NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number ATM-8819538.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 91-61622
International Standard Book Number 0-309-04536-3
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PANEL ON MODEL-ASSIMILATED DATA SETS FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC RESEARCH
DONALD R. JOHNSON,
University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Chairman
JOHN R. BATES,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center
GUY P. BRASSEUR,
National Center for Atmospheric Research
MICHAEL GHIL,
University of California, Los Angeles
ANTHONY HOLLINGSWORTH,
European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts
ROY L. JENNE,
National Center for Atmospheric Research
KIKURO MIYAKODA,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
EUGENE RASMUSSON,
University of Maryland, College Park
EDWARD S. SARACHIK,
University of Washington
THOMAS T. WARNER,
Pennsylvania State University
JOHN S. PERRY, Staff Director
KENNETH H. BERGMAN, Staff Officer
DONALD H. HUNT, Consultant
BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE
JOHN A. DUTTON,
Pennsylvania State University,
Chairman
JON F. BARTHOLIC,
Michigan State University
E. ANN BERMAN,
Tri-Space, Inc.
RAFAEL L. BRAS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MOUSTAFA T. CHAHINE,
California Institute of Technology
ROBERT A. DUCE,
University of Rhode Island
THOMAS E. GRAEDEL,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
DAVID D. HOUGHTON,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
EUGENIA KALNAY,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
RICHARD S. LINDZEN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
SYUKURO MANABE,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
GERALD R. NORTH,
Texas A&M University
JAMES J. O'BRIEN,
Florida State University
JOANNE SIMPSON,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Ex-Officio Members
ERIC J. BARRON,
Pennsylvania State University
PETER V. HOBBS,
University of Washington
CHARLES E. KOLB,
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
DONALD J. WILLIAMS,
The Johns Hopkins University
JOHN S. PERRY, Staff Director
WILLIAM A. SPRIGG, Associate Staff Director
KENNETH H. BERGMAN, Staff Officer
DONALD H. HUNT, Consultant
FRED D. WHITE, Consultant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. GORDON WOLMAN,
The Johns Hopkins University,
Chairman
ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
B. CLARK BURCHFIEL,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
RALPH J. CICERONE,
University of California, Irvine
PETER S. EAGLESON,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
HELEN M. INGRAM,
University of Arizona
GENE E. LIKENS,
New York Botanical Garden
SYUKURO MANABE,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
JACK E. OLIVER,
Cornell University
PHILIP A. PALMER,
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
FRANK L. PARKER,
Vanderbilt University
DUNCAN T. PATTEN,
Arizona State University
MAXINE L. SAVITZ,
Allied Signal Aerospace Company
LARRY L. SMARR,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
STEVEN M. STANLEY,
Case Western Reserve University
KARL K. TUREKIAN,
Yale University
SIR CRISPIN TICKELL,
Radcliffe Observatory
IRVIN L. WHITE,
N.Y. State Energy Research and Development Authority
JAMES H. ZUMBERGE,
University of Southern California
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
JANICE E. MEHLER, Assistant Executive Director
JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative Associate
CARLITA PERRY, Administrative Assistant
