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BEHIND THE NUMBERS: U.S. Trade in the World Economy
Index
A
Accuracy of data, 1, 2, 7, 13
Census Bureau and Customs Service, 10–11, 17, 84, 85, 87, 103, 104, 106, 111, 112, 201–207
data collection and quality, 25, 29, 65, 70–72, 87, 106, 111, 112, 199, 201–207, 214–215, 219
international trade and services, 17, 19, 20, 28, 29, 98, 116, 150, 151, 153, 154, 157, 164, 165–166, 201–207, 214–215, 216, 221, 223, 224
merchandise trade, 10–11, 25, 64–65, 84, 85, 90, 106, 111, 194, 199, 200, 201–207, 221–224, 226
Advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113
Affiliates' transactions, see Foreign affiliates of U.S. firms;
U.S. affiliates of foreign firms
Aggregation/disaggregation, 5, 49, 78, 161–162, 202, 215, 224
Agricultural trade, 11, 79, 99, 112, 191, 201, 202, 206, 224
Air transport, 21, 94, 139, 141–145, 153, 208
American Economic Association, 66
Annual Company Organization Survey, 256
Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM), 12, 55, 79, 106, 112, 253–254, 256, 257
Annual Survey of Selected Industries, 57
Antitrust, 36–37, 43, 193
dumping, 43, 64, 193
Architecture, 133–134, 152
Automated Broker Interface, 85–86, 89, 91, 105
Automated Commercial Systems, 108
Automatic Export Reporting Program (AERP), 84, 89, 108
Automation, see Computers and computer science
B
Balance-of-payments accounts, 3–4, 5, 6, 13, 20, 24, 25, 28, 33–45, 49, 71, 72, 98, 117, 121–123, 124, 132, 134–137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 148, 152, 153, 154–155, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 169, 170, 181
Balance-of-Payments Manual, 45, 49-50, 149, 158
Bank for International Settlements, 10, 49, 170
Banking services, 117, 121, 123, 146–
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149, 157, 162-164, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 215
see also Capital flows;
Federal Reserve System;
Financial services
Bank of Mexico, 146
Basle Committee on Banking Supervision, 169
Bilateral trade and trade agreements, 3, 4, 41, 68, 79, 247, 248
with Canada, 8, 21, 85, 93–94, 104, 211, 213–214, 215, 247, 248
export/import data, 8, 21, 85, 93–94, 95, 100, 104, 111
intermediate inputs, 49
with Japan, 64, 94–95, 100
price indexes, 209
Bills of lading, 84
Budgets of statistical agencies, 2, 24, 25, 26–27
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 12, 35, 72–73
budget of, 26–27, 165
capital flows, 9, 16, 33–34, 65, 157, 159–168, 171, 215–216
computer use, 142
confidentiality restrictions, 117, 215–216
coordination with Census Bureau, 9, 12, 16, 112, 116, 155, 161, 208–209
coordination with other agencies, 146, 164, 173
foreign affiliates, 12–13, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155, 164–166, 179, 181
foreign direct investments, other, 34, 36, 43, 58, 66, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155, 157, 159–162, 164–166
input-output tables, 6, 7, 42, 48–49, 56
merchandise trade, 16, 53, 61, 98, 112, 193, 208
NIPA, 35, 59
service sector trade, 12, 33, 57, 65, 66, 114, 115–116, 120–155, 213–214
Bureau of Export Administration, 82
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
employment data, 55, 59
merchandise sector, 53, 55
price data, 53, 59, 68, 79, 209
service sector, 57
Business, professional, and technical services, 57, 116, 117, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133–134, 135, 152, 159, 170
Business Council on the Reduction of Paperwork, 125, 132
C
Canada, 209, 211, 251
bilateral agreements with, see under Bilateral trade and trade agreements
Census Bureau data, 85, 93–94, 104, 145, 209, 247
export statistics, compared with U.S., 221–224
freight and pipeline transport, 139–140, 203, 213–214
service trade, 213–214
statistics exchange, 85, 93–94, 145, 199, 213–214, 224, 246, 247, 248
travel and tourism, 145–146
Canvass of data users international services transactions and capital flows, 211–216
interview protocol, 217–220
invitation for written comments, 216–217
merchandise trade data, 190–211
methods used in, 187–190
Capital accounts, 20, 25, 159
Capital flows, 16, 65, 156–173, 193
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 9, 16, 33–34, 65, 157, 159–168, 171, 215–216
data collection, general, 2, 5, 13–14, 33–34, 65, 156, 158–164, 171, 215–216
data user evaluations, 211, 214–216
Department of the Treasury, 9–10, 16–17, 65, 157, 158, 159, 164, 167, 168–170, 214, 215
errors and error analysis, 20, 156, 170–171, 214–215
Federal Reserve System, 16–17, 34, 157–158, 162–164, 215
flow-of-funds accounts, 16–17, 73, 157
foreign affiliates, state-level data, 215–216
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surveys, general, 160–161, 171
technological innovations and, 10, 13, 26, 166, 172
see also Currency flow and exchange;
Portfolio transactions;
Securities transactions
CD-ROMs, 55, 78, 91, 92, 195–196, 199, 200, 251
Census Bureau, 10–11, 58, 72–73, 188, 190
budget of, 26–27, 55
Canada, trade statistics, 85, 93–94, 104, 209, 247
classification systems, 52, 54–55
computer use, 12, 78, 84–93, 100, 105–109, 113, 195–196, 199, 200, 256
continuous independent review system, 11, 100–102, 111–112
coordination, general, 12, 112
coordination with Bureau of Economic Analysis, 9, 12, 16, 112, 116, 155, 161, 208–209
coordination with Customs Service, 7–8, 10–11, 33, 55, 82–84, 86, 99, 104–105
coordination with DOE via EIA, 11, 79, 112
coordination with USDA, 11, 112, 201, 202
databases, 12, 78, 84–93
data timeliness, 10, 16, 84, 95, 111, 198–199
errors and error analysis, 11, 87–99, 100–102, 106–107, 111–113, 201–207, 228, 237–238, 239
freight, 137, 138, 139, 140
merchandise trade, 11–12, 15–16, 33, 52, 54–55, 57, 61, 67, 78, 79, 82–113, 191, 192, 193, 195–209, 228, 237–238, 239, 242–243, 245–257
quinquennial survey, international trade data, 6, 57, 61
service sector, 9, 12, 16, 57–58, 61, 112, 116, 155
SSEL, 9, 116, 162, 209, 256
Chase Manhattan Bank, 20
Classification and classification systems, 3–4, 45, 49–51
Census Bureau, 52, 54–55
concordances, 48, 52
data user evaluations, 98
domestic versus international trade, general, 5, 46–52
exchange relationships, general, 177–179
exports, 53–55
financial transactions, 14
foreign direct investment, 5, 48, 160
foreign firm/affiliate, 39, 44–45, 58–59, 161
Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, 48, 49, 52, 58, 67, 78, 89–90, 191–192, 196, 197, 207
IMF, international transactions, 45
intermediate inputs, 48–49, 56
merchandise, general, 5, 6, 48, 52, 53–55, 77–78, 89–90, 117, 196, 204–205, 207–208
residence status, 34, 181, 184
securities transactions, 168
service sector, 5, 9, 48, 56–58, 115, 117, 152, 212
SIC, 5, 6, 48, 53–56, 57, 61, 189, 192, 195, 200
standardization, general, 6, 50, 61
Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated, 196, 202
time series data, 196
UN systems, 44–45, 50, 52, 53, 58, 149, 152
Coalition of Service Industries, 213, 214
Comparability of data
Census Bureau and Customs Service, 7, 113, 201–202
international trade and services, 4–5, 24–25, 28, 46–62, 213, 221–224, 257
merchandise trade, 47–48, 52–56, 67, 94–95, 199, 201–202
need for, 46–50
COMPRO, 54, 61, 79, 91–92, 197
Computers and computer science, 21, 100, 105–109
Automated Broker Interface, 85–86, 89, 91, 105
Automated Commercial Systems, 108
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 142
CD-ROMs, 55, 78, 91, 92, 195–196, 199, 200, 251
Census Bureau, 12, 78, 84–93, 100,
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105-109, 113, 195-196, 199, 200, 256
cost factors, 107, 108–109
Customs Service, 85–86, 87, 89, 91, 105, 107–109
data conversion to electronic format, 68
data standards, 12
machine-readable data, 55, 68, 71, 78, 84–85, 91, 99, 104–105, 113, 253
microcomputers, 91, 92, 93
merchandise trade, data automation, 53, 78, 84–93, 100, 105–109, 113
semiconductors, 64
services, 142
see also Databases
Concordances, classification systems, 48, 52
Confidentiality, 256–257
Bureau of Economic Analysis, data, 117, 215–216
export documents, 95
foreign direct investment, 161
Construction and engineering, 133–134, 152
Continuous independent review system, 11, 100–102, 111–112
Costs and cost-effectiveness versus accuracy, 70–71
automation, 107, 108–109
COMPRO database use, 91–92
data user, cost-sharing by, 17, 27, 69–70
data user perspective, 195, 198, 207
foreign direct investment by U.S., financial services, 23
freight, 137, 139, 203, 221, 223, 224
globalization of markets, 22
medical services, 149
portfolio transactions, monitoring, 10
sharing, data users, 17, 27, 69–70
statistical data and programs, 1, 15, 25–27, 68, 69–70, 73, 99, 102, 107, 247–248, 249, 251–253, 254
student's cost of living, 150
technological innovations, 21
Council of Economic Advisers, 2, 27
Cross-border trade, 3, 5, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42–43, 48, 56, 114, 115, 116, 134, 153, 169, 170, 178, 180, 182, 184, 212, 213–214
Currency flow and exchange, 22, 26, 35, 59, 148, 157, 158, 166, 169, 170–171
Eurodollars, 10
U.S. dollars, 22, 35, 64
Current accounts, 20, 25, 65, 72, 124–125, 157, 159
Current Industrial Reports, 54
Customs Service
computer use, 85–86, 87, 89, 91, 105, 107–109
coordination with Bureau of Economic Analysis, 146
coordination with Census Bureau, 7–8, 10–11, 33, 55, 82–84, 86, 88, 99, 100, 104–105
documentation, trade, 8, 67, 82, 87
enforcement activities, 95, 99, 102–103
merchandise trade, 77–78, 82–84, 86, 88, 93, 99, 100, 102–103, 104–105, 107–108
port audits, 102–103, 104
tariffs, 47, 68, 95, 104–105
D
Data analysis, 1, 2, 14–17, 63–73
by users, 68, 192–195
see also Errors and error analysis;
Seasonal adjustments;
Time-series analysis;
“data analysis” under specific subject terms
Databases
Census Bureau, 12, 78, 84–93
COMPRO, 54, 61, 79, 91–92, 197
continuous independent review system, 11, 100–102, 111–112
management, 6, 99, 103
NTDB, 59–62, 78, 82, 117, 197, 200
Data collection, general, 19, 217–218
Canada, statistics exchange, 85, 93–94, 145, 199, 213–214, 224, 246, 247, 248
capital flows, 2, 5, 13–14, 33–34, 65, 156, 158–164, 171, 215–216
data analysis interface with, 1, 2, 14–17, 63, 65
data entry, 86–89, 100–102
domestic versus international trade, 5, 46
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errors, 6, 87–90
foreign direct investment, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 34, 36, 43, 58, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155
historical perspectives, 1, 49, 167
merchandise trade, 2, 10–12, 33, 67, 77–99, 107, 221–224
portfolio transactions, 13, 33–34, 156, 162–164, 167, 172, 173
service sector, 8–9, 12–13, 65, 115–118, 120–155
see also Census Bureau;
Customs Service;
Documentation;
Surveys;
Timeliness of data
Data entry, 86–89, 100–102
Data quality profiles, 14–15, 17, 70–72, 73, 95–97
Data users, 11, 16, 73
advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113
canvass of, 187–220
Commerce Department, 213
conferences of, 70, 188–190
cost of data, perspective of, 195, 198, 207
cost-sharing by, 17, 27, 69–70
evaluations by, 25, 66, 67–70, 98, 103, 111, 112–113, 187–220
Federal Reserve, 191, 194, 200, 210,
ITA, 191, 203, 205
ITC, 200, 202, 205, 206
USDA, 191, 201, 206
Department of Agriculture (USDA), 11, 79, 112
coordination with Census Bureau, 11, 112, 201, 202
data users in, 191, 201, 206
Department of Commerce, 54, 56
data users in, 213
merchandise trade, 78
NTDB, 59–62, 78, 82, 117, 197, 200
see also Bureau of Economic Analysis;
Census Bureau;
Customs Service;
International Trade Administration
Department of Education, 150
Department of Energy, EIA, 11, 79, 112
Department of the Treasury, 72–73
capital flows, 9–10, 16–17, 65, 157, 158, 159, 164, 167, 168–170, 214, 215
coordination with Bureau of Economic Analysis, 164
coordination with Federal Reserve, 16, 73, 154, 162–164
portfolio investments, 34, 162–164, 167
securities transactions, 147–148, 154, 167, 168
service sector trade, 12
TIC forms, 34, 157, 162–164, 166, 167–170, 171, 172, 214, 215
see also Customs Service;
Internal Revenue Service
Department of Transportation, 145
Deregulation, see Regulation/deregulation
Disaggregation, see Aggregation/disaggregation
Documentation, customs, 8, 67, 82, 84–87, 95, 98–99
bills of lading, 84
electronic, 107–109, 113
exports, 8, 67, 82–84, 87, 95, 98–99, 100, 203, 250–253
filers, standards, 2, 6, 10, 103–104
freight carriers, 137
imports, 8, 67, 82–84, 87, 98–99, 208
port audits, 102–103, 104
shipper's export declarations, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 95, 99, 103, 108, 109, 203, 204, 208, 246, 247, 253, 254
see also Confidentiality
Domestic trade data international data, comparability with, 4–5, 24–25, 46–62
SIC, 5, 6, 48, 53–56, 57, 61, 189, 192, 195, 200
Double-entry accounting, 25–26
Dumping, 43, 64, 193
Dun and Bradstreet, 88
E
Educational services, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 150, 153–154
Employment and unemployment, 3, 22, 64
BLS, 55, 59
domestic versus international data, 5, 25, 47
foreign firms and affiliates, 23, 24, 36, 41, 42, 58
merchandise sector, 55–56, 193–194
service sector, 57
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Energy Information Administration (EIA), 11, 79, 112
Errors and error analysis, 7, 106
capital flows, 20, 156, 170–171, 214–215
Census Bureau, 11, 87–99, 100–102, 106–107, 111–113, 201–207, 228, 237–238, 239
cost versus accuracy, 70–71
currency holdings, 170–171
data collection, 6, 87–90
data entry, 86–89, 100–102
data quality profiles, 14–15, 17, 70–72, 73, 95–97
double-entry accounting, 25–26
exports, underreporting, 6, 7–8, 10, 64–65, 93–95, 102–103, 106, 111
export statistics, other countries, 221–224
imputation procedures, 88, 89, 90, 97, 104
merchandise trade, 15, 64–65, 87–90, 93–99, 100–102, 106–107, 111–113, 196, 201–207
sampling, errors in, 71, 118, 144–145, 150–151, 252
sampling for error analysis, 88–89, 101, 113
seasonal adjustments, 226–236
service sector, 118, 143–145, 150–155
time series data, 196
Eurobonds, 163, 167
Eurodollars, 10
European Communities, 21, 95, 100, 211, 248
Statistical Office, 28, 50
Exports, 39, 79, 193, 194, 203, 221–224, 250
aggregation/disaggregation, 5, 49, 78, 161–162, 202, 215, 224
agricultural, 99
AERP, 84, 89, 108
bilateral agreements on data, 8, 21, 85, 93–94, 95, 100, 104, 111
classification, 53–55
documentation, 8, 67, 82–84, 87, 95, 98–99, 100, 203, 250–253
documentation, electronic filing, 107–109, 113
employment, capital, and other establishment data, 55–56
foreign investment and, 36, 39, 42, 178, 180–181
port audits, 102–103
price data, 52–53, 209
shipper's export declarations, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 95, 99, 103, 108, 109, 203, 204, 208, 246, 247, 253, 254
state-level data, 191
statistics, U.S. versus foreign sources, 221–224
underreporting, 6, 7–8, 10, 64–65, 93–95, 102–103
see also Merchandise trade
Exports from Manufacturing Establishments, 204
F
Federal government
budgets, 2, 24, 25, 26–27
data users in, 191, 194, 197, 199–200, 212–213, 214
statistical agencies, 1, 2, 14, 25–27
U.S. Trade Representative, 79, 212–213, 214
see also Bureau of Economic Analysis;
Census Bureau;
Customs Service;
Department of the Treasury;
Interagency coordination;
Laws, specific federal;
other specific departments and agencies
Federal Reserve System
capital flows, 16–17, 34, 157–158, 162–164, 215
coordination with Treasury Department, 16, 73, 154, 162–164
currency exchange and foreign interest rates, 59
data users in, 191, 194, 200, 210,
merchandise trade, 78, 191, 194, 200, 210,
portfolio investments, 34, 162–163, 171
service sector trade, 12, 154
Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 9–10, 164, 166, 167, 215
Financial Assets and Liabilities, 158
Financial intermediaries, 10, 156, 164, 169
Financial markets, see Capital flows;
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Portfolio transactions;
Securities transactions
Financial services, 21–22, 23, 48, 57, 65, 117, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 146–149, 153–154, 157, 159, 212
see also Banking services;
Capital flows
Flow-of-funds accounts, 16–17, 73, 157–158
Flow of Funds Accounts, 158
Foreign affiliates, general, 3–4, 5, 6, 39–45, 58, 160–161, 177–181, 184–186
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 12–13, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155, 164–166, 179, 181
classification, 39, 44–45, 58–59, 161
employment issues, 23, 24, 36, 41, 42, 58
financing arrangements, 24
intermediate inputs, 36, 40, 42, 48–49, 56
service sector, 3–4, 12–13, 49, 114, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155
Foreign affiliates in U.S., 5, 58, 177–181, 185–186
employment, 42
service sector, 123–125, 152
Foreign affiliates of U.S. firms, 3–4, 6, 21–22, 23–24, 33–45, 114, 115, 116, 120–125, 160, 161, 177–186, 214–215
see also U.S. affiliates of foreign firms
Foreign direct investment, general, 9–10, 22, 23, 33–45, 58–59, 158–159, 164–165, 173
Bureau of Economic Analysis data analysis, 66, 159–162, 164–166
Bureau of Economic Analysis data collection, 34, 36, 43, 58, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155
classification of, 5, 48, 160
confidentiality, 161
exports and, 36, 39, 42, 178, 180–181
financial services, cost of, 23
partnerships, limited, 165
productivity and, 41
research on, 173
service sector, 123-125, 134
see also Portfolio transactions
Foreign Direct Investment and International Financial Data Improvements Act, 9, 161
Foreign direct investment by U.S., 58–59, 160, 161, 164–165, 173
Bureau of Economic Analysis data analysis, 66, 157
classification of, 5, 48
currency exchange and, 148
financial services for, 23
Foreign direct investment in U.S., 160, 161, 165–166, 173, 215–216
classification of, 5, 48
historical perspective, 64
real estate, 165
Free trade areas, 7, 21, 43
Freight, 69, 95, 121, 134–140, 153, 192, 221, 223
air, 139, 208
bills of lading, 84
Canada/U.S., 139–140, 203, 213–214
Census Bureau data, 137, 138, 139, 140
insurance, 137, 221, 224
maritime transport, 134, 137–139
shipper's export declarations, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 95, 99, 103, 108, 109, 203, 204, 208, 246, 247, 253, 254
see also Traditional Services
Futures trading, 167–168
G
General Accounting Office, 101
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 41, 114, 214
Gold, 66, 158, 162
Great Lakes, 139
H
Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, 48, 49, 52, 54, 67, 78, 89–90, 191–192, 196, 197, 207
Heteroskedasticity of data, 230, 242, 243
Historical perspectives, 64
data collection, 1, 49, 167
data users/government relations, 69
international economic environment, 21–22
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merchandise trade, 64, 77, 239, 243
seasonal adjustments, 239
Homoskedasticity of data, 242
I
Immigration and Naturalization Service, 141
Imports, 39, 79, 193, 250
aggregation/disaggregation, 5, 49, 78, 161–162, 202, 224
bilateral agreements on data, 8, 21, 85, 93–94, 95, 100, 104, 111
documentation, 8, 67, 82–84, 87, 98–99, 208, 250
versus domestic products, 46–47, 53–55
employment, capital, and other establishment data, 55–56
foreign investment and, 36, 36, 39, 180–181
freight costs, 137, 139, 203, 221, 223, 224
price data, 17, 52–53, 59, 62, 209
see also Merchandise trade;
Protectionism
Imputation procedures, 88, 89, 90, 97, 104
Inflation, 22, 66
Input-output tables, 6, 7, 42, 48–49, 56
Insurance services, 48, 56, 57, 116, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 137, 152, 221, 224
Intellectual property, 7, 22, 115
Interagency Committee on Measurement of Real Output, 53
Interagency coordination, 7–8, 9, 12, 66, 100, 208–209
automated export system, 108–109
financial services data, 154
NTDB, 59–62, 78, 82, 117, 197, 200
see also listings beginning “coordination” under specific federal agencies
Interest and interest rates, 59, 64, 157
Intermediate inputs, 6, 16, 23, 36, 40, 42, 48–49, 56
local-content rules, 4, 40, 186
Internal Revenue Service, 102, 103
coordination with Bureau of Economic Analysis, 173
currency holdings, 170
service sector, 57
International agreements
data standards, 6, 14, 61, 62
financial transaction data, 14
see also Bilateral trade and trade agreements;
Multilateral agreements;
Trade agreements
International Financial Data Improvements Act, 9, 161
International Financial Statistics, 223
International Investment and Trade in Services Survey Act, 125, 158, 160
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 10, 20, 45, 49–40, 82, 149, 158, 170, 171, 202, 214, 223
International organizations, 82
OECD, 49, 50, 82, 195
World Bank, 49, 82
see also United Nations
International Trade Administration (ITA), 193, 216
COMPRO, 54, 61, 79, 91–92, 197
data users in, 191, 203, 205
International Trade Commission (ITC), 52, 79, 82, 193, 194
data users in, 200, 202, 205, 206
merchandise trade, 78
Intracompany trade, 7, 23, 35, 36, 43, 110, 120, 122, 169
Investment, see Capital flows;
Foreign direct investment
J
Japan, 64, 94–95, 100, 216
bilateral agreements with, 64, 94–95, 100
export statistics compared with U.S., 121–124
securities transactions, 168
service industry, foreign affiliates, 125
Journal of Commerce, 79
L
Laws, specific federal
Foreign Direct Investment and International Financial Data Improvements Act, 9, 161
International Investment and Trade
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in Services Survey Act, 125, 158, 160
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, 42, 59, 114, 116–117
Tariff and Trade Act, 114, 116, 125
Limitations of data, 113, 150–154, 164–172
Loans, 148
interest on, 59, 64, 157
reporting on, 163, 167
see also Interest and interest rates
Local-content rules, 4, 40, 186
M
Machine-readable data, 55, 68, 71, 78, 84–85, 91, 99, 104–105, 113, 253
CD-ROMs, 55, 78, 91, 92, 195–196, 199, 200, 251
Managerial techniques and services, 22, 35, 41, 104–105
databases, 6, 99, 103
intracorporate service charges, 122
trade deficit and, 42
Maritime transport, 134, 137–139
Marketing strategies, 192, 193
Massachusetts Institute for Social and Economic Research, 204
Medical services, 116, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 149, 153–154
Merchandise trade, 3, 10–12, 52–56, 58, 77–113
BLS, 53, 55
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 16, 53, 61, 98, 112, 193, 208
Census Bureau, 11–12, 15–16, 33, 52, 54–55, 57, 61, 67, 78, 79, 82–113, 191, 192, 193, 195–209, 228, 237–238, 239, 242–243, 245–257
classification, 5, 6, 48, 52, 53–55, 77–78, 89–90, 117, 196, 204–205, 207–208
Customs Service, 77–78, 82–84, 86, 88, 93, 99, 100, 102–103, 104–105, 107–108
data automation, 53, 78, 84–93, 100, 105–109, 113
data collection, 2, 10–12, 33, 67, 77–99, 107, 221–224
data collection/analysis interface, 15–16
data users evaluation, 190–211
employment, 55–56, 193–194
error analysis, 15, 64–65, 87–90, 93–99, 100–102, 106–107, 111–113, 196, 201–207
Federal Reserve, 78, 191, 194, 200, 210,
historical perspectives, 64, 77, 239, 243
monthly trade balance, 78, 80–81, 91, 95–97, 99, 106, 110, 112
sampling, 88–89, 100, 101, 109–110, 113, 245–257
seasonal adjustments, 17, 68, 97, 112, 197, 225–244
state-level data, 55, 67–68, 191, 194, 200, 202, 203, 204–205
surveys, general, 12, 55, 109–110, 113, 253–257
timeliness of data, 191, 198–200, 250
time series analysis, 46–47, 52, 79, 82, 97, 196–197
trade deficit, 93–95;
see also Trade deficit
see also Exports;
Freight;
Imports;
Variability of data
Methodology
advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113
aggregation/disaggregation, data, 5, 49, 78, 161–162, 202, 215, 224
current study, 19–21, 28–29, 187–190
imputation procedures, 88, 89, 90, 97, 104
standardization of, 61
of statistical agencies, 66–67
see also Data analysis;
Data collection;
Errors and error analysis;
Sampling;
Surveys
Mexico, 21, 95, 100
freight, 140
travel and tourism, 146
Microcomputers, 91, 92, 93
Multidisciplinary approach
advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113
study methodology, 19–21, 28–29, 187–190
see also Interagency coordination
Multilateral trade agreements, 3, 4, 21, 79
GATT, 41, 114, 214
intermediate inputs, 49
regional agreements, 4, 22, 43
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Multinational companies, see Foreign affiliates of U.S. firms;
Foreign direct investment
N
National Bureau of Economic Research, 188–190
National Governors' Association, 67
National income and products accounts (NIPA), 35, 59
Nationality, see Residence status
National Trade Data Bank (NTDB), 59–62, 78, 82, 117, 197, 200
National Trade Facilitation Council, 109
Nonresidence status, 26, 34, 148, 169
see also Residence status
Nonvessel operating commercial carriers, 95
North American Free Trade Area, 43
O
Office of Management and Budget, 26, 125–126
Oil, 11, 112
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, 42, 59, 114, 116–117
Organizational factors, 23, 105
advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113
data set integration, 1
data users, cost-sharing by, 17, 27, 69–70
data users/government relations, 69
financial institutions, 148
partnerships, limited, 165
service sector, 9, 117–118
see also Interagency coordination;
Managerial techniques and services
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 49, 50, 82, 195
Origin of Movement, 203
Ownership of enterprise, 68
foreign affiliates, 44, 161
residence status, 14, 184
P
Partnerships, limited, 165
Piers Import/Export Reporting Service, 79, 191, 192, 195, 199, 209
errors, 201
Policy issues, general, 14
data users/government relations, 69, 187–220
international coordination, 2–3
Portfolio transactions, 6, 9–10, 14, 24
cost of monitoring, 10
data collection, 13, 33–34, 156, 162–164, 167, 172, 173
data collection/analysis interface, 16–17, 73, 173
defined, 159
Federal Reserve, 34, 162–163, 171
foreign affiliate, ownership defined, 44
incomes on, 171–172
Treasury Department, 34, 162–164, 167
trends, 22
Ports
audits, 102–103
freight, 137–138, 139, 203
Prices and price supports, 3, 26
BLS, 53, 59, 68, 79, 209
dumping, 43, 64, 193
exports/imports, 17, 52–53, 59, 62, 209
financial transactions, 17
inflation, 22, 66
medical services, 149
securities transactions, fees, 147–148, 153–154
trade valuation, 43, 53, 94, 213–214
Private services, unaffiliated, 119–120, 125–134, 152
Production and productivity, 3, 5, 6, 67, 210
foreign direct investment and, 41
globalization of markets and, 22
Protectionism, 37, 41, 68, 193, 210
intermediate inputs, 56
local-content rules, 4, 40, 106
tariffs, 47, 68, 95, 104–105, 196, 202, 210
Q
Quality control, 10–11, 14–15, 17, 27, 29, 66–67, 70–72, 73, 87–90, 95–97, 98, 99–113, 214–215
see also Errors and error analysis
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R
Rail transport, 139–140
Real estate, 165
Regional agreements, 4, 22, 43
Regulation/deregulation, 2
financial transactions, 21–22
securities, 166
see also Standards
Relevance of data, 1, 2, 17
data collection and quality, 66, 67, 148, 188
international trade and services, 28–29, 63
Research
on foreign direct investment, 173
on sampling, 251–253
by statistical agencies, general, 66–67, 72–73
see also Data users
Residence status, 14, 26, 34, 37, 41, 68, 134, 147, 148, 153, 158, 160, 166, 169, 181, 184
S
Sampling
cutoff, 245–248
of enterprises and establishments, 253–257
error analysis via, 88–89, 101, 113
errors in, 71, 118, 144–145, 150–151, 252
freight carriage, ports, 137–138
merchandise trade, 88–89, 100, 101, 109–110, 113, 245–257
probability, 248–253
travel, 144–145, 153
Seasonal adjustments, 17, 68, 97, 112, 197, 225–245
Securities transactions, 153–154, 166–168, 171, 172, 173
electronic, 13, 166, 172
fees, 147–148, 153–154
foreign affiliates, ownership defined, 44
international agreements on data, 14
TIC forms, 34, 157, 162–164, 166, 167, 172, 214, 215
see also Portfolio transactions
Semiconductors, 64
Service sector trade, 2, 5, 6, 8–9, 12, 33, 43, 16, 65, 114–155
BLS, 57
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 12, 33, 57, 65, 66, 114, 115–116, 120–155, 213–214
Canada, 213–214
Census Bureau, 9, 12, 16, 57–58, 61, 112, 116, 155
classification, 5, 9, 48, 56–58, 115, 117, 152, 212
cross-border transactions, 115, 134, 169
data automation, 142
data collection, general, 8–9, 12–13, 65, 115–118, 120–155
data user evaluations, 211–214
domestic versus international data, 56–58
employment issues, 57
error analysis, 118, 143–145, 150–155
Federal Reserve, 12, 154
foreign affiliates, 3–4, 12–13, 49, 114, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155
foreign direct investment, general, 123–125, 134
foreign unaffiliated, 125–150, 155
organizational factors, 9, 117–118
surveys, 12–13, 65, 115–118, 120–125, 132–134, 141–142, 149, 151, 152, 212–213
technological innovation, general, 9, 35, 117–118
timeliness of data, 212–213
see also specific service industries
Shipper's export declarations, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 95, 99, 103, 108, 109, 203, 204, 208, 246, 247, 253, 254
Shipping, see Freight
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), 5, 6, 48, 53–56, 57, 61, 189, 192, 195, 200
concordances involving, 52
Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), 52, 53, 58
Standards
data filers, 2, 6, 10, 103–104
electronic data, 12
financial transactions, 14, 173
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international, 6, 14
local-content rules, 4
see also Classification and classification systems
Standard Statistical Establishment List (SSEL), 9, 116, 162, 209, 256
State-level data
capital flows, 215–216
merchandise sector, 55, 67–68, 191, 194, 200, 202, 203, 204–205
Statistical discrepancies
export statistics, 223–224
study on, 171
see also Errors and error analysis
Statistics Canada, 85, 93–94, 145
Stocks and shares, see Securities transactions
Students, see Educational services
Survey of Air Travelers Departing the United States, 141–144
Survey of Current Business, 117, 123, 150, 162
Surveys
annual, 12, 57, 58, 79, 80, 106–107, 115–116, 120, 121–122, 123, 124, 125, 133, 160, 161, 253–254, 256
Annual Survey of Selected Industries, 57
ASM, 12, 55, 79, 106, 112, 253–254, 256, 257
benchmark, 57, 58, 115, 120–125, 160, 167, 171, 181
capital flows, 160–161, 171
data user needs, 67, 98, 187–220
merchandise trade, 12, 55, 109–110, 113, 253–257
monthly, 11, 15–16, 78, 79, 80–81, 84, 91, 92, 95–97, 99, 105, 106, 110, 112, 113, 162, 163, 253, 254–255, 257
quarterly, 58, 79, 99, 115, 120, 122, 123, 124–125, 160, 161, 162, 163, 253
quinquennial, 6, 57, 61, 79
response bias, 71
service sector trade, 12–13, 65, 115–118, 120–125, 132–134, 141–142, 149, 151, 152, 212–213
see also Sampling
System of national accounts (U.N.), 44–45, 50, 149, 152
T
Tariff and Trade Act, 114, 116, 165
Tariffs, 47, 68, 95, 104–105, 210
Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated, 196, 202
Taxes, 17, 36–37, 73, 166, 167
trade valuation and, 43
see also Internal Revenue Service
Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program, 102
Technological innovation
capital flows, 10, 13, 26, 166, 172
intellectual property, 22
international trade and, general, 2, 21, 22, 24, 42
merchandise classification, 207–208
service sector, 9, 35, 117–118
see also Computers and computer science
Telecommunications services, 9, 13, 21, 22, 48, 56, 57, 87, 116, 118, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 166, 172
Timeliness of data, 1, 7, 8, 13, 17
Census Bureau and Customs Service, 10–11, 16, 84, 85, 87, 95, 97, 103, 111, 112, 198–199
data collection and quality, 25, 29, 87, 107, 111, 198–200, 219, 249
international trade and services, 151, 164, 212–213, 216
merchandise trade, 10–11, 84, 85, 95, 107, 111, 191, 198–200, 201, 205, 250
Time-series analysis, 16, 68
domestic versus foreign markets, 46–47
merchandise trade, 46–47, 52, 79, 82, 97, 196–197
seasonal adjustments, 17, 68, 97, 112, 197, 225–245
Tourism, see Travel and tourism
Trade agreements, 3, 4, 22, 24
see also Bilateral trade and trade agreements;
Multilateral agreements
Trade associations, 66, 82, 109, 213, 214
Trade deficit, 4, 19, 40–41, 65, 93–95, 184, 224, 230
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Trade valuation, 43, 53, 94, 213–214
Traditional services (shipping and tourism), 116, 120, 121, 134–146, 153
see also Freight;
Travel and tourism
Transportation, see Freight
Travel and tourism, 140–146, 153, 213
air, 139, 141–145, 153
Canada/U.S., 121, 145–146
see also Traditional services
Travel and Tourism Administration, 141–144
Treasury Bulletin, 163
Treasury International Capital (TIC)
forms, 34, 157, 162–164, 166, 167–170, 171, 172, 214, 215
U
Uncertainty, see Errors and error analysis
United Kingdom, 168
export statistics compared with U.S., 221–224
United Nations, 49, 50, 195
central product classification system, 50
SITC, 52, 53, 58
see also System of national accounts
United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, 21
U.S. affiliates of foreign firms, 3–4, 13, 23–24, 33–45, 116, 120–125, 135, 151, 152, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 172, 177–186
see also Foreign affiliates of U.S. firms
U.S. Commodity Exports and Imports as Related to Output, 54
U.S. Industrial Outlook, 54
U.S. Trade Representative, 79, 212–213, 214
Usefulness of data, 2, 7
data collection and quality, 65, 173, 198, 218
international trade and services, 19, 20, 25, 28–29, 46, 63, 151
merchandise trade, 15–16, 64–65
V
Variability of data, in seasonally adjusted merchandise trade balances , 28, 29, 95–97, 225–244
Voorburg Group, 50
W
West Germany, export statistics compared with U.S., 221–224
Working Group on the Quality of Economic Statistics, 19
World Bank, 49, 82
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