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Index
A
N-Acetyl aspartate acid, 145
Acid rain, 181, 182, 188-189
Acromion, 137
Adams, Paul, 201, 204, 205, 209, 216
Adenine, 96, 97
Adenoviruses, transcription in, 105-106
Ahlfors, Lars, 61
Air pollution, 178
chemistry of, 184-187
compliance with air quality standards, 178
computer modeling of, 178-179, 190-191, 192-193
control, 178, 180-181, 196-197
detection limits, 187-188
diurnal cycling, 190
formaldehyde, 186, 187, 190
hydrocarbons, 180, 181-182
hydroxyl radicals, 185-186, 187
from leaded gas, 181
long-distance transport, 190
measurement of, 187-188
nighttime, 188-191
nitrogen oxides, 180, 182, 185, 188-190, 194, 195, 197
ozone, 184-187, 195, 196, 197
reactive organic gases, 181-182, 194-195, 197
smog, 180, 181, 182, 187, 190, 193
"tall stacks solution," 181
Allender, David, 243
Aluminosilicates, 38
Amino acids, 96-97, 107
Amphibians, DNA, 99
Anderson, Philip W., 244
Aneurysms, 140
Angiogenesis, 115-116
Angiography, 122, 139-140, 142, 147
Approximations, 64
Argonne National Laboratory, 35
Arizona State University, 3
Arnold, Vladimir, 48
Arteriovenous malformations, 140
Arthrography, 122
Arthroscopy, 136, 137
Asteroids, 49
Astronomy, 66, 79
Astrophysics, 66
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Big Bang theory, 67-70, 74-79, 82, 90, 93
blue curtain, 85-87, 88
computer applications, 71-72, 77, 86-88, 90, 92, 149
dark matter, 67-72, 80, 84-91
gravitational lensing, 84-91
gravity's role, 68-71, 79, 87-91
imaging technology, 67, 85-90
measurements (basic) in space, 72-73, 76-77
omega, 68-69, 80
quasar studies, 73, 78, 80-84
redshift data, 70, 71, 77-82, 91, 92, 93
star formation, 91-93
universe texture, 69-74
AT&T Bell Laboratories, 67, 75, 153, 244, 245
Atmospheric science
chemistry of atmosphere, 182, 183-191
chlorofluorocarbons, 179, 184
computational experimentation, 191
computer simulations, 178-179, 191-194
definition of problems, 180-181
historical perspective, 187
measurement of pollutants, 187-188
nighttime chemistry, 188-191
ozone layer, 179, 183-184
ozone pollution, 184-187
pollution control laws, 194-197
public interests of, 197-198
regulatory issues, 179, 181-183
role of, 179
see also Air pollution
Atomic theory of matter, 26
B
Bacteria, photosynthesis in, 32
Balaban, Robert, 120, 132
Balance scale, 26
Bancel, Peter, 247
Bardeen, John, 155, 156, 235, 243
Baryons, 76
Bechtold, Jill, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 91
Bednorz, J. Georg, 233
Berger, Robert, 248
Berk, Arnold, 99, 105, 111
Bertschinger, Edmund, 70, 90-91
Big Bang theory, 3-4, 70, 77
evidence for, 74-75, 77, 79
formation of heavier elements, 82
galaxy formation, 90
microwave background radiation and, 75
missing-mass problem, 67-68
and Omega, 69
redshift and, 78, 93
relativity and, 76
series of events, 75-76
Binary systems, 153-154
Biology
central dogma of, 101-103
data compressibility in, 58-60
dynamical systems in, 57-60, 94, 100, 113, 216
neural networks, 201
Bipolarons, 244
Birkhoff, Garrett, 150
Birkhoff, George, 48, 49
Black holes, 81-82, 85
Bloch, Felix, 123, 124
Bloembergen, Nicholaas, 129
Blood-brain barrier, 143
Blood flow and vessels, imaging of, 139-140
Bloxham, Jeremy, 3, 20, 22
Blueshifted light, 79
Body waves, 10
Bohr, Niels, 123
Bones, magnetic resonance imaging of, 134-137
Boole, George, 153
Boolean logic, 154
Born, Max, 123
Boson, 244
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Boston University, 47
Bower, James E., 175, 201
Boyle's gas law, 211
Bradley, William G., Jr., 119, 122-125, 127-129, 132, 136, 138-141
Brahe, Tycho, 68
Brain
algorithms for vision enhancement, 223-228
chemistry, 207-208
computer modeled on, 175-176, 213-214
cortex, 206, 210
electrical source and circuitry, 206-208
evolution of, 206, 216, 221, 224
feedback information, 226-227
information processing, 153, 203, 224
magnetic resonance imaging, 119, 138-139, 143, 145
memory, 216
mind and, 215-216
models of, 209-211
motion detectors, 218-228
neural networks, 203-209
perception, 216, 223-224, 228-230
signal transmission, 206-207
structure, 201
see also Nervous system
Brattain, Walter, 155, 156
Bray, James, 243
Butterfly effect, 55, 57
Bydder, Graeme, 120, 145, 146
C
California
Altamont Pass, 40
ozone levels, 185
South Coast Air Quality Management District, 170, 194
Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, 187
California Institute of Technology, 2, 26, 32, 35, 41, 68, 70, 120 , 175, 192, 201
Cambridge University (Great Britain), 70
Cancer
and gene regulation, 114-117, 144
magnetic resonance imaging of tumors, 128, 138
Carbon dioxide
emission reduction, 27-28
sunlight and, 30
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 3, 11, 68
Carnegie Mellon University, 178, 180
Cartilage tears, 136, 137
Catastrophe theory, 163
Cells
differentiation, 113-114, 116
electrical behavior, 201
He-La, 111
signal processing by, 101, 103
transduction pathways, 116
Cellular automata, 171-173
Center for Complex Systems, 170
Central nervous system, 143, 204
Cerebrospinal fluid, 138, 140
Cerro Tololo Observatory, 85
Chaotic behavior, 46, 47, 150
biological implications, 57-60
cellular automata applied to, 171-172
computer applications, 49, 60-65, 163, 171
determinism and, 55-57
Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic cascade, 53-54
instabilities and real-world systems, 54-57
Julia sets as, 48, 58
onset of, 53-54
public visibility of, 62-63
sensitivity to initial conditions, 49-54
shadowing lemma theorem, 56
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Charge-coupled devices (CCD), 86, 88, 90
Chemistry
of air pollution, 183-187
atmospheric, 182, 183, 188-191
birth of, 26
of brain electricity, 207-208
of oxidant production, 182
of ozone production, 185-187
Chlorofluorocarbons, 179, 183-184
Choline, 145
Chromosomes, 95
Chu, Paul, 238
Churchland, Patricia, 211, 213, 214, 216, 217, 225
Codons, 97, 98
Cohen, Marvin, 240
Colds, 105
Complex numbers, 50-52
Compressional waves, 10
Computational science
algorithms, 162-164, 174
cellular automata, 171-173
experimental, 168-170, 191
importance of, 149-152
nervous system studies, 202-203
neural networks, 199-230
theory, 213, 219
see also Mathematics;
Neuroscience, computational
Computerized tomography, 10, 120, 121, 123, 125, 130, 138, 142, 147
Computers/computer applications
algorithms, 162-164, 170, 174, 187, 214, 219, 221
architecture, 154, 158, 160, 175-176, 211-212
artificial intelligence, 160, 201, 212-215
in atmospheric science, 190-194
as a blueprint for brain function, 213-214
brain as a model for, 175-176
central processing unit, 213-214
chess programs, 154
circuitry, 154, 155-156, 158
components, 175, 213-214
dark-matter simulation, 71-72, 87-88, 90
defined, 202
density field simulation in early universe, 92
digital electronics, 153-155, 214
digital optical processor, 157-158
in dynamical systems, 49, 50, 57-65
faint object classification and analysis system (FOCAS), 86-88
historical background, 151-152, 155-156
importance to science, 151, 173-174, 215
innovations in hardware, 156-162
lasers in, 160, 161
learning networks with interneurons, 228
logic gates, 154, 158, 160, 161, 225
machinery, 153-156
Mandelbrot sets, 57-59
Mathematica software, 170-171
mathematics, 47, 50, 62, 162-164, 168-170
measurements in space, 77
in medical diagnostic imaging, 121, 124, 126;
see also Computerized tomography;
Magnetic resonance imaging
Multiple-Instruction Multiple-Data operating mode, 175
networks, 151, 156
neural systems modeling on, 214-215, 223-228
optical lens construction, 160-161
optics technology applied to, 155, 156-162
parallel processing, 157, 160, 175-176, 216-218
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programming languages, 170-171
quasicrystal simulations, 248, 251-252
scientific visualizations, 153-154
seismic tomography, 10-11
serial, 154-155, 159, 175, 214, 225
signal processing, 165
Single-Instruction Multiple-Data operating mode, 175
software for scientists, 162, 163, 170-171
sound processing, 165, 167
speech recognition, 165
speed/power of, 151, 162, 175-176, 225
Turing test, 202, 212, 214
universal machine, 172
universe formation simulation, 71-72
video presentations, 191, 193-194
von Neumann machine, 213-214
wavelet transforms, 163, 164-168
see also Supercomputers
Conservation of energy, 26, 35, 36
Continental drift, 2, 7, 9, 21
Cooley, J.W., 163
Cooper, Leon N., 235
Copernicus, 74
Cornell University, 45, 62
Cosmology, history of, 74
Cray, Seymour, 175
Creatine, 145
Crick, Francis, 95, 96, 101, 102, 117, 213, 217
Crues III, John, 120, 134-137
Crystals
equilibrium and growth shapes of, 168
growth, 251
properties, 246-247
symmetry, 234
see also Quasicrystals
Cybernetics, 211
Cysteine, 107
Cytosine, 96, 97
D
Dalton, John, 26
Dark matter
clusters, 91
computer simulations, 71-72, 87-88, 90-91
defined, 67
evidence of, 70
in galaxies, 88-89
gravitational effect of, 68-69, 84-91
and omega, 80
shape and composition, 88
types of, 72
universe of, 90
Darwin, Charles, 7, 117
Darwin Rise, 16-17
Data compressibility, 58
Daubechies, Ingrid, 164
Davis, Marc, 71
de Gennes, P.-G., 243
Deoxyhemoglobin, 139
Dervan, Peter, 119-120, 124
Determinism, 46-47, 55-57
Devaney, Robert, 47, 62, 64
Developmental embryology, transcription in, 111, 113-114
Diagnostic contrast media, 142-144
Diamond-anvil cell experiments, 2, 3, 9, 11-12, 19-20
Dimethyl sulfide, 189-190
Dinitrogen pentoxide, 187
DiVincenzo, David P., 251
Djorgovski, S. George, 70, 72, 83, 86, 91, 92, 93
DNA
affinity columns, 107
binding proteins, 106-107, 109-110, 112
central dogma of biology, 101-103
codons, 97, 98
functions, 96, 97
location, 95
mapping, 100
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neuronal networks and, 206
noncoding, 99-101, 105
probes, 105
promoter region, 106
radioactive labeling, 107, 108, 109
replication, 103, 106
role of, 99-103
structure, 95-97
synthesis, 106-107
units of information in, 59
Doppler effect, 78
Douady, Adrien, 54-55, 63
Douglas, Jesse, 168
Drosophila, 113, 114
Dynamical systems
angle doubling, 56
biological, 57-60, 94, 100, 113, 216
butterfly effect, 55, 57
complexity of, 45-49
computer applications, 49, 150, 153, 174, 226
education aids, 62
historical insights, 47-49
hyperbolic, 56
Julia sets, 48, 50, 58
KAM theorem, 48-49
Mandelbrot set, 57-60
mathematics of, 46-54, 150, 171, 193
sensitivity to initial conditions, 49-54
simplest, 49-50
three-body problem, 47-48
uncertainties, 56
see also Chaotic behavior
E
Earth
age, 7
asthenosphere, 6, 14, 16
atomic process, 4
continental drift, 2, 7, 9, 21
core-mantle boundary, 3, 5-6, 19-21
core thermodynamics and agnetohydrodynamics, 1-23
cross-section, 4, 5
crust, 6, 21
Darwin Rise, 16-17
D-double prime region, 6
formation of, 3-4
fossil record, 21-22
geological models, 1-23
geomagnetic field, 19-20
gravity, 13
hot spots, 15-17
inner core, 4-5
internal temperature and pressure, 4-5, 6, 9, 12
lithosphere, 6, 8, 14, 16-17
lower mantle, 5, 12, 19-20
magnetic field, 3, 5, 18-21
mantle, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13-14, 21-22
Marianas Trench, 9
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 7-8
most common mineral, 11
North Pole, 20-21
outer core, 5, 10, 18, 19
plate tectonics, 2, 7-8, 13-18, 21-22
sea level changes, 21-22
South Pacific Superswell, 16-17
upper mantle, 5, 10, 12
Earthquakes, 9-10
Eddington, Arthur, 84
Einstein, Albert, 28, 123, 158
space-time fabric, 76
theory of general relativity, 69, 76, 79, 81, 84, 85
Einstein ring, 84
Electroencephalogram, 138
Electromagnetic radiation, 72, 150
Electron holes, 32, 38, 39, 41, 42
Electron microscope, 104, 111
Electron transfer
back, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42
in chlorophyll, 32
multistep mechanism, 37, 38-39
rate, 35
Electrons, 76, 121, 236
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Energy
artificial photosynthesis and, 26-27
quantum of, 29
reorganization, 36
solar, 40
theory of quantization of, 29
Estermann, I., 123
Eukaryotes, transcription and translation in, 102, 104
Euler, Leonhard, 150
Evolution, 60, 100-101, 116, 117, 206, 216, 221, 225
F
Fast Fourier transform, 125, 163, 165
Fatou, Pierre, 48, 50, 61
Feigenbaum, Mitchell, 63
Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic cascade of period doublings, 53-54
Fermions, 244
Ferritin, 139, 142
Ferrocene, 42
Fiber-optics telecommunications network, 156
Fields Medal, 61, 168
Fischer, Karen M., 16
Fisher, Daniel, 233
Fisher, Matthew, 245-246
Fluid motion, magnetic resonance imaging of, 139-142
Food and Drug Administration, 142
Formaldehyde, 186, 187, 190
Formic acid, 187
Fossil fuels, 26
Fourier, J.B.J., 163
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 187
Fractal geometry, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 163
Free induction decay, 127-128
Free will, 55-56
French Polynesia, 16
Fresnel zone plate, 161
Frontiers of Computational Science Award, 192
Fuzzy sets, 163
G
Gadolinium-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid, 142
Galaxies
age of, 73-74, 78
Andromeda, 71, 73, 78
blue curtain, 85-87, 88
clusters, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 82, 88, 90
collapse of protogalaxies, 72, 82, 84
collisions and mergers, 72
Coma cluster, 68
cosmological color conundrum, 80
cosmological count conundrum, 80
dark matter in, 88-89
discovery of, 71
distances of, 70
distribution of, 72, 74
formation and evolution of, 82, 88, 90
as gravitational lenses, 84-85
halos, 82, 91
Local Group, 71
Local Supercluster, 71
magnitude of images, 85-86
Milky Way, 71, 73, 79
primeval, 72, 93
spectrographic signatures, 77-78, 79, 81, 83
spherical shells of, 71
superclusters, 70, 71, 73, 82, 90
velocities, 68
Galileo, 86-87
Gallium arsenide, 161
Gammel, Peter, 245, 246
Gauge theory, 65
Gel electrophoresis, 107, 108
Geller, Margaret, 67, 68, 70
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Gene regulation
cancer and, 114-117
DNA role, 99-103
see also Transcription factors and mechanisms
Genes function, 116
human, 95
protein coding domain, 115
regulatory information domain, 115
replacement studies, 109
structure, 95, 100
TATA boxes, 111, 112
therapy, 116
Genetic
code, 97
engineering, 33, 94, 106, 117
information, 60, 100, 102
studies of transcription, 107-110
Genome
adenovirus, 105
human, 105
Genotypes, 100-101
Geochemists, 2
Geodesists/geodesy, 2, 13
Geoid, 13, 16-17
Geology
fossil record, 21-22
historical background, 6-7
methods and tools, 9-13
modeling Earth's internal dynamics, 1-23
planetary (non-Earth), 22-23
and plate tectonics, 2
see also Earth
Geometry, 48, 84, 168
Ginzburg, Vitaly, 243
Glasses, 246
Gleick, James, 49, 61
Glimm, James, 150
Glutamine, 110
Gondwanaland, 7
Gravitational lensing
accuracy, 89-90
blue ''curtain'' discovery, 85-87
images, 88, 89
role of, 87-91
Gravity/gravitational effects
anchors for galaxies, 71
Big Bang and, 75-76, 79
and dark matter, 68-69, 70, 84-91
data surveys, 9, 13
galaxy formation, 90
resonance and, 48
and space-time fabric of universe, 76
Guanine, 96, 97
Gunn, James, 85
Gurnis, Michael, 3, 21-22
Guth, Alan, 69, 90
H
Haldane, Duncan, 242, 244, 245
Hammersmith Hospital (London), 120
Hanahan, Douglas, 95, 97, 99, 114, 115
Hardy, G.H., 65
Hartley transform, 163
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 67, 71
Harvard University, 3, 20, 85, 99, 120, 233, 248, 251
Heart, magnetic resonance imaging, 133
Hebb, Donald, 212
Heisenberg-Schrödinger pictures of the universe, 57
He-La cells, 111
Helium, 76, 77, 82
Helix-turn-helix, 107
Hematoma, magnetic resonance imaging of, 130-131
Hemley, Russell, 3, 11, 12-13, 19-20
Hemorrhage, 139
Hemosiderin, 142
Hillis, W. Daniel, 175
Hinton, Geoffrey, 228
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Hippocrates, 122
Histidine, 107
Histones, 104
Homeodomain, 107
Hooker telescope, 79
Hopfield, John, 217
Hot spots, 3, 15-17
Hounsfield, Godfrey, 121
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 94, 200, 201
Hoyle, Fred, 67
Huang, Alan, 153, 155, 156-161
Hubbard, John, 45, 46, 47, 50, 54-57, 61-62, 63
Hubble constant, 79-80
Hubble, Edwin, 71, 79
Hubble Space Telescope, 165
Huchra, John, 71
Hydrocarbon emissions, 180, 181-182
Hydrocephalus, 138
Hydroelectric power, 40
Hydrogen
component of universe, 76
as an energy source, 28
Lyman alpha absorption line, 82-83
metallic phase, 12-13
as MRI target, 124
star formation, 91
Sun composition, 77
Hydrogen peroxide, 186
Hydroperoxyl radicals, 186
Hydroxyl radicals, 185-186, 187, 188, 190
Hyperion, 49
I
IBM, 233, 245, 247, 251
Imaging
animations, 152
brightness magnitude of galaxies and, 85-86
charge-coupled devices (CCD), 86, 88, 90
color, 152-153
deep-space, 67, 87
diffusion-weighted, 145-146
Doppler ultrasound, 121, 122
faint object classification and analysis system (FOCAS), 86-88
ultradeep, 86-87
wavelet transforms applied to, 165
see also Magnetic resonance imaging
Inositol aspartate, 145
Institute for Atmospheric Studies (Paris), 55
Integrated circuits, 155-156, 158
Internet system, 152
Isoprene, 189
Iterative processes, 49-52, 54, 63
J
Jarvis, John, 86
Jeanloz, Raymond, 3, 13, 19-20
Joints, biomechanical, 135-137, 147
Josephson, Brian, 237
Julia, Gaston, 48, 50, 61
Julia sets
as chaotic behavior, 48
disconnected, 58
and Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic cascade of period doublings, 53
purpose, 58
sensitivity to change in initial conditions, 54
in z-plane, 50, 51, 52
Jupiter, 13, 22, 48-49
K
KAM theorem, 48-49
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., 234, 237
Kant, Immanuel, 64
Kelvin, William, 7
Kepler, Johannes, 68
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Kieffer, Sue, 3
Kitt Peak, 85
Kline, Morris, 64
Knittle, Elise, 3, 19-20
Koch, Christof, 199-204, 206, 210, 213-219, 221-224, 229
Kolmogorov, Andrei, 48
Koo, David, 69, 80
Krantz, Steven, 47, 61, 62-64, 171
L
Lagrange, Joseph, 150
Lander, Eric, 94, 99-100, 117
Larmor
equation, 124-125
frequency, 126, 127, 128, 129
Lasers, 11, 160, 161
Lauterbur, Paul, 124
Lay, Thorne, 3, 20
Lead, air pollution from, 181
Lehmann, Ruth, 99, 113, 117
Leptons, 76
Levine, Dov, 248, 249
Lewis, Nathan, 26, 41, 42
Lick Observatory, 70
Light, quantum mechanics, 84
Lily, DNA, 99
Linear systems, 45-46
Lisberger, Stephen, 225-226
Little, William, 243
Liver, magnetic resonance imaging, 120, 144
Lloyd, Alan C., 180, 192, 194, 197
Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, 119
Lookback time, 73, 75, 82
Lorenz, Edward, 49
Love waves, 10
Lyell, Charles, 6
M
Macromolecules, 132
Magellan mission, 22
Magnesium silicate perovskite, 11
Magnetic field
core dynamics and, 18-21
data surveys, 5, 9
historical data, 3, 20
Meissner effect, 235
satellite measurements, 20
of superconductors, 235, 237, 245
Magnetic moment, 124, 126-127
Magnetic resonance imaging
advantages of, 120, 125
angiography, 139-142, 147
applications in medicine, 122, 124, 134-146
of biomechanical joints, 135-136
of blood flow and vessels, 139-140
of bones, 134-136
of brain, 119, 143
of cartilage tears, 136-137
of cerebrospinal fluid, 138
clinical efficacy, 147
contrast agents, 120, 122, 136, 139, 142-144, 147
costs, 122
diagnostic lens, 129-132
echo time delay, 129, 133
enhancement of signal intensity, 141-142
fast-scanning techniques, 146, 167
of fluid motion, 139-142
fluoroscopy, 136, 147
gating techniques, 141, 146
growth of, 119
guided/assisted interventional diagnosis and therapy, 147
of heart, 133
of a hematoma, 131
of hemorrhages, 139
of kidney, 143
of liver, 120, 144
multiplanar display capabilities, 130-131
of musculoskeletal system, 120
in neurology, 138-139, 143
physics of, 120, 121, 123-134
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portable receivers (surface coil), 136
precision, 125, 138
problems and limitations, 120, 122, 141
process of information generation, 121, 124-126
prospects, 146-147
relaxation behavior and, 126-134, 142, 143
of rotator cuff tears, 137
spin-echo technique, 128-129, 132, 140-141
of tumors, 128, 138, 144
see also Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Magnetization, 127, 133
Magnons, 143
Mallouk, Thomas, 26, 36, 37, 38, 39
Mandelbrot, Benoit, 57, 61, 63, 64
Mandelbrot set, 57-60
Manganese-DPTP, 144
Mantle
convection, 3, 12, 13-14, 17-18, 21-22
hot spot plumes from, 15-17
Marcus, Rudy, 35, 36
Marianas Trench, 9
Marine science, 189-190
Marr, David, 200, 212, 213
Mars, 22
Massachusetts General Hospital, 120
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 3, 25, 69, 70, 94, 154, 200 , 212
Materials science, 168
Mathematicians, 150, 164, 168, 169
Mathematics
algorithms, 162-164, 170, 174
calculus, 47, 150, 170-171
cellular automata, 171-173
complex numbers, 50-52
Daub sets, 164
deterministic differential equations, 56-57
differential equations, 47, 62, 150, 172, 173
doubling times, 55-56
of dynamical systems, 46-54
experimental, 168-170, 174
Fields Medal, 61, 168
Fourier transform, 125, 150, 163, 164, 165
iteration of polynomials, 49-52, 54
Maxwell's equations in electrodynamics, 215
Navier-Stokes equations, 193
shadowing lemma theorem, 56
three-body problem, 47-48
wavelet transforms, 163, 164-168
Max Planck Institut, 114
McCulloch, Warren, 212
McLendon, George, 26, 33, 35, 36, 39
McMullen, Curt, 47, 49, 50, 53, 58, 61
McNutt, Marcia, 3, 7, 13, 16-17
McRae, Gregory J., 178-181, 183-185, 188, 190-193, 194-195, 197-198
Medical diagnosis
technology development in, 120-123
see also Magnetic resonance imaging
Meissner effect, 235
Mercury (planet), 22
Meteorites, 4
Meteorology, models, 191, 193
Methemoglobin, 139
Microwave background radiation, 75
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 7-8
Miller, John, 35
Minsky, Marvin, 212
Mittag-Leffler, Magnus, 61
Mobilism, 7
Models/modeling
Big Bang, 71-72
cell electrical behavior, 201
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cellular automata in, 171-172
complexity accounted for, 215-216
dark-matter simulation, 71-72, 87-88, 90
geological, 1-23
Los Angeles weather and pollutant
data, 179-180, 194-197
minimal surfaces, 168
neural networks, 199-200, 209-211, 214-216
probabilistic, 57
purpose, 210
quasicrystals, 248
seismic tomography, 10-11
simplification in, 210
snowflake formation, 172, 173
stereoscopic depth perception, 212
transcription, 104, 112
vision, 218-228
Molecular beam epitaxy, 160-162
Monoterpenes, 189
Moon, 22
Moser, Jürgen, 48
Mosley, Michael, 145
Mott-Hubbard insulator, 243-244
Mott, Nevill, 243-244
Mount Wilson Observatory, 79
Mueller, Karl Alex, 233
Multiple Mirror Telescope, 83
Multiple sclerosis, 138, 145-146
Mutation analysis, 108-109, 111, 113
N
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 152, 175, 192, 193
National Institutes of Health, 119, 120, 132
National Science Foundation, 152
Nebulae, cloudlike, 79
Neer, Charles, 137
Neptune, 22, 48-49
Nervous system
analytical and organizational levels, 213
computation applied to studies of, 202-203
connectionism, 203-204
evolution of, 206
information processing, 200
ion channels, 205, 209, 211
mapping of, 145
neuromodulators, 209
synapses, 204-205
see also Brain
Neural networks
applications, 217-218, 230
brain, 203-209
defined, 199
Hopfield network, 217
and learning and memory, 212
learning networks with interneurons, 228
mind and, 214
models, 199-200, 209-211, 228-230
NETtalk system, 228
perceptrons, 212
vision models, 218-228
Neurology, magnetic resonance imaging in, 138-139
Neurons, 200-201, 203-209, 214, 225
Neuroscience, computational
computationalism, 212
computer models, 204, 209-211
connectionism, 203-204, 211-212, 219, 228
dependence on computers, 215
experimental approach, 218
history of, 203
optical flow algorithms, 219, 221, 224-225
Neutrinos, 72, 76
Neutron stars, 84
Neutrons, 76
Newsome, William A.K., 201, 228-229
Newton, Isaac
law of gravitation, 68
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laws of motion, 47
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, 150
Nitrate radical, 187, 188-190
Nitric acid, 187, 188-189, 190
Nitric oxide, 185
Nitrogen, 28
Nitrogen dioxide, 185, 196
Nitrogen oxides, 180, 182, 195, 197
Nitrous acid, 187, 188, 190
Nobel prizes, 121, 156
Nonlinear systems, 45, 46;
see also Dynamical systems
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 124, 144-145, 147, 242
O
Omega, 68-69, 80
Oncogenes, 115, 116-117
Onoda, George Y., 250-251
Optics technology
bandwidth and connectivity advantages, 159-160
in computers, 156-162
lens construction, 160, 161
molecular beam epitaxy technique and, 160, 161
quadrature filter mirrors, 165
Oxford University, 248
Oxidation-reduction reaction, 31, 34, 39, 41-42, 43
Oxygen, 28, 183
Ozone
molecule, 183
National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 195
stratospheric layer, 179, 183-184
tropospheric pollution, 182, 183, 184-187, 190, 197
P
Pagels, Heinz, 169-171, 173-174, 202, 211, 215
Paleontocosmology, 72, 91
Pangaea, 7
Papert, Seymour, 212
Parallax-second (parsec), 72
Paramagnetism/paramagnetic substances, 139, 142-143
Particle accelerator, 41, 49, 76, 237
Peacock, Simon, 3
Peebles, P. James E., 70
Penrose, Roger, 248, 249, 250
Penzias, Arno, 74
Perner, Uli, 187
Peroxyacetyl nitrate, 190, 196, 197
Petrologists, 2
Phenotypes, 100-101
Pheophytin, 33
Phonons, soft, 244
Photodiodes, 36-40
Photolithography, 156, 161
Photolysis
and ozone production, 183-186, 190
and smog production, 190
Photons
critical limit for communications, 156
harvesting and using, 29-32
and photosynthesis, 28-29
relativity applied to, 84
speed of, 72, 158-159
Photosynthesis, artificial
back electron transfer in, 33
energy efficiency, 27, 30, 35
as an energy source, 26-27
excited-state electron transfer in, 34-36
first steps, 33-40
photoconversion systems, 30
photodiode construction and, 36-40
photovoltaic cells, 40-43
reaction centers, 38
self-assembly in, 37, 39
and semiconductors, 37
Z-scheme representation of apparatus, 31, 35
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Photosynthesis, natural
in bacteria, 32
chlorophyll, 30, 31, 33
crystallographic studies, 33
electron transfer, 32
evolution of, 27, 32
genetic engineering and, 33
photon harvesting and use, 29-32
photosystems, 30-31
process, 25, 26, 33
quantum physics and, 28-29
reaction center, 31-33
Z-scheme, 31
Photovoltaic cells
construction of, 41
cost barriers, 25-26, 40
energy efficiency, 27
gallium arsenide-gallium antimonide stacked junction cell, 27
liquid semiconductor junctions, 41-43
point-contact crystalline silicon cells, 27
strontium-titanate cell, 42-43
Physics
condensed-matter, 13, 233-254;
see also Quasicrystals;
Superconducting/superconductors
contributions to geology, 7, 11, 13
of light energy, 28-29
mathematics in, 65
of magnetic resonance imaging, 120, 121, 123-134
particle, 77, 149
quantum, 26, 29, 34, 36, 42, 78, 121
and photosynthesis, 29
solid state, 11
of water at critical temperatures, 172, 173
of x-ray systems, 121
Pick's disease, 145
Pitts, James N., Jr., 187, 188
Pitts, Walter H., 212
Planck, Max, 28-29, 123
Planck's constant, 29, 55
Planetesimals, 4
Planets, window of stability, 49;
see also individual planets
Plants
aerobic, 29, 31
anaerobic, 27
chlorophyll, 30, 31
reaction center, 31
see also Photosynthesis, natural
Plate tectonics, 2
basalt formation and, 18
colliding plates, 14-15
deformation of plate boundaries, 14-15
direction of plate movement, 8-9
distribution of major surface plates, 8
genesis of, 7
and mantle convection, 13-18, 21-22
process, 8-9
rate of movement, 8
on Venus, 22
and volcanism, 15-18
Platt, Uli, 187, 188
Poggio, Tomaso, 212
Poincaré, Jules Henri, 48, 150
Poisson's equation, 90
Polyribosomes, 98
Pool, Robert, 192
Porphyrin, 39
Positron emission tomography, 120, 121, 123, 138
Pound, R.V., 129
Press, William, 85, 153, 162-165, 167, 170, 174
Princeton University, 47, 70, 85, 242, 244
Principia Mathematica, 68
Probabilistic models, 57
Prokaryotes, transcription and translation in, 102
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Proline, 110
Protons, 76
MRI interactions with, 120
P680 molecule, 32
Purcell, Edward, 124, 129
Q
Quadratic bifurcation locus, see Mandelbrot set
Quantum
electrodynamics, 123
mechanics, 57, 62, 84, 90-91
numbers, 29
physics, 26, 29, 34, 36, 42, 78, 121, 126
theory, 237
wells, 161
Quarks, 76
Quasars, 73, 78
double image, 85
and galaxy formation, 82-84
identification of, 80-81
number per volume of space,
optical spectrum, 83
redshifts, 81, 82
Quasicrystals, 233, 234
Bragg peaks, 250
computer simulations, 248, 251-252
discovery, 247-250
growth of, 251-252
Penrose rules, 248-252
properties, 247
symmetry, 248, 252
twinning, 249
Quinone, 33
R
Rabi, I.I., 123
Radioactive dating methods, 8
Radioactive labeling, 107, 108, 109, 138
Radiology/radiologists, 122, 146
Ramón y Cajal, 203
Random behavior, 46
Rayleigh waves, 10
Reactive organic gases, 181-182, 194-195, 197
Real numbers, 52
Real-world systems, 50, 54
Recombinant DNA technology, 94, 113, 117;
see also Genetic engineering
Redshift data, 70, 71, 77-82, 91, 92, 93
Reductionism, 170
Rees, Douglas, 26, 32, 33, 34
Regulation, air quality, 180-183, 194-197
Relativity, 62, 69, 76, 79, 81, 84
Relaxation
behavior, 126
BPP theory of, 129
complexities of, 132-134
contrast agents and, 143
pathway in biological tissues, 134
in solids and monomolecular solvents, 129
spin-lattice, 127
spin-spin, 128-129
T1 and T2 times as data, 126-129
T1 and T2 times as diagnostic lens, 129-132, 136-137, 139
in water, 129, 132
Renal systems, 143
Resonance
and gravitational forces, 48
quantum physics of, 126
see also Magnetic resonance imaging
Reverse biochemistry studies, 109
Rheology, 6, 14
Riemann, Georg, 150
RNA
bicoid, 114
messenger (mRNA), 97-99, 101, 103, 104
polymerase, 103, 104, 105, 106
role of, 97, 103
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transfer (tRNA), 98
translation, 102
Roentgen, Wilhelm, 121, 122, 134-135, 142
Rosenblatt, Frank, 212
Rotator cuff tears, 137
Rubin, Vera, 68
Rumelhart, David, 217
Russell, Armistead G., 184, 185, 192
Rutgers University, 153, 168
Ryle, Gilbert, 210
S
Salk Institute, 200
Santa Barbara Cottage Community Hospital, 120, 132
Saturn, 13, 22, 48-49
Scanning microscopy, 111, 205
Schmidt, Maarten, 81
Schrieffer, Robert, 235
Schwarzschild radius, 81
Segev, Idan, 210, 214
Seismic tomography, 9-10
Seismic waves
collection centers, 9
information gained from, 2, 4-5, 9, 10
formation process, 9-10
propagation, 11
surface, 10, 16
Seismologists/seismology, 2, 13
Seitzer, Pat, 87
Sejnowski, Terrence, 200, 201, 211, 213, 214, 217, 225, 227-229
Self-similarity, 57, 61
Semiconductors
and computer development, 158
construction of, 156, 160-162
electrical conductivity, 155
interfacial reactions, 42
liquid, junction, 41-42
molecular beam epitaxy and, 160-162
and molecule-based electronic devices, 37
n-type, 41, 42
photoelectrochemical cells, 40, 43
p-type, 41, 42
Shane, Donald, 70
Shannon, Claude, 154
Shear waves, 10
Shechtman, Dany, 247-248
Sherrington, Charles, 200, 210
Shockley, William, 155, 156
Signal processing, 165
Silicates
chemical reactions between iron and, 19
structural transformations, 11-12
Silicon
dioxide, 28
oxidizers, 42
Silk, Joseph, 74, 75
Simulated annealing, 163
Smale, Stephen, 49
Smarr, Larry L., 149-152, 174, 175, 176, 192, 193
Smithsonian Institution, 83
Smog, 180, 181, 182, 187, 190, 193
Snowflake formation, 172, 173
Socolar, E.S., 251
Sodium chloride, 28
Soft tissues, magnetic resonance imaging of, 134-137
Solar technology, 40;
see also Photovoltaic cells
Sound waves, see Seismic waves
South Pacific Superswell, 16-17
Space
measurements in, 76-77
telescope, 79
Spectrographs, 77
Spectrometers/spectrometry, 77
Stanford University, 217, 243
Stark, David, 119-120, 142, 143
Starlight, 78
Stars
blue, 80
Cepheid variable, 79
formation of, 91-93
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heavier of, 82, 83
neutron, 84
State University of New York, Stony Brook, 201
Steinhardt, Paul, 248-252
Stern, Otto, 123
Stevenson, David, 2, 4-5, 9, 11-14, 17-20, 22-23
Stokes, George, 150
Stonehenge, 66
String theory, 65
Struhl, Kevin, 99, 107, 108
Suess, Eduard, 7
Sun, 72
composition, 77
gravitational field, 84
magnitude, 86
photosphere, 77, 81
Supercomputers centers, 152
Connection Machine, 175-176
costs, 176
Cray, 175, 192-193, 196
defined, 151
importance of, 149, 152-153
Internet system, 152
smog simulation, 178, 192-193, 196
spread of, 152
Superconducting Supercollider, 237
Superconducting/superconductors, 36
applications, 245-246
challenges posed by, 238-242
copper oxide, 245
dimensionality issue, 241
energy gap in materials, 241-242
high-temperature, 233-234, 238-246
history, 234-238
isotope effect, 237, 241
Josephson junction, 240
and magnetic fields, 235, 237, 245
properties of, 235, 237, 245
theories, 235-237, 242-245
tunneling by Cooper-pair electrons, 237, 238, 242
vortex glass theory, 246
yttrium-based, 246
Surfaces
minimal, 168, 169
quantum physics at, 42
T
TATA boxes, 111, 112
Taylor, Jean, 153, 168, 169
Telecommunications, 156-157, 160
Telescopes, 76-77, 79, 85-86, 165
Thermal electric generation, 40
Thermodynamics, laws of, 26
Thinking Machines Corporation, 175
Thurston, William, 47, 62
Thymine, 96, 97, 104
Tjian, Robert, 94, 99, 103, 105, 106, 110, 111, 116-117
Topology, of transcription factors, 110-111
Transcription factors and mechanisms
activation role, 110-111, 112, 114
in adenoviruses, 105-106
binding domains, 106-107
creation of proteins, 103-104
in development, 111, 113-114
in Drosophila fruit fly, 113
experimental quantities, 106-107
genetic studies of, 107-110
histone clearance, 104
hybrid proteins, 110
messenger RNA role, 97-99, 101, 104
model, 104
as oncogenes, 116-117
process, 104
promoter region, 106
RNA polymerase II role, 104
role, 94, 113
sequence of steps, 101-103
topology, 110-111
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transduction pathways in cells, 116-117
in yeast, 107-108
zinc finger proteins, 107
Transform fault, 9
Transgenic mice, 114
Transistors, 155, 156
Tukey, J.W., 163
Tumorigenesis, 115-116, 145;
see also Cancer
Turing, Alan, 202, 211, 212
Turner, Edwin, 85
Tyson, J. Anthony, 67, 73, 79, 84-91
U
Ullman, Shimon, 200, 201, 210, 221, 223-225
Ultrasound imaging, 121, 122, 147
Ultraviolet radiation, 183
Uncertainties, doubling time, 56
Uniformitarianism, 6-7
Universe
age of, 80
black holes, 81-82, 85
computer simulation of formation of, 71-72
critical density (omega), 69
dark-matter problem, 68-69
density field simulation, 92
evolution of, 67, 70, 75;
see also Big Bang theory
filaments, 72
halos, 82, 91
inhomogeneities in, 71, 85
interstellar gases, 82, 91
map, 70
observable, 72-73
singularity, 75, 79
space-time fabric, 76
steady-state theory of, 67
texture of, 69-74
voids, 71, 72, 73
see also Galaxies
University of Alabama, 238
University of Arizona, 73, 83
University of California
Berkeley, 3, 47, 49, 74, 94, 233
Los Angeles, 99, 120, 134, 180
Riverside, 187
San Diego, 200, 217
San Francisco, 95, 145, 225
Santa Cruz, 3, 69
University of Chicago, 79
University of Houston, 238
University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, 149, 152, 170, 192, 243
University of Maryland, 46
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 3
University of Paris-XI, 54
University of Rochester, 26, 35
University of Texas, Austin, 26, 36
Uracil, 104
Uranus, 22, 48-49
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 181-182
V
Vacuum tubes, 155-156
Valdes, Frank, 86
Venus, 22
Very large-scale integrated circuits, 155, 199, 200
Viologen, 39
Viruses, 100
Visible light
speed of, 72, 77-78
wavelengths, 66-67, 78
Vision models
algorithms, 223-228
illusions in, 222-223, 224-225
motion detectors in the brain, 218-223
smooth pursuit of targets, 226-228
vestibulo-ocular reflex system, 225-227
Volcanism
anomalous plate margin, 15
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hot spot, 15-17
intraplate, 15
and mantle convection, 17-18
and plate tectonics, 15-18
Volcanologists, 2
von Neumann, John, 150, 151
Voyager spacecraft, 22
W
Walsh functions, 163
Washington University (St. Louis), 47
Water
anisotropically weighted, 145
interaction on macromolecular surfaces, 132-133
and magnetic resonance imaging, 121-122, 129
physics of, at critical temperatures, 172
relaxation times in, 129, 132-133
silicon oxidation, 42
SrTiO3-semiconductor-based cell for photoelectrolysis, 43
sunlight and, 30
Watson, James, 95, 96, 101, 117
Wave packets, 237
Wavelet concept, 163, 164-168
Weather
doubling times for equations involving, 55
models, 192, 193
White, Simon, 70, 90
Whitehead Institute, 94, 99
Wiener, Norbert, 211
Wilson, J. Tuzo, 15
Wilson, Robert, 74-75
Wind turbines, 40
Winer, Arthur, 180, 187, 188, 189-190, 197
Wirtanen, Carl, 70
Wolfram, Stephen, 153, 168-173, 174
Wolfram Research, Inc., 153, 170
Wrighton, Mark S., 25-28, 30-35, 39, 40, 41-42, 43
Wu, Maw-Kuen, 238
X
X-ray systems, 134-135
angiography, 139-140
disadvantages, 120, 121, 139-140
physics of, 121
Y
Yeast
protein GCN4, 117
transcription process in, 107-108
Yorke, James, 46
Z
Zeolites, 38, 39
Zettl, Alex, 233, 240-242, 245, 246
Zeugmatography, 124
Zinc finger proteins, 107
Zwicky, Fritz, 68, 84, 85
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
neural networks
