Page 491
Index
A
Acid deposition and oxidant model (ADOM), 315-316
Acid rain, 78, 109, 119-120, 177
NAPAP, 238, 244, 245-246, 254, 255-256, 259-260, 261, 280-281, 318, 364, 365
see also Nitric acid
Aerometric data bases, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348
Aerometric Information Retrieval System, 316, 320
Air quality models, see Models
Alabama, 207
Alcohol fuels, 14
see also Ethanol; Methanol
Aldehydes, 171, 194, 197, 198-199
see also Formaldehyde
Alkanes, 124, 130-132, 151, 158, 160, 173, 296
Aikenes, 124, 132-134, 151, 157-158, 160, 381
Alternative fuels, 13-14, 135-138, 162, 379-411
California, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405-406, 408
carbon monoxide emissions, 379, 381, 386, 388, 389, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 410
history, 393
models, emissions, 393, 394-395
nitrogen dioxide emissions, 399
nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide, 379, 381, 386, 389-390, 399, 401, 403, 410
regulations, 405-409
sulfur compounds, 392
urban areas, general, 13, 14, 381, 395-399, 409-410
VOC emissions, 386-388, 394, 399, 401, 403-405, 410
see also specific fuels
Altitude
troposphere, 19-20
American Petroleum Institute, 3, 87
''AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,'' 252-253, 259
Atlanta, Georgia, 31, 105, 234-236, 270
Atmospheric chemistry, 109-162
Atmospheric Utility Signatures, Predictions, and Experiments, 11, 207, 314-315, 343
Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, 386, 400-401
Automobiles, see Motor vehicles
B
Page 492
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 238, 241, 242
Beaumont, Texas, 173-174
Bias, see Errors and error analysis
Biogenic emissions, 8-9, 24, 29, 139-149, 158, 224-225, 233-234, 411, 421
biomass burning, 273
control strategies, 244, 364, 365, 377
definition, 2
errors and uncertainty, 271-273, 302, 411
inventories, 252, 263-280, 289, 290-291, 302, 411
isoprene, 139-149, 158, 160, 231, 238, 241, 263, 272-273, 291, 316, 364
monoterpenes, 139-144, 146-147, 160
seasonal factors, 9, 263, 264, 278, 289, 302
solar radiation and, 272
temperature factors, 263-264, 267, 268, 272
time factors, 268-269
urban areas, 242, 243-244, 270, 290-291, 302
Boston, Massachusetts, 63, 217, 328
Boundary and initial conditions, 10, 11, 94, 96, 99, 211-214, 221
marine boundary layer, 95, 97, 212, 218, 222-224, 230, 248, 421, 423
models, 304-306, 309, 310-311, 316, 320, 339-340, 341, 348
rural areas, 212-214
stratospheric incursions into troposphere, 23, 414, 421
urban areas, 212, 214, 310-311
winds, 95
C
alternative fuels, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405-406, 408
emission control strategies, 82
emission inventories, 254, 263, 284
monitoring, general, 44, 52-55, 56, 238, 244-245
SCAQS, 11, 285-286, 314-315, 343
SJVAQS/AUSPEX, 11, 207, 314, 343
see also Los Angeles
Carbon compounds
biomass burning, 273
emission control, 5
global trends, 421
see also Fossil fuels; Hydrocarbons; Volatile organic compounds; specific compounds
Carbon monoxide, 96, 111, 144, 159
alternative fuels, 379, 381, 386, 388, 389, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 410
measurement, 193, 194-195, 201, 205, 206, 209, 251, 284-288, 296-299, 300-301
Carbonyl compounds, 135, 135, 161, 170, 197, 208
Catalytic conversion, 193, 194, 389
Chemiluminescence, 189, 190-191, 201, 202, 203
Chlorofluoroearbons, 15, 22, 417, 425-426
Chromatography, 146, 193, 195-197, 198, 199, 259
California Institute of Technology Model, 359
Classification techniques
NAAQS nonattainment areas, 68-76
VOC inventories, 259
Clean Air Act, 1-4, 5, 29, 30, 67-74, 304, 426
acid rain, 78
historical perspective, 67
indoor air pollution, 36
mandated NAS study on ozone precursors, 3
see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards; State Implementation Plans
Clean Air Science Advisory Committee, 30
Cleveland, Ohio, 216
Clouds, 93, 95-96, 113, 178, 203, 310, 316
Combustion chemistry, 1, 24, 253, 261
biomass burning, 273
Computer simulation, 304
atmospheric chemistry, 109, 145, 149, 151, 156, 160, 207-208
motor vehicle emissions, 254, 285
see also Models
Condensed phase measures, 203-204, 316
Connecticut, 99
Cost factors
emission control technology, 86
NAAQS attainment, 80
Convective forces, 94-97
D
Data bases, aerometric, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348
Demography, of exposure, 34-36, 68-69
Department of Energy, 3, 15, 427
Detroit, Michigan, 104
Page 493
Differential optical absportion spectra, 198
Diffusion scrubbing fluorescence, 197, 198
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, 197-198
E
Eastern Regional Air Quality Study, 99, 100
Economic factors, 262
funding, research, 15
Educational measures, 86
Electricity
power plants, 1, 262, 294, 392, 402-403
vehicles, 14, 381, 383, 384, 392, 402-403
Electrochemical sondes, 201, 202
EMFAC7E, 254
Emission controls, 5, 7-8, 10, 31, 43, 74, 82-86, 87, 284
biogenic emissions, 244, 364, 365, 377
emissions inventories and, 281, 300
EPA, extraordinary measures, 74, 86
models, 351-377
nitrogen compounds, 5-6, 7, 10, 244, 351-377
sulfur compounds, 5
temperature factors, 86
VOC, 11-13, 8-88, 173-185, 351-377, 403
Emission factor models, 254
EMFAC7E, 254
MOBILEE4, 254
Emissions inventories, 49, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 351-302
atmospheric measurements versus, 288-299
biogenic, 252, 263-280, 289, 290-291, 302, 411
emission controls and, 281, 300
EPA, 252-255, 279-280, 299-300
error and uncertainty, 261, 262, 271-273, 280-283, 288, 289-290, 294-296, 377
hydrocarbons, general, 269-270, 285-286
lightning and nitrogen compounds, 273-277
meteorological factors, 262
methodology, 79-81, 90, 251-302
motor vehicles, 253-255, 283-288, 261, 300-302
nitrogen compounds, 252-253, 261-262, 273-280, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289-290, 296-301
OTA, 256-257
regulations, general, 251, 283
rural areas, 294-297
SIPs, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 290, 293, 294
urban areas, 289-294, 284, 289-294
VOCs, 252, 255-261, 284, 285-302
Empirical kinetic modeling approach (EKMA), 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 408
Enclosure techniques, biogenic inventories, 265-266
Environmental chambers, 150-153, 160, 164, 211, 393-395
Environmental Protection Agency, 1-2, 3, 6, 29, 30, 67
CFCs, 425-426
emission controls, extraordinary, 74, 86
emission inventories, 252-255, 279-280, 299-300
meteorological data, 309-310
models, including EKMA, 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 315, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 408, 423
monitoring, 7, 30-32, 43-49, 61, 64, 69, 78-89, 98-99, 309-310, 320
motor vehicle emissions, 253-254
see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards; State Implementation Plans
Enzymatic fluorometry, 197, 198, 203
Errors and error analysis
biogenic emission inventories, 271-273, 302, 411
emission inventories, 261, 262, 271-273, 280-283, 288, 289-290, 294-296, 377
models, 8, 10, 310, 312, 320-321, 345-346, 329-346, 350
Ethane, 386
Ethanol, 14, 136-138, 385, 391, 401-402, 411
F
Federal government, 2, 15, 150, 423, 425-427
see also Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Implementation Plan, 76, 83-84
Page 494
Finite-difference techniques, 309, 318
Flame ionization detectors, 195-197, 198
soils, 280
tropical, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272
Formaldehyde, 111, 115, 144, 146, 147, 194, 197-198, 208, 343, 411
Fossil fuels
combustion chemistry, 1, 24, 253, 261, 392
Fourier transform infrared spectra, 144, 146, 147, 191, 195, 198
Fuels
see also Alternative fuels; Gasoline
Funding, 15
G
Gas chromatography, 146, 195-197, 198, 199, 259
Gasoline, 13-14, 82, 83, 162, 261, 381, 383, 385-386, 400-401, 407, 408, 411
Geoecology Data Base, 268
Geographic factors, 5
tropospheric ozone, 1-2
see also Regional trends; Rural areas; Suburban areas; Urban areas
greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417
soil emissions, 278
Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program, 15, 427
Goddard Institute for Space Studies/Harvard Chemical Transport Model, 423
Greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417
Grid-based models, 10, 79, 81, 164, 297-298, 304-306, 309-311, 315-350, 359-377, 395, 401, 408-409
H
Halocarbons, 22
Health issues, 2, 5, 22, 31-37, 41, 55
aromatic hydrocarbons, 184
demography of exposure, 34-36, 68-69
historical perspectives, 23
models, urban areas, 33-34
occupational exposures, 35-36, 44
regulatory, 29
respiratory system, 32-33
skin cancer, 19
Historical perspectives of air pollution, 4
alternative fuels, 393
Clean Air Act, 67
Eastern U.S., 98-99
Europe, 23
meteorological factors, 50-61
models, 350
precursor emissions, 48-50
research, 19, 21-22, 23-24, 163, 204-205, 263, 285
tropospheric ozone concentrations, 21-22, 23-24, 30-32, 41-65
Houston, Texas, 60
emission inventories, 269-270, 285-286
measurement, 195-197, 202, 203, 204, 206-207, 208-209
see also Volatile organic compounds; specific compounds
Hydrogen peroxide, 202-203
Hydroxyl radical, 26, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117-118, 120-122, 124-162, 168, 178, 182, 200, 201, 231-237, 247, 417, 418, 419, 420-421
I
Indoor air pollution, 25-36
tunnels, 284-286
Industrial plants, see Stationary sources
Infrared spectra, 144, 146, 147, 191, 195, 198, 287-288
Isopleths, 163-173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359
Isoprene, 139-149, 158, 160, 231, 238, 241, 263, 272-273, 291, 316, 364
International perspectives
Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419
see also specific countries
K
Ketones, 143, 145, 147, 149, 197, 198-199
L
Laboratory studies, 15
see also Environmental chambers
Lake Michigan Ozone Study, 11
LANDSAT, 268
Laser-induced fluorescence, 189, 190-191, 195, 197, 200
Laser spectra, 190-191, 192, 203
Laws
Clean Air Act, 1-4, 5, 15, 29, 30, 36, 67-74, 78, 304, 426
Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419
Lightning Data Base, 277
Light scattering, 178
Page 495
83, 86, 87, 94-95, 175, 185, 206-207, 238, 239-240, 242, 244-246, 359-362
alternative fuels, 395, 399, 405-406
SCAQS, 11, 285-286, 314-315, 343
SJVAQS/AUSPEX, 11, 207, 314, 343
M
Marine areas, 95, 97, 212, 218, 222-224, 230, 248, 423
Mass fluxes and budgets, 286, 306, 344
Mass spectroscopic techniques, 146
Measurement and measurement techniques, see Methodology
Meteorological factors, 4-5, 8-9, 50-61, 93-107
clouds, 93, 95-96, 113, 178, 203, 310, 316
convective forces, 94-97
emission inventories, 262
EPA, 309-310
field studies, 205, 207-208, 287
historical perspectives, 50-61
micrometeorology, 267
models, 10, 20, 23, 60, 76-77, 149, 206-208, 286, 305, 306-310, 315-318, 346, 347-348
orographic meteorology, 318-319
precipitation, 205;
see also Acid rain pressure, 20, 60, 93-94, 97, 98, 112
regional scale, 28-29, 96-97, 98-105
see also Boundary and initial conditions; Seasonal factors; Temperature factors; Winds
Methacrolein, 143-149
Methane, 109, 111-115, 118, 121, 125-127, 224, 232, 273, 416, 417, 421
see also Natural gas
Methanol, 14, 135-136, 384, 385, 388-390, 393-400, 401, 410-411
Methodology, 6-8, 187-210, 288-302
balloons, 312
carbon monoxide, measurement of, 193, 194-195, 201, 205, 206, 209, 251, 284-288, 296-299, 300-301
chemiluminesence, 189, 190-191, 201, 202, 203
chromatography, 146, 193, 195-197, 198, 199, 259
classification techniques, 51, 55-58, 68-76, 259
condensed phase techniques, 203-204, 316
electrochemical sondes, 201, 202
environmental chambers, 150-153, 160, 211, 393-395
enzymatic fluorometry, 197, 198, 203
flame ionization detectors, 195-197, 198
historical development of, 21-22, 23
isopleths, 163-173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359
laser-induced fluorescence, 189, 190-191, 195, 197, 200
laser spectra, 190-191, 192, 203
motor vehicle emissions, 403-405
NAAQS: development of, 68
nitrogen compounds, measurement of, 6-7, 9, 188-194, 211-212, 215-224, 289
oxidants, measurement of, 199-203
remote sensing, 287-288, 300-301
sampling, general, 79, 191-192, 208
spectroscopic measurements, 144, 146, 147, 190-191, 192, 195, 198, 200-201, 203, 287-288
VOCs, measurement of, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249
see also Emissions inventories; Errors and error analysis; Models; Statistical programs and activities
Methyl t-butyl ether, 138, 385
Methyl vinyl ketone, 143, 145, 147, 149
MIESR, 200-201
MOBILE3, 286
MOBILE4, 254
Models, 6, 8, 9-11, 15, 16, 160, 303-350, 425
ADOM, 315-316
aerometric data bases, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348
air quality, 303-350
alternative fuels, emissions, 393, 394-395
atmospheric chemistry, 109-162, 164, 169, 207-208, 305, 307-308
biogenic emissions, 272, 316, 318, 365
boundary and initial conditions, 304-306, 309, 310-311, 316, 320, 339-340, 341, 348
chemical transport models, 422-423, 424
EKMA, 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 403-
Page 496
emission controls, 351-377
emission estimation, general, 253-254, 272, 286, 290, 300-302, 395-399
errors and error analysis, 8, 10, 310, 312, 320-321, 345-346, 329-346, 350
finite-difference techniques, 309, 318
grid, 10, 79, 81, 164, 297-298, 304, 314, 315-350, 357, 359-377, 395, 401, 408-409
health effects and, 33-34
isopleths, 163-173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359
mathematical relations, general, 304, 309, 318, 393, 394-395
meteorological factors, general, 10, 20, 23, 60, 76-77, 149, 206-208, 286, 305, 306-310, 315-318, 346, 347-348
multispecies comparisons, 342
NAAQS/SIP-related, 10, 76-80, 81, 82, 90-91, 303, 304, 305, 311-312, 314, 328, 334, 348, 350, 353-357
natural gas, as motor vehicle fuel, 14
NEM, 34
nitrogen compounds, 303, 305, 316, 320, 328-329, 334, 341, 343, 350, 353-357, 361, 365, 422, 424
numerical procedures, 304, 305, 306, 309, 318, 338-339, 426
RADM, 315-316
regional, 10, 11, 95, 106-107, 109, 311, 315-329, 425
ROM, 95, 309, 315, 316-329, 364-368, 372
ROMNET, 87
spatial factors, general, 309-310, 328, 335
temperature factors, 309
time factors, 309-310, 321, 335, 346
urban areas, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 305-306, 310-311, 335, 346-347, 353-377, 401
VOC/nitrogen compound ratios, 12-13, 79, 91, 163-173, 186, 206, 288, 290, 296, 340, 353-358, 361
VOCs, 303, 316, 320, 329, 334, 336, 341, 343-344, 348, 350, 353-358, 365, 376, 422, 424
water and water vapor, 306
wind, 10, 69, 106-107, 286, 306, 309-310, 316, 320-321, 365
see also Computer simulation; Statistical programs and activities
Moisture, see Water and water vapor
ambient air, 78-79
California, 44, 52-55, 56, 238, 244-245
EPA/SIP, 7, 30-32, 43-49, 61, 64, 69, 78-89, 98-99, 309-310, 320
nitric acid, 191-193, 208, 224
nitrogen compounds, 6-7, 9, 188-194, 211-212, 215-224, 289
sampling. general, 79, 191-192, 208
statistical programs, regulatory 44, 50-51
vegetation effects, 37-38
VOCs, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249
see also Emissions inventories
Monoterpenes, 139-144, 146-147, 160
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 16, 22, 419, 426
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 3
Motor vehicles, 1, 7, 24, 28, 31, 82
computer simulations, 254, 285
electric, 14, 381, 383, 384, 392, 402-403
emissions controls, 85-86, 87, 284
emissions inventories, 253-255, 283-288, 261, 300-302
emissions methodologies, other, 403-405
emissions projections, 379, 395
EPA, 253-254
remote sensing, 287-288, 300-301
temperature factors, 254
tunnels, 284-286
see also Alternative fuels; Diesel fuel; Gasoline
Mountains, 318-319
N
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), 238, 244, 245-246, 254, 255-256, 259-260, 261, 280-281, 318, 364, 365
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 15, 150, 425-427
National Air Monitoring Systems/State and Local Air Monitoring Systems, 78
National Air Pollution Background Estimate, 99-100
National Air Pollution Emission Estimates: 1940-1988, 80
National Ambient Air Quality Standards,
Page 497
1-5, 9, 29-32, 41, 43-46, 61, 64-65, 67, 89, 100, 164, 244, 351, 375-376, 413, 424
classification, nonattainment areas, 68-76
cost, 80
defined, 43-44
development, 68
meteorology and, 52, 55-56, 214
models, 10, 76-80, 81, 82, 90-91, 303, 304, 305, 311-312, 314, 328, 334, 348, 350, 353-357
photochemical oxidation, general, 68, 305
time factors, 44-47, 52, 56, 68, 74-75
urban areas, general, 46-47, 68, 69-74
see also State Implementation Plans
National Crop Loss Assessment Network, 37
National Emissions Data System (NEDS), 252, 255
National Exposure Model, 34
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 15, 423, 427
National Science Foundation, 15, 427
National Weather Service, 312, 315
Natural gas, 14, 384, 386-388, 402, 411
see also Methane; Propane
New York City, 31, 60, 63, 99, 328, 369, 370, 372, 373-375
Nitric acid, 29, 118, 120-121, 151, 177, 178, 343, 399
measurement and monitoring, 191-193, 208, 224
emission control, 5-6, 7, 10, 244, 351-377
emission inventories, 252-253, 261-262, 273-280, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289-290, 296-301
measurement and monitoring, 6-7, 9, 187-210, 211-212, 215-224, 289
in models, 303, 305, 316, 320, 328-329, 334, 341, 343, 350, 353-357, 361, 365, 422, 424
rural areas, 12, 192-193, 218-223, 248, 296-299, 363-364
urban areas, 212, 214-218, 221, 222, 290, 351-377, 382, 417
Nitrogen dioxide, 23, 25, 116, 118, 167, 177, 182, 184
alternative fuels, emissions, 399
measurement, 188, 189-191, 201, 207, 208, 277-278, 280, 296
Nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide, 23, 24, 48, 49, 112-113, 114-116, 167, 189
atmospheric observations of, 211-249
alternative fuels, emissions, 379, 381, 386, 389-390, 399, 401, 403, 410
biomass burning, 273
emission control, 244, 351-377
emission inventories, 252-253, 261-262, 273-280, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289-290, 296-301
measurement, other than inventories, 187-210, 215-220, 221, 224, 247, 248, 251-252, 289-290, 296-301
models, 303, 305, 316, 320, 328-329, 334, 341, 343, 350, 353-357, 361, 365, 422, 424
reactive, measurement of, 187-210
relationship to ozone and associated pollutants, 163-186
VOC ratios, 11-13, 79, 81-82, 91, 116-118, 121-186, 206, 211-212, 258-259, 286, 288, 290, 296-299, 340, 351-377, 340, 361, 376, 399, 404-405, 410
eastern U.S., 98-105
lightning, 274-277
see also specific U.S. states and cities
North American Consortium for Atmospheric Modeling of Regional Air Quality, 425
Northeast Regional Oxidant Study, 320
NOx, see Nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide; Nitrogen dioxide
Numerical procedures, 304, 305, 306, 309, 318, 338-339, 426
O
Occupational exposures, 35-36, 44
Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 44
Oceans, see Marine areas
Office of Technology Assessment, 80, 82, 83
emission inventories, 256-257
Organic peroxy radicals, 112, 135
Orographic meteorology, 318-319
P
Page 498
399-400
Persistent Elevated Pollution Episode, 320
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), 128, 170, 182, 189-191, 208, 215, 224, 343, 391, 402, 417
Peroxy and peroxy radicals, 25, 111, 112, 113-115, 124, 145
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 60, 62, 215-216, 328
Photochemical oxidation, general, 1, 2, 8, 23, 24-29, 95, 98, 99, 109, 109-162, 184, 185, 294-295
models, general, 10, 305-306, 307-308, 310-311, 335-337
Photofragmentation, 190
Photolyric measurements, 189, 190, 191
Point-source pollution, see also Stationary sources
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 183-184
Portland, Maine, 105
Precipitation, 205
see also Acid rain
Precursors of ozone, general, 6, 8, 26-28, 109-162
trends, 48-58
see specific ozone compounds
Pressure effects and measurements, 20, 60, 93-94, 97, 98, 112
Procedures for Emissions Inventory Preparation, 79
Projections, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89
emissions inventories, 300
greenhouse effect, 417
motor vehicle emissions, 379, 395
see also Errors and error analysis; Models
R
hydroxyl, 26, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117-118, 120-122, 124-162, 168, 178, 182, 200, 201, 231-237, 247, 417, 418, 419, 420-421
see also Peroxy and peroxy radicals
Radio tracers, 200
Regional acid deposition model (RADM), 315-316
Regional Oxidant Model (ROM), 95, 309, 315, 316-329, 364-368, 372
Regional ozone monitoring for northeast transport (ROMNET), 87
Regional trends, 24, 27-29, 42, 96-97, 98-105
biogenic emissions, 268
demography of exposure, 34-36, 68-69
Eastern U.S., 98-105
grid models, 311, 315-329, 359-377
lightning, 274-277
mesoscale transport, 28, 96-97, 318
meteorology, 28-29, 96-97, 98-105
models, 10, 11, 95, 106-107, 109, 311, 315-329, 425
synoptic transport, 28-29, 212
Regression techniques, 51, 58-61, 191
Regulations, 2, 29-30, 38, 41, 43
alternative fuels, 405-409
emissions inventories, 251, 283
statistical programs, 9, 31, 205
see also Emission controls; Environmental Protection Agency; Standards; State Implementation Plans
Remote sensing, 287-288, 300-301
Research program, 14-16, 425-427
Respiratory system, 32-33
Rural areas, 2, 8, 93, 99, 106, 207-208, 248, 294-297, 421
boundary layers, 212-214
emissions inventories, 294-297
nitrogen compounds, 192-193, 218-223, 248, 363-364
seasonal factors, 99-100, 103, 104
VOC/nitrogen compound ratios, 12, 296-299
VOCs, 224, 228-229, 248-249, 363-364
see also Forests; Vegetation
S
see also Emissions inventories
San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study/Atmospheric Utility Signatures, Predictions, and Experiments, 11, 207, 314, 343
SAROAD, 320
Seasonal factors, 9, 101, 203, 205
biogenic emissions, 9, 263, 264, 278, 289, 302
lightning, 274-277
Page 499
see also Summer
Sensitivity-uncertainty analysis, 345-346, 348
Skin cancer, 19
see also Environmental chambers
Solar radiation, 19, 22, 64, 94, 98, 110, 200, 205
biogenic emissions, 272
see also Photochemical oxidation
Solvents, 258-259
South Coast Basin, see Los Angeles, California
Southeastern Regional Oxidant Network, 207
Southern California Air Quality Study, 11, 285-286, 314-315, 343
Southern Oxidants Study, 11, 207
lightning, 274-277
nitrogen oxides, inventories, 261, 262
VOC/NOx ratios, 361
see also Grid-based models; Isopleths
Spectroscopic measurements, 144, 146, 147, 190-191, 192, 195, 198, 200-201, 203, 287-288
alternative fuels and, 388, 390
evaporative emissions, 390
see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards
State Implementation Plans, 5-6, 30, 67, 74-91
emissions inventories, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 290, 293, 294
models, 10, 76-80, 81, 82, 90-91, 303, 304, 305, 311-312, 314, 328, 334, 348, 350, 353-357
State-level issues, other
alternative fuels, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405-406, 408
emission inventories, 260
see also specific states
Stationary sources, 1, 258, 261-262, 296, 392, 402-403, 411
Statistical programs and activities, 3, 4-5, 50-61
classification techniques, 51, 55-58, 68-76, 259
isopleths, 163-173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359
regression techniques, 51, 58-61, 65, 191
regulatory monitoring, 44, 50-51
see also Errors and error analysis
St. Louis, Missouri, 105
Storms, 96
Stratosphere, 19, 21, 110, 414, 416, 422-423, 425-426
halocarbons, 22
Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419
tropospheric incursions by, 23, 414, 421
Suburban areas, 2, 22, 205, 214, 221, 239-246
Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE), 99-100, 315
Sulfur compounds, 96, 178, 180, 190, 251, 286
alternative fuels, 392
emission control, 5
Summer, 9, 31, 94, 98, 100-102, 104-105, 206-207, 212, 214, 244, 296
urban, nitrogen compounds, 214-218
T
Temperature factors, 50, 59-60, 62-64, 93-94, 103, 112, 128, 212, 225, 241
biogenic emissions, 263-264, 267, 268, 272
emission control effectiveness, 86
greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417
marine boundary layer, 97, 421
models, 309
motor vehicle emissions, 254
soil emissions, 280
stratosphere, 19-21
VOC/nitrogen oxide ratios, 152
Texas City, Texas, 216
biogenic emissions, 268-269
formaldehyde, 198
models, general, 309-310, 321, 335, 346
NAAQS, 44-47, 52, 56, 68, 74-75
suburban areas, 245
urban areas, 216-217, 244, 293
VOCs, 224-225, 240, 242, 244-245, 293, 299-300
Time series analysis, 335, 346
Tropical forests, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272
Tropical soils, 278
Page 500
Tropospheric ozone (effects of meteorology on), 93-107
global change and, 413-427
reduction strategies, 67-69
trends in concentration of, 41-65
Tunnel studies, 284-286
U
Ultraviolet radiation, 22, 25, 201, 203
Uncertainty, see Errors and error analysis
United Kingdom, 319
Upper Atmosphere Research Program, 15, 426
Urban airshed model (UAM), 335, 346-347, 352, 359, 361, 373-375
Urban areas, 2, 5, 8, 22, 23, 94, 99, 104-107, 194, 419-421
alternative fuels, motor vehicles, 13, 14, 381, 395-399, 409-410
biogenic emissions, 242, 243-244, 270, 290-291, 302
emission controls, 359-377, 381
emissions inventories, 289-294, 284, 289-294
health effects of ozone exposure, 33-34
measurement techniques, other than inventories, 194, 198, 206-207, 289-294
models, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 305-306, 310-311, 335, 346-347, 353-377, 401
particulates, 180
nitrogen compounds, 214-218, 212, 214, 221, 222, 290, 351-377, 382, 417
photochemical oxidation, 27-28, 121
size factors, 99
temperature factors, 59-60, 62-63
time factors, 216-217, 244, 293
VOCs, 7, 194, 224-228, 231-246, 290, 382, 417
VOC/NOx ratios, 11-13, 14, 81-82, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 206, 290, 340, 359-362, 373-375, 376, 381, 399, 410
see also specific cities
V
Vegetation, 97, 139, 238, 263, 268, 272
effects of ozone on, 37-38
tropical forests, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272
see also Biogenic emissions
Virginia, 37
Volatile organic compounds, 1, 2, 6-7, 23-24, 26, 130-138,
alternative fuels, 386-388, 394, 399, 401, 403-405, 410
atmospheric observations of, 211-249
biogenic, 8-9, 139-149, 265-273, 290-291
chlorofluorocarbons, 15, 22, 417, 425-426
emission controls, 11-13, 8-88, 173-185, 351-377, 403
emissions inventories, 252, 255-261, 284, 285-302
hydroxyl radical and, 111, 124, 168
measurement of, 187-210
modeling, 303, 316, 320, 329, 334, 336, 341, 343-344, 348, 350, 353-358, 365, 376, 422, 424
monitoring and measurement, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249
motor vehicle emissions, 379-381, 386-388, 403-405
nitrogen compound ratios, 11-13, 79, 81-82, 91, 116-118, 121-186, 206, 211-212, 258-259, 286, 288, 290, 296-299, 340, 351-377, 340, 361, 376, 399, 404-405, 410
relationship to ozone and associated pollutants, 163-186
rural areas, 224, 228-229, 248-249, 363-364
time factors, 224-225, 240, 242, 244-245, 293, 299-300
urban areas, 7, 194, 224-228, 231-246, 290, 382, 417
versus NOx controls, 351-377
see also specific compounds
W
Washington, D.C., 31, 60, 173-174, 328
Water and water vapor, 60, 119
acid rain, 78, 109, 119-120, 177
models, 306
photochemistry, 26
precipitation, 205
Weather, see Meteorological factors
Winds, 64, 93, 94, 97, 104-105, 106
biogenic emissions, 267
models, 10, 69, 106-107, 286, 306, 309-310, 316, 320-321, 365
oceanic, 95
Winter, 9
stratospheric ozone, 416