221, 222, 260

research, 135, 234–236, 247

severe malaria, 211, 219, 234

surveillance, 9–10, 118, 67–68, 127–128, 136–137, 229, 232–233, 282, 285

vaccines, 211, 235

vectors and, 123, 124–125, 129–134, 217, 219, 222, 227–228

see also Endemicity;

Morbidity and mortality;

Paradigm approach Erythrocytes

anemia, 13, 24, 61–62, 64, 65

cytoadherence, 98–99, 108

parasite biology, general, 92–100 passim, 102, 106,

vaccines, effects, 170, 171–172, 173, 175–177, 182–192

passim

see also Hemoglobin

Erythromycin, 156

Europe, 42, 46, 125

Evaluation, 19

bednets, 228

diagnostic tests, 76, 83–84

drugs, 64–65

education programs, 253, 272–273

of funding methods, 46

health workers, 270–271

outcome measures, 246

program-level, 18, 233, 253, 269, 273–274

research proposals, 9

vaccines, 129, 170

vector control, 140

see also Clinical trials;

Costs and cost-effectiveness;

Field studies;

Research

F

Federal government, 43, 47–53, 157, 159, 160, 240

see also Agency for International Development;

Centers for Disease Control;

Department of Defense;

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Feeding behavior mosquitoes, 28–29

parasites, 94–95, 105

Fever, 25, 27, 38, 266

Field studies, 6, 9

bednets, 132

parasite transmission, 122, 125–126

vaccines, 128–129, 137, 140

vectors, 120, 122, 125–126, 128–129, 135–137, 138–139, 140

Fish, larvivorous, 35, 123, 131

Floxacrine, 161

Food and Drug Administration, 157, 159, 160

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

Foreign aid, 5, 8

development projects, 226, 261, 281

surveillance, 10

World Bank, 9, 158

see also Agency for International Development

Foreign countries, general

control strategies, 1–2, 6

incidence, 1, 2

political instability, 45

Forest malaria, 218, 220, 223

Funding, 7–21 passim,

antimalarial drugs, 11, 45

control strategies, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13–14, 15, 44

drug development, 11, 45, 52

eradication, 43

federal, 47–53

see also Foreign aid

G

Gametocytes, 26, 27, 92–94, 121, 122, 137, 140, 145, 148, 149, 193, 227

Genetics, 24, 100–106

antimalarial drugs, 103, 104, 148, 150, 151

cloning, 100, 102, 103–104, 163

immune response, 32, 150, 180–181, 191, 194–195

monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178–179, 188, 191–192, 193

mutation, 101–102, 103

parasites, 100–106, 109, 163

probe assays, 77, 79–81, 82, 85, 86

research, 107–109

vectors, 118, 121, 126, 133, 134, 138, 139

see also DNA;

RNA

Geographic factors, 30

access to health care, distance, 223, 283

coastal zones, 220–221

desert fringes, 219

drug sensitivities, 56

epidemiology, 22, 30–32, 122, 124, 125, 127, 213, 217–222, 238

forests, 218, 220, 223

highland fringes, 219

plains, 220

P. falciparum, 32, 124, 260

P. malariae, 32

P. vivax, 30, 32, 124, 220, 221–222

savannah lands, 217–218, 220, 223

urban areas, 119, 131, 219–220, 250–251, 257, 262–264

vectors, 122, 124, 125, 127, 136–137, 259

H

Halofantrine, 148, 154–155, 156

Hemoglobin, 94–95, 96

anemia, 13, 24, 61–62, 64, 65

Hepatitis, 73, 74, 179, 213

Highland fringe malaria, 219

Historic perspectives, 1, 3, 7, 9, 37–53

agriculture and malaria, 259, 260

Civil War, 39

control strategies,

drugs, 35, 39, 148, 150, 154, 155, 156–158, 160

epidemiology, 212, 215, 232, 259

eradication era, 41–45, 212, 232, 263, 274

social factors, 258, 259, 260, 263

United States, 38–39, 43, 47–53

urban areas, 263

vaccines, 172–173

World War II, 40, 41, 148, 150, 154, 156–157

Health care, see Treatment

Health care personnel

education, diagnosis and treatment, 16, 17, 76–77, 78

education, general, 6, 20–21, 56, 229, 231–232, 282, 270–271

education, parasite biology, 104–105

education, vector biology, 134–135

treatment guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272

Holoendemicity, 33

Host-parasite interactions, 28–29, 91–94, 98–100, 144

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

blood-stage, 92–98, 106, 153, 156, 170

see also Merozoites;

Schizogony;

Sporogony

Housing, 131, 223–224, 262

Hydroxynaphthoquinones, 160

Hyperendemicity, 33–34

Hypoendemicity, 33, 34

Hypoglycemia, 59, 60, 61, 149

I

Immigration, see Migration

Immunoassays, 77–78, 126, 127–128, 139

antigens and, 77–79, 82, 85, 86

ELISA, 77–78, 80, 81, 127

radioimmunoassays, 78–79

Immunoglobulin, 123, 179

Immunology, 3, 24, 64, 123–124, 196–197

cell-mediated immunity, 174–182 passim, 186, 189, 193, 194

endemicity and immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218

epidemiologic factors, 24, 32, 66, 212, 213, 222–223, 234

genetics of, 32, 150, 180–181, 191, 194–195

host defense evasions, 98–100

interferon, 174–175, 189

irradiated sporozoites, 6, 45, 105, 160, 173, 175, 196, 197

migration and, 262

research, 8, 14–15, 66, 106, 196–198

vector factors, 6, 45, 105, 123–124, 126

see also Antibodies;

Antigens;

Assays;

Vaccines

In vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229

Indian National Malaria Eradication Program, 263

Information, see Education and training

Insecticides, 16, 35, 130–131, 132, 227, 285

Africa, use in, 3

bednets, impregnated with, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235–236

cost-effectiveness, 133, 244

DDT, 35, 41, 42, 44–45, 132–133, 259

environmental issues, 44–45, 118, 132–133

larvicides, 35, 130, 131, 228

resistance to, 1, 42, 132, 257–258, 259

Insect repellents, 35, 131

Institute of Medicine, 6–7, 216, 283

Interferon, 174–175, 189

International Congress on Primary Health Care, 44

International perspectives, 1, 41–42, 44, 46–47

multinational businesses, 10

United Nations, 9, 41, 42, 44, 45, 158, 271

United Nations Development Program/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 9, 45, 46, 158, 171

World Bank, 9, 158

see also Foreign countries;

World Health Organization

Irradiation, 6, 45, 105, 170, 173, 175, 196, 197

Irrigation systems, 218–219, 259, 261

K

Karyotypes, 101

Kidneys, 23, 63

L

Laboratory studies, 137–139

in vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229

P. falciparum culturing, 45, 79, 81, 122, 158, 170, 198, 229

P. vivax culturing, 81, 93, 163–164, 198

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

vectors, 120, 137–139

see also Assays

Larvae, 35, 119, 228

ecology of, 123, 124, 125, 130, 263

fish, larvivorous, 35, 123, 131

larvicides, 35, 130, 131, 228

Legal issues, 262

Life cycles

of mosquitoes, 27–28, 34, 40, 42, 123;

see also Larvae

of P. falciparum, 91–99 passim, 121, 122, 182, 183

of parasites, 25–27, 39–40, 90–94, 105–108, 119, 120–121, 122, 171, 193

see also Merozoites;

Schizogony;

Sporogony

Lipids, 98, 189

Liver, 26, 91–92, 105–106

antigens, 170, 172, 177

drug effects, 145, 148–149, 156

hepatitis, 73, 74, 179, 213

vaccines and, 171–172, 174, 176, 177, 197

Local programs and factors control, 16–17, 216, 226, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243–244, 245, 252, 257

community participation, 269–271, 273–274

development projects, 226

drug sensitivities, 56

economics, 238, 240, 243–244, 252

education and training, 17, 229, 232

microepidemiology, 135–136, 243–244

operational research, 232

vector populations, 119, 129

Logistics, 233, 268–269

M

Macrogametocyte, 26, 120

Macrophages, 189

Management and managers, 19, 231, 233, 244, 245

training of, 20, 21, 231–232, 252

Mathematical models, 42

Mefloquine, 147, 148, 150, 153–154, 156, 158

Merozoites, 26–27, 61, 91, 92–93, 106

vaccines, 171–172, 184–185, 186–188, 191–192

Mesoendemicity, 33, 34

Microgametocyte, 26, 120

Microscopy, 75, 76, 158

Migrant workers, 2, 4, 260, 262

Migration, 2, 223, 260, 261–262, 264

Military personnel, 8, 39, 40, 49–50, 148, 156–157, 223, 227

Civil War, 39

Vietnam, 40, 157

World War II, 40, 41, 148, 150, 154, 156–157

see also Department of Defense

Mitochondria, 97–98, 107, 160

Models, 42

see also Paradigm approach

Molecular biology, see Genetic

Monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178–179, 188, 191–192, 193

Monocytes, 174

Morbidity and mortality, 56, 132, 214–215, 229, 238, 247

Mosquitoes, 27–29, 93–94, 118–140, 280–281

antibodies, human, ingestion by, 133

assays, 122, 126

biological control agents, 35, 133–134, 229

community control programs, 16

control, general, 15, 119, 129–134, 140, 243, 244, 269–270

demographic factors, 119

education on, 134–135

epidemiology and, 123, 124–125, 129–134, 217, 219, 222, 227–228

feeding behavior, 28–29

field studies, 120, 122, 125–126, 128–129, 135–137, 138–139, 140

genetics, 118, 121, 126, 133, 134, 138, 139

geographic distribution, 122, 124, 125, 127, 136–137, 259

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

immunological factors, 6, 45, 105, 123–124, 126

insect repellents, 35, 131

insecticide resistance, 1, 42, 132, 257–259

lab studies, 120, 137–139

life cycle, 27–28, 34, 40, 42, 123;

see also Larvae

local factors, 119, 129

parasites, interactions with, 93–94, 120–129, 137–138

personal protection from, 16, 227;

see also Bednets;

Clothing primary versus secondary vectors, 124

research on, 8, 15, 120, 135–140

taxonomy, 125

temperature factors, 28, 30, 105, 124

urban areas, 263

vaccines against, 118, 133, 137, 139, 169, 172, 195–196

vectorial capacity, 126–127

WHO programs, 126, 132–133

see also Anopheles;

Insecticides;

Larvae

N

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 7, 50, 52, 53

National Institutes of Health, 7, 9, 50, 52, 157

National Research Council, 134, 157

Naval Medical Research Institute, 49–50

Neoantigens, 99–100

North America, malaria in, 38–39

see also United States

O

Operational research, 20, 232, 233, 243–244, 259

Organizational factors, 243, 268–269

advisory boards, 12, 17–18, 284

decentralization, control programs, 216, 234

logistics, 233, 268–269

policy, general, 231, 237, 244–246, 252

program evaluation, 18, 233, 269, 273–274

program planning, 216, 230–234, 257, 269, 273–274

research coordination, 11–12

see also Management and managers

P

Pamaquine, 156

Pan American Sanitary Commission, 42

Paradigm approach, 18–19, 216–230, 235, 247, 250–252, 279–282, 285–286

Parasites, causing malaria, 90–109, 280

education on, 104–105

epidemiology and, 221–222

erythrocytes, general, 92–100 passim, 102, 106

feeding behavior, 94–95, 105

field studies of transmission, 122, 125–126

genetics, 100–106, 109, 163

life cycle, 25–27, 39–40, 90–94, 105–108, 119, 120–121, 122, 171, 193;

see also Merozoites;

Schizogony;

Sporogony

research on, 8, 104–109

vectors, interactions with, 93–94, 120–129, 137–138

see also Host-parasite interactions;

and specific parasites

Pathogenesis, 13, 65, 189

Peace Corps, 67–68

Penfluridol, 150

Pesticides, see Insecticides

Phenothiazines, 161

Plains malaria, 220

Plasmodium cynomolgi, 180

Plasmodium falciparum, 1, 5, 22–27, 40, 65

antimosquito vaccines, 133

clinical immunity, 146, 213

culturing of, 45, 79, 81, 122, 158, 170, 198, 229

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

drug-resistance, 35, 45, 103, 147–148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 156, 163, 229

drugs, effective, 152, 153–155, 158, 161, 162–163, 229

epidemiology, 213, 221, 222, 260

genetics, 101–104, 109

geographic distribution, 32, 124, 260

life cycle, 91–99 passim, 179, 179, 179, 179

severe malaria, 23, 57–59, 66–67, 144, 182, 183, 213, 221, 222

vaccines, 133, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186–194 passim 191

Plasmodium knowlesi, 152, 180

Plasmodium malariae, 22, 63, 121, 146

geographic distribution, 32

recurrence, 27

Plasmodium ovale, 22, 27, 145, 146

Plasmodium vivax, 1, 22, 27, 40, 95, 121

culturing, 81, 93, 163–164, 198

drug-resistant strains, 35, 150, 152, 161, 164

drugs, effective, 145, 146, 156, 161, 163–164

geographic distribution, 30, 32, 124, 220, 221–222

vaccines, 175, 178–179, 187–188, 190, 194, 195

Pneumocystis carinii, 160

Policy, 231, 237, 244–246, 252

advisory boards, 12, 17–18, 284

Polymerase chain reaction method, 80–81, 156

Population factors, see Cultural factors;

Demographic factors;

Migration;

Social factors

Pregnancy, 4, 13, 24, 60, 62, 64, 67, 211, 213, 234, 267

antimalarial drugs, 153–154, 158, 244

Primaquine, 147, 148–149, 157, 160

Private sector, 46

drug companies, 153, 158–159, 160, 171

health care, 225, 246, 253

multinational businesses, 10

Problem-solving, see Operational research

Proguanil, 147, 153, 157

Projections, 57, 73, 90, 118, 144, 169, 211, 237, 257

Proteins, 91, 101–104, 109, 162, 163

immunoglobulin, 123, 179

interferon, 174–175, 189

vaccine development, 172, 175–179, 181–182, 185–189 passim, 191

Pulmonary edema, 62

Pyrimethamine, 151–153, 154, 157

Q

Quantitative buffy coat technique, 76

Quinazoline, 161

Quinine, 39, 60, 147, 148, 149–150, 154

Quinoline drugs, 107, 105, 150, 159–160, 162–163

see also specific drugs

R

Radioimmunoassays, 78–79, 158

Rainfall, 218

Red blood cells, see Erythrocytes

Relapse, see Chronic complications

Research, 8, 12–15, 65–68, 284

antimalarial drugs, 66–68, 140, 144, 155, 156–165, 171–172, 190

clinical immunity, 108, 129, 132

clinical trials, 161–162, 170, 190–191, 198

control strategies, 12, 13–14, 15–20, 139–140

coordination of, 11–12

diagnosis, 77, 76–82, 84–86

economics, 238–242, 252–253

epidemiology, 135, 234–236, 247

eradication, 43

field, 6, 9

funding, 7–21 passim, 44, 45, 46, 53

genetics, 107–109

immunology, 8, 14–15, 66, 106, 196–198

operational, 20, 232, 233, 243–244, 259

parasites, 8, 104–109

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

pathogenesis, 13, 65

social and behavioral factors, 13–14, 258, 271–274

treatment, 65–66

vaccines, 6, 8, 11, 14–15, 170, 196–198

vectors, 8, 15, 120, 135–140

see also Evaluation;

Field studies;

Laboratory studies

Rifampicin, 156

RNA, 80, 104, 156

S

Savannah lands, 217–218, 220, 223

Schizogony, 24–25, 26–27, 61, 93, 188

drugs, 129, 149, 158, 162

see also specific schizonticidal drugs

Seashore malaria, 220–221

Seasonal factors, 129, 132, 137, 217–218, 220, 222

Secondary metabolism, 164–165

Severe and complicated malaria, 13, 16, 23, 57–63, 64, 65, 144, 211, 219, 234

cerebral malaria, 13, 57–61, 23, 65, 265

chronic complications, 27, 63, 145, 147, 222

P. falciparum, 23, 57–59, 66–67, 144, 182, 183, 213, 221, 222

vaccines against, 169, 189

see also Children;

Pregnancy

Skin patch administration, drugs, 164

Sleeping habits, 224

bednets, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235–236

Social factors, 13–14, 223–224, 240, 242, 257–274, 280

community participation, 269–271, 273–274

historical perspectives, 258, 259, 260, 263

housing, 131, 223–224, 262

political instability, 45

professional training about, 20

research, 13–14, 258, 271–274

see also Migration

Spleen, 33, 61–62, 63

Sporogony, 26, 30, 91, 94, 105, 106, 120–126 , 128, 138, 176–177

circumsporozoite protein, 175–176

irradiation, 6, 45, 105, 170, 173, 175, 196, 197

vaccine development, 133, 171, 172–182, 190, 196, 197

Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 152

Sulfa drugs, 152, 154

Surveillance, 9–10, 67–68, 118, 127–128, 136–137, 229, 232–233, 282, 285

Switzerland, 4

Symptoms, 23, 74, 267

asymptomatic infections, 22, 74, 212–214, 234

fever, 25, 27, 38, 266

convulsions, 60, 154

T

T cells, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179–181, 182, 189, 193, 194

Tanzania, 5

Taxonomy

entomology, 125

nosological fusion, 267–268

paradigm approach, 18–19, 216–230, 235, 247, 250–252, 279–282, 285–286

Temperature factors, 28, 30, 105, 120–121, 124

Temporal factors, 242–243

infection progression, 66–67, 120–121

seasonality, 129, 132, 137, 217–218, 220, 222

vaccines, duration of protection, 181–182

see also Seasonal factors

Tetracyclines, 147, 148, 156

Training, see Education and training

Transportation, 233

access to health care, distance, 223, 283

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

Travel and tourism, 2–3, 4, 5, 8, 131, 223

antimalarial drugs, 3, 64, 65–66, 131, 172, 179, 181

information on, 56

Treatment, 6, 16, 65–66, 235, 257

access to health care, distance, 223, 283

costs, versus control strategies, 244

guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272

see alsoDrugs;

Health care personnel

Trophozoites, 95

Tumor necrosis factor, 59, 61, 189

U

Uncomplicated malaria, general, 63–64

United Kingdom, 153

United Nations, 9, 41, 42, 44, 45, 158, 271

United Nations Development Progam/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 9, 45, 46, 168, 271

United States

DDT, 44–45

historical perspectives, 38–39, 43, 47–53

see alsoFederal government

Urban areas, 119, 131, 219–220, 250–251, 257, 262–264

Urine, diagnosis using, 158

V

Vaccines

animal models, 173, 176, 178, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195–196

antibodies, 133, 173–174, 178–179, 182, 183–186, 188, 191–193, 195, 197

antigens, 170, 177–178, 180, 188–189, 191, 194

antimalarial, 6, 8, 11, 14–15, 36, 45, 52, 128–129, 156, 169–195, 196–198

antimosquito, 118, 133, 137, 139, 169, 172, 195–196

assays, 181

blood-stage, general, 128, 182–192

children, 169, 184, 189

costs, 195

DNA, 177, 180, 192, 194, 197

duration of protection, 181–182

economics, 171

endemicity and, 181

entomological components, 128–129, 192–195

epidemiological factors, 211, 235

erythrocytes, 170, 171–172, 173, 175–177, 182–192 passim

evaluation, general, 129, 170

field studies, 128–129, 137, 140

historical perspective, 172–173

liver, effects on, 171–172, 174, 176, 177, 197

merzoites, 171–172, 184–185, 186–188, 191–192

P. falciparum, 133, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186–194 passim

P. vivax, 175, 178–179, 187–188, 190, 194, 195

proteins, 172, 175–179, 181–182, 185–189 passim, 191

research, general, 8, 14–15, 66, 106, 196–198

severe malaria, 169, 189

side effects, 169

sporozoites, 133, 171, 172–182, 190, 196, 197

transmission-blocking, 192–195

Vectorial capacity, 126–127

Vectors,

see Mosquitoes

Vietnam, 40, 157

W

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 11, 49–50, 157–158, 159

World Bank, 9, 158

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
×

World Health Organization, 9, 41, 42, 43–44, 45, 46, 48, 51, 63, 271

antimalarial drugs, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159

epidemiology, 212, 214, 215–216, 285

vector biology and control, 126, 132–133

World War II, 40, 41, 148, 150, 154, 156–157

WR

Z

Zooprophylaxis, 228

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1812.
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Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities Get This Book
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Malaria is making a dramatic comeback in the world. The disease is the foremost health challenge in Africa south of the Sahara, and people traveling to malarious areas are at increased risk of malaria-related sickness and death.

This book examines the prospects for bringing malaria under control, with specific recommendations for U.S. policy, directions for research and program funding, and appropriate roles for federal and international agencies and the medical and public health communities.

The volume reports on the current status of malaria research, prevention, and control efforts worldwide. The authors present study results and commentary on the:

  • Nature, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of malaria.
  • Biology of the malaria parasite and its vector.
  • Prospects for developing malaria vaccines and improved treatments.
  • Economic, social, and behavioral factors in malaria control.
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