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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Index

A

Acetylene, 289, 290

Acid deposition and oxidant model (ADOM), 315-316

Acid rain, 78, 109, 119-120, 177

models, 315-316, 318

NAPAP, 238, 244, 245-246, 254, 255-256, 259-260, 261, 280-281, 318, 364, 365

Acids, 194, 199

see also Nitric acid

Advection, 309, 318

Aerometric data bases, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348

Aerometric Information Retrieval System, 316, 320

Aerosols, 26, 177, 208, 310

Air quality models, see Models

Alabama, 207

Alcohol fuels, 14

see also Ethanol; Methanol

Aldehydes, 171, 194, 197, 198-199

see also Formaldehyde

Algorithms, 8, 10, 272

Alkanes, 124, 130-132, 151, 158, 160, 173, 296

Aikenes, 124, 132-134, 151, 157-158, 160, 381

Alternative fuels, 13-14, 135-138, 162, 379-411

California, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405-406, 408

carbon monoxide emissions, 379, 381, 386, 388, 389, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 410

history, 393

models, emissions, 393, 394-395

nitrogen dioxide emissions, 399

nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide, 379, 381, 386, 389-390, 399, 401, 403, 410

regulations, 405-409

standards, 388, 390

sulfur compounds, 392

urban areas, general, 13, 14, 381, 395-399, 409-410

VOC emissions, 386-388, 394, 399, 401, 403-405, 410

see also specific fuels

Altitude

mixing height, 340, 346

troposphere, 19-20

American Petroleum Institute, 3, 87

Ammonia, 178, 192, 197

''AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,'' 252-253, 259

Antarctic ozone hole, 22, 416

Atlanta, Georgia, 31, 105, 234-236, 270

Atmospheric chemistry, 109-162

Atmospheric Utility Signatures, Predictions, and Experiments, 11, 207, 314-315, 343

Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, 386, 400-401

Automobiles, see Motor vehicles

B

Baltimore, Maryland, 62, 328

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 238, 241, 242

Beaumont, Texas, 173-174

Bias, see Errors and error analysis

Biogenic emissions, 8-9, 24, 29, 139-149, 158, 224-225, 233-234, 411, 421

biomass burning, 273

control strategies, 244, 364, 365, 377

definition, 2

errors and uncertainty, 271-273, 302, 411

inventories, 252, 263-280, 289, 290-291, 302, 411

isoprene, 139-149, 158, 160, 231, 238, 241, 263, 272-273, 291, 316, 364

models, 272, 316, 318, 365

monoterpenes, 139-144, 146-147, 160

seasonal factors, 9, 263, 264, 278, 289, 302

soil, 218, 277-280

solar radiation and, 272

temperature factors, 263-264, 267, 268, 272

terpenes, 263, 272-273, 291

time factors, 268-269

urban areas, 242, 243-244, 270, 290-291, 302

Boston, Massachusetts, 63, 217, 328

Boundary and initial conditions, 10, 11, 94, 96, 99, 211-214, 221

marine boundary layer, 95, 97, 212, 218, 222-224, 230, 248, 421, 423

models, 304-306, 309, 310-311, 316, 320, 339-340, 341, 348

rural areas, 212-214

stratospheric incursions into troposphere, 23, 414, 421

urban areas, 212, 214, 310-311

winds, 95

C

California, 30, 37, 49

alternative fuels, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405-406, 408

emission control strategies, 82

emission inventories, 254, 263, 284

monitoring, general, 44, 52-55, 56, 238, 244-245

SCAQS, 11, 285-286, 314-315, 343

SJVAQS/AUSPEX, 11, 207, 314, 343

see also Los Angeles

Canada, 261, 316, 320

Carbon compounds

biomass burning, 273

emission control, 5

global trends, 421

see also Fossil fuels; Hydrocarbons; Volatile organic compounds; specific compounds

Carbon monoxide, 96, 111, 144, 159

alternative fuels, 379, 381, 386, 388, 389, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 410

global trends, 416, 421

measurement, 193, 194-195, 201, 205, 206, 209, 251, 284-288, 296-299, 300-301

Carbonyl compounds, 135, 135, 161, 170, 197, 208

Catalytic conversion, 193, 194, 389

Chemiluminescence, 189, 190-191, 201, 202, 203

Chlorine, 184-185, 419

Chlorofluoroearbons, 15, 22, 417, 425-426

Chromatography, 146, 193, 195-197, 198, 199, 259

California Institute of Technology Model, 359

Classification techniques

meteorological, 51, 55-58, 65

NAAQS nonattainment areas, 68-76

VOC inventories, 259

Clean Air Act, 1-4, 5, 29, 30, 67-74, 304, 426

acid rain, 78

historical perspective, 67

indoor air pollution, 36

mandated NAS study on ozone precursors, 3

research, 15, 426

see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards; State Implementation Plans

Clean Air Science Advisory Committee, 30

Cleveland, Ohio, 216

Clouds, 93, 95-96, 113, 178, 203, 310, 316

Coal, 253, 392

Combustion chemistry, 1, 24, 253, 261

biomass burning, 273

Computer simulation, 304

atmospheric chemistry, 109, 145, 149, 151, 156, 160, 207-208

motor vehicle emissions, 254, 285

see also Models

Condensed phase measures, 203-204, 316

Connecticut, 99

Cost factors

emission control technology, 86

NAAQS attainment, 80

Convective forces, 94-97

D

Data bases, aerometric, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348

Decision trees, 58, 65

Demography, of exposure, 34-36, 68-69

Department of Energy, 3, 15, 427

Detroit, Michigan, 104

Diesel fuel, 261, 392, 400

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Differential optical absportion spectra, 198

Diffusion scrubbing fluorescence, 197, 198

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, 197-198

Dynamometers, 7, 284, 288

E

Eastern Regional Air Quality Study, 99, 100

Economic factors, 262

cost factors, 80, 86

funding, research, 15

Educational measures, 86

Electricity

power plants, 1, 262, 294, 392, 402-403

vehicles, 14, 381, 383, 384, 392, 402-403

Electrochemical sondes, 201, 202

EMFAC7E, 254

Emission controls, 5, 7-8, 10, 31, 43, 74, 82-86, 87, 284

computer simulation, 254, 285

biogenic emissions, 244, 364, 365, 377

emissions inventories and, 281, 300

EPA, extraordinary measures, 74, 86

isopleths, 173-175, 186, 359

models, 351-377

nitrogen compounds, 5-6, 7, 10, 244, 351-377

regional trends, 5, 362-373

sulfur compounds, 5

temperature factors, 86

urban areas, 359-377, 381

VOC, 11-13, 8-88, 173-185, 351-377, 403

Emission factor models, 254

EMFAC7E, 254

MOBILEE4, 254

Emissions inventories, 49, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 351-302

atmospheric measurements versus, 288-299

biogenic, 252, 263-280, 289, 290-291, 302, 411

California, 254, 263, 284

emission controls and, 281, 300

EPA, 252-255, 279-280, 299-300

error and uncertainty, 261, 262, 271-273, 280-283, 288, 289-290, 294-296, 377

hydrocarbons, general, 269-270, 285-286

lightning and nitrogen compounds, 273-277

meteorological factors, 262

methodology, 79-81, 90, 251-302

motor vehicles, 253-255, 283-288, 261, 300-302

nitrogen compounds, 252-253, 261-262, 273-280, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289-290, 296-301

OTA, 256-257

regulations, general, 251, 283

rural areas, 294-297

SIPs, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 290, 293, 294

soil, 218, 277-280

spatial factors, 261, 262

urban areas, 289-294, 284, 289-294

VOCs, 252, 255-261, 284, 285-302

Empirical kinetic modeling approach (EKMA), 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 408

Enclosure techniques, biogenic inventories, 265-266

Environmental chambers, 150-153, 160, 164, 211, 393-395

Environmental Protection Agency, 1-2, 3, 6, 29, 30, 67

CFCs, 425-426

emission controls, extraordinary, 74, 86

emission inventories, 252-255, 279-280, 299-300

meteorological data, 309-310

models, including EKMA, 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 315, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 408, 423

monitoring, 7, 30-32, 43-49, 61, 64, 69, 78-89, 98-99, 309-310, 320

motor vehicle emissions, 253-254

research, 15, 16

see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards; State Implementation Plans

Enzymatic fluorometry, 197, 198, 203

Errors and error analysis

biogenic emission inventories, 271-273, 302, 411

emission inventories, 261, 262, 271-273, 280-283, 288, 289-290, 294-296, 377

models, 8, 10, 310, 312, 320-321, 345-346, 329-346, 350

Ethane, 386

Ethanol, 14, 136-138, 385, 391, 401-402, 411

Europe, 22, 23, 94, 261

F

Federal government, 2, 15, 150, 423, 425-427

see also Environmental Protection Agency

Federal Implementation Plan, 76, 83-84

Federal Test Procedure, 7, 254, 288

Field studies, 205-208, 287

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Finite-difference techniques, 309, 318

Flame ionization detectors, 195-197, 198

Fog, 177-178, 203, 419

Forests, 272, 294

soils, 280

tropical, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272

Formaldehyde, 111, 115, 144, 146, 147, 194, 197-198, 208, 343, 411

Fossil fuels

coal, 253, 392

combustion chemistry, 1, 24, 253, 261, 392

Fourier transform infrared spectra, 144, 146, 147, 191, 195, 198

Fuels

diesel, 261, 392, 400

see also Alternative fuels; Gasoline

Funding, 15

G

Gas chromatography, 146, 195-197, 198, 199, 259

Gasoline, 13-14, 82, 83, 162, 261, 381, 383, 385-386, 400-401, 407, 408, 411

Geoecology Data Base, 268

Geographic factors, 5

tropospheric ozone, 1-2

see also Regional trends; Rural areas; Suburban areas; Urban areas

Global trends, 97-98, 413-424

carbon monoxide, 416, 421

greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417

models, 97-98, 419, 422-424

soil emissions, 278

VOCs, 416, 417, 422

Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program, 15, 427

Goddard Institute for Space Studies/Harvard Chemical Transport Model, 423

Greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417

Grid-based models, 10, 79, 81, 164, 297-298, 304-306, 309-311, 315-350, 359-377, 395, 401, 408-409

H

Halocarbons, 22

Health issues, 2, 5, 22, 31-37, 41, 55

aromatic hydrocarbons, 184

demography of exposure, 34-36, 68-69

historical perspectives, 23

models, urban areas, 33-34

occupational exposures, 35-36, 44

regulatory, 29

respiratory system, 32-33

skin cancer, 19

Historical perspectives of air pollution, 4

alternative fuels, 393

Clean Air Act, 67

Eastern U.S., 98-99

Europe, 23

meteorological factors, 50-61

models, 350

precursor emissions, 48-50

regulatory, 2, 4, 6

research, 19, 21-22, 23-24, 163, 204-205, 263, 285

tropospheric ozone concentrations, 21-22, 23-24, 30-32, 41-65

HONO, 178-179, 182

Houston, Texas, 60

Hybrid models, 306, 309

Hydrocarbons, 23, 49, 132

emission inventories, 269-270, 285-286

measurement, 195-197, 202, 203, 204, 206-207, 208-209

see also Volatile organic compounds; specific compounds

Hydrogen fuels, 14, 381, 391

Hydrogen peroxide, 202-203

Hydroxyl radical, 26, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117-118, 120-122, 124-162, 168, 178, 182, 200, 201, 231-237, 247, 417, 418, 419, 420-421

I

Indoor air pollution, 25-36

tunnels, 284-286

Industrial plants, see Stationary sources

Infrared spectra, 144, 146, 147, 191, 195, 198, 287-288

Isopleths, 163-173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359

Isoprene, 139-149, 158, 160, 231, 238, 241, 263, 272-273, 291, 316, 364

International perspectives

Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419

see also specific countries

K

Ketones, 143, 145, 147, 149, 197, 198-199

L

Laboratory studies, 15

see also Environmental chambers

Lake Michigan Ozone Study, 11

LANDSAT, 268

Laser-induced fluorescence, 189, 190-191, 195, 197, 200

Laser spectra, 190-191, 192, 203

Laws

Clean Air Act, 1-4, 5, 15, 29, 30, 36, 67-74, 78, 304, 426

Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419

Lightning, 95-96, 273-277

Lightning Data Base, 277

Light scattering, 178

Liquefied petroleum gas, 391, 402

Los Angeles, California, 49, 52-55, 56, 82,

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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83, 86, 87, 94-95, 175, 185, 206-207, 238, 239-240, 242, 244-246, 359-362

alternative fuels, 395, 399, 405-406

SCAQS, 11, 285-286, 314-315, 343

SJVAQS/AUSPEX, 11, 207, 314, 343

M

Marine areas, 95, 97, 212, 218, 222-224, 230, 248, 423

temperature, 97, 421

Mass fluxes and budgets, 286, 306, 344

Mass spectroscopic techniques, 146

Measurement and measurement techniques, see Methodology

Meteorological factors, 4-5, 8-9, 50-61, 93-107

advection, 309, 318

classification, 51, 55-58, 65

clouds, 93, 95-96, 113, 178, 203, 310, 316

convective forces, 94-97

emission inventories, 262

EPA, 309-310

field studies, 205, 207-208, 287

fog, 177-178, 203, 419

historical perspectives, 50-61

lightning, 95-96, 273-277

micrometeorology, 267

models, 10, 20, 23, 60, 76-77, 149, 206-208, 286, 305, 306-310, 315-318, 346, 347-348

NAAQS, 52, 55-56, 214

orographic meteorology, 318-319

precipitation, 205;

see also Acid rain pressure, 20, 60, 93-94, 97, 98, 112

regional scale, 28-29, 96-97, 98-105

urban areas, 23, 218

see also Boundary and initial conditions; Seasonal factors; Temperature factors; Winds

Methacrolein, 143-149

Methane, 109, 111-115, 118, 121, 125-127, 224, 232, 273, 416, 417, 421

see also Natural gas

Methanol, 14, 135-136, 384, 385, 388-390, 393-400, 401, 410-411

Methodology, 6-8, 187-210, 288-302

balloons, 312

carbon monoxide, measurement of, 193, 194-195, 201, 205, 206, 209, 251, 284-288, 296-299, 300-301

chemiluminesence, 189, 190-191, 201, 202, 203

chromatography, 146, 193, 195-197, 198, 199, 259

classification techniques, 51, 55-58, 68-76, 259

committee study, 3, 38-39

condensed phase techniques, 203-204, 316

electrochemical sondes, 201, 202

environmental chambers, 150-153, 160, 211, 393-395

enzymatic fluorometry, 197, 198, 203

field studies, 205-208, 287

flame ionization detectors, 195-197, 198

historical development of, 21-22, 23

isopleths, 163-173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359

laser-induced fluorescence, 189, 190-191, 195, 197, 200

laser spectra, 190-191, 192, 203

motor vehicle emissions, 403-405

NAAQS: development of, 68

nitrogen compounds, measurement of, 6-7, 9, 188-194, 211-212, 215-224, 289

oxidants, measurement of, 199-203

remote sensing, 287-288, 300-301

sampling, general, 79, 191-192, 208

spectroscopic measurements, 144, 146, 147, 190-191, 192, 195, 198, 200-201, 203, 287-288

VOCs, measurement of, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249

see also Emissions inventories; Errors and error analysis; Models; Statistical programs and activities

Methyl t-butyl ether, 138, 385

Methyl vinyl ketone, 143, 145, 147, 149

MIESR, 200-201

MOBILE3, 286

MOBILE4, 254

Models, 6, 8, 9-11, 15, 16, 160, 303-350, 425

acid rain, 315-316, 318

ADOM, 315-316

aerometric data bases, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348

air quality, 303-350

algorithms, 8, 10, 272

alternative fuels, emissions, 393, 394-395

atmospheric chemistry, 109-162, 164, 169, 207-208, 305, 307-308

biogenic emissions, 272, 316, 318, 365

boundary and initial conditions, 304-306, 309, 310-311, 316, 320, 339-340, 341, 348

chemical transport models, 422-423, 424

clouds, 310, 316

EKMA, 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 403-

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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    404, 408

emission controls, 351-377

emission estimation, general, 253-254, 272, 286, 290, 300-302, 395-399

errors and error analysis, 8, 10, 310, 312, 320-321, 345-346, 329-346, 350

finite-difference techniques, 309, 318

global, 97-98, 419, 422-424

grid, 10, 79, 81, 164, 297-298, 304, 314, 315-350, 357, 359-377, 395, 401, 408-409

health effects and, 33-34

isopleths, 163-173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359

mathematical relations, general, 304, 309, 318, 393, 394-395

meteorological factors, general, 10, 20, 23, 60, 76-77, 149, 206-208, 286, 305, 306-310, 315-318, 346, 347-348

multispecies comparisons, 342

NAAQS/SIP-related, 10, 76-80, 81, 82, 90-91, 303, 304, 305, 311-312, 314, 328, 334, 348, 350, 353-357

natural gas, as motor vehicle fuel, 14

NEM, 34

nitrogen compounds, 303, 305, 316, 320, 328-329, 334, 341, 343, 350, 353-357, 361, 365, 422, 424

numerical procedures, 304, 305, 306, 309, 318, 338-339, 426

RADM, 315-316

regional, 10, 11, 95, 106-107, 109, 311, 315-329, 425

regulations and, 346, 365

ROM, 95, 309, 315, 316-329, 364-368, 372

ROMNET, 87

rural areas, 316, 320, 321

spatial factors, general, 309-310, 328, 335

SURE, 99-100, 315

temperature factors, 309

time factors, 309-310, 321, 335, 346

urban areas, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 305-306, 310-311, 335, 346-347, 353-377, 401

VOC/nitrogen compound ratios, 12-13, 79, 91, 163-173, 186, 206, 288, 290, 296, 340, 353-358, 361

VOCs, 303, 316, 320, 329, 334, 336, 341, 343-344, 348, 350, 353-358, 365, 376, 422, 424

water and water vapor, 306

wind, 10, 69, 106-107, 286, 306, 309-310, 316, 320-321, 365

see also Computer simulation; Statistical programs and activities

Moisture, see Water and water vapor

Monitoring, 2, 5, 44, 187-210

ambient air, 78-79

California, 44, 52-55, 56, 238, 244-245

EPA/SIP, 7, 30-32, 43-49, 61, 64, 69, 78-89, 98-99, 309-310, 320

nitric acid, 191-193, 208, 224

nitrogen compounds, 6-7, 9, 188-194, 211-212, 215-224, 289

sampling. general, 79, 191-192, 208

statistical programs, regulatory 44, 50-51

vegetation effects, 37-38

VOCs, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249

see also Emissions inventories

Monoterpenes, 139-144, 146-147, 160

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 16, 22, 419, 426

Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 3

Motor vehicles, 1, 7, 24, 28, 31, 82

computer simulations, 254, 285

dynamometers, 7, 284, 288

electric, 14, 381, 383, 384, 392, 402-403

emissions controls, 85-86, 87, 284

emissions inventories, 253-255, 283-288, 261, 300-302

emissions methodologies, other, 403-405

emissions projections, 379, 395

EPA, 253-254

heavy-duty, 392, 400

remote sensing, 287-288, 300-301

temperature factors, 254

tunnels, 284-286

see also Alternative fuels; Diesel fuel; Gasoline

Mountains, 318-319

N

National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), 238, 244, 245-246, 254, 255-256, 259-260, 261, 280-281, 318, 364, 365

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 15, 150, 425-427

National Air Monitoring Systems/State and Local Air Monitoring Systems, 78

National Air Pollution Background Estimate, 99-100

National Air Pollution Emission Estimates: 1940-1988, 80

National Ambient Air Quality Standards,

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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1-5, 9, 29-32, 41, 43-46, 61, 64-65, 67, 89, 100, 164, 244, 351, 375-376, 413, 424

classification, nonattainment areas, 68-76

cost, 80

defined, 43-44

development, 68

meteorology and, 52, 55-56, 214

models, 10, 76-80, 81, 82, 90-91, 303, 304, 305, 311-312, 314, 328, 334, 348, 350, 353-357

nitrogen oxides, 75-76, 77

photochemical oxidation, general, 68, 305

time factors, 44-47, 52, 56, 68, 74-75

urban areas, general, 46-47, 68, 69-74

VOCs, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82-83

see also State Implementation Plans

National Crop Loss Assessment Network, 37

National Emissions Data System (NEDS), 252, 255

National Exposure Model, 34

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 15, 423, 427

National Science Foundation, 15, 427

National Weather Service, 312, 315

Natural gas, 14, 384, 386-388, 402, 411

see also Methane; Propane

New Jersey, 31, 99

New York City, 31, 60, 63, 99, 328, 369, 370, 372, 373-375

Nitric acid, 29, 118, 120-121, 151, 177, 178, 343, 399

measurement and monitoring, 191-193, 208, 224

Nitrogen compounds, 1, 23, 26

ammonia, 178, 192, 197

emission control, 5-6, 7, 10, 244, 351-377

emission inventories, 252-253, 261-262, 273-280, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289-290, 296-301

global trends, 417, 421

measurement and monitoring, 6-7, 9, 187-210, 211-212, 215-224, 289

in models, 303, 305, 316, 320, 328-329, 334, 341, 343, 350, 353-357, 361, 365, 422, 424

radical, 24-25, 29, 116-162

rural areas, 12, 192-193, 218-223, 248, 296-299, 363-364

urban areas, 212, 214-218, 221, 222, 290, 351-377, 382, 417

Nitrogen dioxide, 23, 25, 116, 118, 167, 177, 182, 184

alternative fuels, emissions, 399

measurement, 188, 189-191, 201, 207, 208, 277-278, 280, 296

Nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide, 23, 24, 48, 49, 112-113, 114-116, 167, 189

atmospheric observations of, 211-249

alternative fuels, emissions, 379, 381, 386, 389-390, 399, 401, 403, 410

biomass burning, 273

emission control, 244, 351-377

emission inventories, 252-253, 261-262, 273-280, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289-290, 296-301

global trends, 417, 421, 422

lightning, 95, 273-277

measurement, other than inventories, 187-210, 215-220, 221, 224, 247, 248, 251-252, 289-290, 296-301

models, 303, 305, 316, 320, 328-329, 334, 341, 343, 350, 353-357, 361, 365, 422, 424

NAAQS, 75-76, 77

reactive, measurement of, 187-210

relationship to ozone and associated pollutants, 163-186

soil emissions, 218, 277-280

VOC ratios, 11-13, 79, 81-82, 91, 116-118, 121-186, 206, 211-212, 258-259, 286, 288, 290, 296-299, 340, 351-377, 340, 361, 376, 399, 404-405, 410

North America, 14-15, 279-280

eastern U.S., 98-105

lightning, 274-277

see also specific U.S. states and cities

North American Consortium for Atmospheric Modeling of Regional Air Quality, 425

Northeast Regional Oxidant Study, 320

NOx, see Nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide; Nitrogen dioxide

Numerical procedures, 304, 305, 306, 309, 318, 338-339, 426

O

Occupational exposures, 35-36, 44

Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 44

Oceans, see Marine areas

Office of Technology Assessment, 80, 82, 83

emission inventories, 256-257

Organic peroxy radicals, 112, 135

Orographic meteorology, 318-319

Oxygen, 134, 136-138

P

Particulates, 177-178, 180, 184, 185, 392,

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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399-400

aerocsols, 26, 177, 208, 310

Persistent Elevated Pollution Episode, 320

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), 128, 170, 182, 189-191, 208, 215, 224, 343, 391, 402, 417

Peroxy and peroxy radicals, 25, 111, 112, 113-115, 124, 145

measurement, 200-201, 209

organic, 112, 124-125, 135

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 60, 62, 215-216, 328

Photochemical oxidation, general, 1, 2, 8, 23, 24-29, 95, 98, 99, 109, 109-162, 184, 185, 294-295

models, general, 10, 305-306, 307-308, 310-311, 335-337

NAAQS, 68, 305

smog, 1, 2, 153, 211, 419

Photofragmentation, 190

Photolyric measurements, 189, 190, 191

Point-source pollution, see also Stationary sources

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 183-184

Portland, Maine, 105

Precipitation, 205

see also Acid rain

Precursors of ozone, general, 6, 8, 26-28, 109-162

regulation of, 38, 75

trends, 48-58

see specific ozone compounds

Pressure effects and measurements, 20, 60, 93-94, 97, 98, 112

Procedures for Emissions Inventory Preparation, 79

Projections, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89

emissions inventories, 300

global, 97-98, 419

greenhouse effect, 417

motor vehicle emissions, 379, 395

see also Errors and error analysis; Models

Propane, 386, 391, 392

Propylene, 232-233, 236-247

R

Radicals, 25, 110-120, 343

hydroxyl, 26, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117-118, 120-122, 124-162, 168, 178, 182, 200, 201, 231-237, 247, 417, 418, 419, 420-421

nitrogen, 24-25, 29, 116-162

see also Peroxy and peroxy radicals

Radio tracers, 200

Real time, 251, 252, 287

Regional acid deposition model (RADM), 315-316

Regional Oxidant Model (ROM), 95, 309, 315, 316-329, 364-368, 372

Regional ozone monitoring for northeast transport (ROMNET), 87

Regional trends, 24, 27-29, 42, 96-97, 98-105

biogenic emissions, 268

demography of exposure, 34-36, 68-69

Eastern U.S., 98-105

emission controls, 5, 362-373

grid models, 311, 315-329, 359-377

lightning, 274-277

mesoscale transport, 28, 96-97, 318

meteorology, 28-29, 96-97, 98-105

models, 10, 11, 95, 106-107, 109, 311, 315-329, 425

synoptic transport, 28-29, 212

Regression techniques, 51, 58-61, 191

Regulations, 2, 29-30, 38, 41, 43

alternative fuels, 405-409

emissions inventories, 251, 283

models, general, 346, 365

statistical programs, 9, 31, 205

see also Emission controls; Environmental Protection Agency; Standards; State Implementation Plans

Remote sensing, 287-288, 300-301

Research program, 14-16, 425-427

Respiratory system, 32-33

Rural areas, 2, 8, 93, 99, 106, 207-208, 248, 294-297, 421

boundary layers, 212-214

emissions inventories, 294-297

models, 316, 320, 321

nitrogen compounds, 192-193, 218-223, 248, 363-364

seasonal factors, 99-100, 103, 104

time factors, 99, 213

VOC/nitrogen compound ratios, 12, 296-299

VOCs, 224, 228-229, 248-249, 363-364

see also Forests; Vegetation

S

Sampling, 79, 191-192, 208

see also Emissions inventories

San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study/Atmospheric Utility Signatures, Predictions, and Experiments, 11, 207, 314, 343

SAROAD, 320

Seasonal factors, 9, 101, 203, 205

biogenic emissions, 9, 263, 264, 278, 289, 302

lightning, 274-277

rural areas, 99-100, 103, 104

temperature, general, 9, 31, 205

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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winter, 9, 416

see also Summer

Sensitivity-uncertainty analysis, 345-346, 348

Skin cancer, 19

Smog, 1, 2, 153, 211, 419

see also Environmental chambers

Soil, 218, 277-280

Solar radiation, 19, 22, 64, 94, 98, 110, 200, 205

biogenic emissions, 272

see also Photochemical oxidation

Solvents, 258-259

South Coast Basin, see Los Angeles, California

Southeastern Regional Oxidant Network, 207

Southern California Air Quality Study, 11, 285-286, 314-315, 343

Southern Oxidants Study, 11, 207

Spatial factors, 217, 299-300

lightning, 274-277

models, 309-310, 328, 335

nitrogen oxides, inventories, 261, 262

VOC/NOx ratios, 361

see also Grid-based models; Isopleths

Spectroscopic measurements, 144, 146, 147, 190-191, 192, 195, 198, 200-201, 203, 287-288

Standards, 1-2, 30, 82, 251

alternative fuels and, 388, 390

evaporative emissions, 390

see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards

State Implementation Plans, 5-6, 30, 67, 74-91

emissions inventories, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 290, 293, 294

models, 10, 76-80, 81, 82, 90-91, 303, 304, 305, 311-312, 314, 328, 334, 348, 350, 353-357

State-level issues, other

alternative fuels, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405-406, 408

emission inventories, 260

see also specific states

Stationary sources, 1, 258, 261-262, 296, 392, 402-403, 411

Statistical programs and activities, 3, 4-5, 50-61

algorithms, 8, 10, 272

classification techniques, 51, 55-58, 68-76, 259

decision trees, 58, 65

graphs, 337-339, 346

isopleths, 163-173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359

regression techniques, 51, 58-61, 65, 191

regulatory monitoring, 44, 50-51

see also Errors and error analysis

St. Louis, Missouri, 105

Storms, 96

Stratosphere, 19, 21, 110, 414, 416, 422-423, 425-426

Antarctic ozone hole, 22, 416

halocarbons, 22

Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419

tropospheric incursions by, 23, 414, 421

Suburban areas, 2, 22, 205, 214, 221, 239-246

Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE), 99-100, 315

Sulfur compounds, 96, 178, 180, 190, 251, 286

alternative fuels, 392

emission control, 5

Summer, 9, 31, 94, 98, 100-102, 104-105, 206-207, 212, 214, 244, 296

biogenic emissions, 264, 289

urban, nitrogen compounds, 214-218

T

Temperature factors, 50, 59-60, 62-64, 93-94, 103, 112, 128, 212, 225, 241

biogenic emissions, 263-264, 267, 268, 272

emission control effectiveness, 86

greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417

lightning, 95, 273-274

marine boundary layer, 97, 421

models, 309

motor vehicle emissions, 254

seasonal, 9, 31, 205

soil emissions, 280

stratosphere, 19-21

urban areas, 59-60, 62-63

VOC/nitrogen oxide ratios, 152

Terpenes, 263, 272-273, 291

Texas City, Texas, 216

Time factors, 3, 105, 281

biogenic emissions, 268-269

formaldehyde, 198

models, general, 309-310, 321, 335, 346

NAAQS, 44-47, 52, 56, 68, 74-75

real time, 251, 252, 287

rural areas, 99, 213

suburban areas, 245

urban areas, 216-217, 244, 293

VOCs, 224-225, 240, 242, 244-245, 293, 299-300

Time series analysis, 335, 346

Tropical forests, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272

Tropical soils, 278

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Page 500

Tropospheric ozone (effects of meteorology on), 93-107

global change and, 413-427

reduction strategies, 67-69

trends in concentration of, 41-65

Tunnel studies, 284-286

U

Ultraviolet radiation, 22, 25, 201, 203

Uncertainty, see Errors and error analysis

United Kingdom, 319

Upper Atmosphere Research Program, 15, 426

Urban airshed model (UAM), 335, 346-347, 352, 359, 361, 373-375

Urban areas, 2, 5, 8, 22, 23, 94, 99, 104-107, 194, 419-421

alternative fuels, motor vehicles, 13, 14, 381, 395-399, 409-410

biogenic emissions, 242, 243-244, 270, 290-291, 302

emission controls, 359-377, 381

emissions inventories, 289-294, 284, 289-294

health effects of ozone exposure, 33-34

measurement techniques, other than inventories, 194, 198, 206-207, 289-294

meteorology, 23, 218

models, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 305-306, 310-311, 335, 346-347, 353-377, 401

particulates, 180

NAAQS, 46-47, 68, 69-74

nitrogen compounds, 214-218, 212, 214, 221, 222, 290, 351-377, 382, 417

photochemical oxidation, 27-28, 121

size factors, 99

temperature factors, 59-60, 62-63

time factors, 216-217, 244, 293

VOCs, 7, 194, 224-228, 231-246, 290, 382, 417

VOC/NOx ratios, 11-13, 14, 81-82, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 206, 290, 340, 359-362, 373-375, 376, 381, 399, 410

see also specific cities

V

Vegetation, 97, 139, 238, 263, 268, 272

effects of ozone on, 37-38

forests, 272, 294

tropical forests, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272

see also Biogenic emissions

Virginia, 37

Volatile organic compounds, 1, 2, 6-7, 23-24, 26, 130-138,

alternative fuels, 386-388, 394, 399, 401, 403-405, 410

atmospheric observations of, 211-249

biogenic, 8-9, 139-149, 265-273, 290-291

chlorofluorocarbons, 15, 22, 417, 425-426

emission controls, 11-13, 8-88, 173-185, 351-377, 403

emissions inventories, 252, 255-261, 284, 285-302

global trends, 416, 417, 422

hydroxyl radical and, 111, 124, 168

measurement of, 187-210

modeling, 303, 316, 320, 329, 334, 336, 341, 343-344, 348, 350, 353-358, 365, 376, 422, 424

monitoring and measurement, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249

motor vehicle emissions, 379-381, 386-388, 403-405

NAAQS, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82-83

nitrogen compound ratios, 11-13, 79, 81-82, 91, 116-118, 121-186, 206, 211-212, 258-259, 286, 288, 290, 296-299, 340, 351-377, 340, 361, 376, 399, 404-405, 410

relationship to ozone and associated pollutants, 163-186

rural areas, 224, 228-229, 248-249, 363-364

time factors, 224-225, 240, 242, 244-245, 293, 299-300

urban areas, 7, 194, 224-228, 231-246, 290, 382, 417

versus NOx controls, 351-377

see also specific compounds

W

Washington, D.C., 31, 60, 173-174, 328

Water and water vapor, 60, 119

acid rain, 78, 109, 119-120, 177

clouds, 93, 95-96, 113, 178

fog, 177-178, 203, 419

global trends, 417, 419

models, 306

photochemistry, 26

precipitation, 205

Weather, see Meteorological factors

Winds, 64, 93, 94, 97, 104-105, 106

biogenic emissions, 267

models, 10, 69, 106-107, 286, 306, 309-310, 316, 320-321, 365

oceanic, 95

Winter, 9

stratospheric ozone, 416

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
×
Page 495
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
×
Page 496
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
×
Page 497
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
×
Page 498
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1889.
×
Page 500
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution Get This Book
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Despite more than 20 years of regulatory efforts, concern is widespread that ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere, or troposphere, threatens the health of humans, animals, and vegetation. This book discusses how scientific information can be used to develop more effective regulations to control ozone.

Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution discusses:

  • The latest data and analysis on how tropospheric ozone is formed.
  • How well our measurement techniques are functioning.
  • Deficiencies in efforts to date to control the problem.
  • Approaches to reducing ozone precursor emissions that hold the most promise.
  • What additional research is needed.

With a wealth of technical information, the book discusses atmospheric chemistry, the role of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ozone formation, monitoring and modeling the formation and transport processes, and the potential contribution of alternative fuels to solving the tropospheric ozone problem. The committee discusses criteria for designing more effective ozone control efforts.

Because of its direct bearing on decisions to be made under the Clean Air Act, this book should be of great interest to environmental advocates, industry, and the regulatory community as well as scientists, faculty, and students.

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