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OCR for page 107
MPP!~!IX A
107
OCR for page 108
existence and agreements reached in COCOM have consequently no
legal status."233 This led many respondents to conlcude that the
EC cannot enter into any kind of official agreement with
Cocom.234 An additional problem arises because Ireland is not a
member of CoCom.235 If the EC joins CoCom, Ireland would
automatically become a member.
Finally, the question must be raised whether the EC should
join CoCom even if it could. The transformation in the Eastern
bloc has dramatically altered the overall political and economic
situation in Europe. The post World War Two European security
order and its numerous support structures --including CoCom--
must adapt to these changes. Many EC officials agreed that the
EC should focus on playing a constructive role in shaping the
future of Europe, rather than joining an outmoded institution
which derives its legitimacy from the continued existence of the
Cold War. This would involve the creation of an entirely
restructured export control regime that reflects the changing
nature of East-West relations, as well as new security threats
~ .
from novel technology and from countries that have not previously
been the main focus of attention in CoCom. Although a discussion
of these issues is not the focus of this study, the concluding
233 Note D'Information A La Commission, Achievement De La
Politique Com~erciale Dans La Perspective Ou Marche Unique,
1.9.1990.
234 Intervies; this assertion is not entirely correct as the
EC is also a member of the Australian group.
235 However, Ireland operates an export control system that
is similar to that of CoCom.
100
OCR for page 109
Qume 1: UNTIED S=qI5 AND EN 1~AIE~ a~N(a)
( ~ billions )
I;
1985
1986 1987 1988 1989
1
U.S.
_
2.11 2.05 2.12 2.16 2.C6 ~
of Anal 1mports
F.~.G- (b)
% of tote imports
. 58 .53 .50 .48 .43
8.99 10.09 11.13 12.73 12.27
5.70 S.32 4.89 5.11 4.55
EXIT;
1985 1986
1987 1988 1989
U.S.
% of total exports
F.~.G. (b)
% of 0~1 exports
3.12 1.96
1.50
2.19 3.64 5~29
.89 1.12 1.45
10.01 12.47 14.02 15.29 17. 34
~ .46 5. 14 4.77 4 .74 ~ . 07
1 . 1
-
(a) a~N = ~:on Europe (USSR t G~Rt Pola~, Cze~celc~vakia, ~Yr
Romania, Bulgaria).
(b) lhis ir~ll~-c intra-Ge=~an trade.
Ace: Offal' Foreign Trade by Edifies, Fold 1 & 2 (new series),
Paris: 1990; ogres, Envy Statistics of Foreign Trade, Paris
OK=, April 1990; Statitis~hes Bur~eiamt, War~kehr mit der
DO trod .Rm~l~n (at), Fachserie 6, Reibe 6, variants years; OF
International Financial Statistics, Hey 1990.
108
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MACE 2: S~UCI=E OF U.S" AND WEE CEYLON HE Wow Horn 1988(a)
EXCESS
,
U.S. F.~.G. (b)
l
I S mi11. % $ ~iil1. ~
4 -4636 .7 }00 .0 11159.9 1CO. 0
Of- click:
sync oil 2239.2 Gi.6 S86.5 5.3
SITC 2+4 446.2 12.3 2}2 .0 1. g
srrc 3 127.0 3.5 20.3 0.2
arm: 5 1 336 3 9.2 1965.2 17.6
S=C 7 2S8.5 7.1 4394.9 39.4
so= 6~8 222.0 6.1 3847.1 34.5
.
. .
U.S. F.~.G. (b)
_
~ m11. % S =11. %
j I=AL 1 2154. 100.0 8849.4 100.0
of --torch:
Sl'l~ 0+1 275 .6 ~ 2 .8 770.2 8 . 7
S=C 2+4 61.4 2.8 735.2 8.3
Sow 3 571.8 26.S 2740.8 31.0
SIN 5 218 . 7 10 . 1 609 .7 6 . 9
Eric 7 189.4 8.8 509.8 S.8
SYNC 6+8 824.3 38.3 3300.7 37.2
(a) CON = In Europe (USSR, GOR, Polarxl, Cz~lovakia, Hungary,
~nia, Bulgaria) .
(b) Ihis excludes ~n=~an trade.
SI'1U 0~1: Food, beverages and tobac~
S=C 2~4: Raw materials
Sl~lU 3: Enen3y
ST~ 5: Chen~ s
SI~ 7: +~ ~ =~= ~i~t
S11~ 6+8: other manufactured go~s
So~e: OECD, Forei~ Trade ~ sr~dities, Niol~e 1 & 2 (new series),
Paris: 1990.
109
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TABLE 3: SIPUC~E OF 7~ C~NY'S BE ~ Be: Ever UC 1980. 19801989 (a
! ~ .n Accent )
ENS
—
~ 1980 198S 1986 1987 1988 1989 1
'achiness, ecu:=ent,
rears of ~ ~answr-. 6c . 8 67 . O
Puels, ,-..i -.erai raw maters als,
metals
Comical prcduc~s, fertilizers,
synthetic rubber
Building materials
Industrial consumer goods
Other raw materials and
Sears manufac.~red goods
Raw materials and produces
for the f~5t~,ff Rush
other goods
_
64.0 63.0
9.1 6.0
6.6 10.3
63.3 6_
8.9
,- ~
_ ,
_ . 3
S.1 4.9 5.7 S.3 5.5 5.5
1.3 1.~ 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.6
15.0 1~.1 17.7 16.4 17.4 '7.
2.1 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.3
1.1 2.8
1.0 0.9 O.9
0.8 1.0 1.O 1.2
IS
1980 198S 1986 1987 l9B8 1989
Machinery, equipment,
means of transport
Fuels, mineral raw Materials,
me-= ~ s
Chemical products, fertilizers,
synthetic nor
Builds materials
Industrial consumer goods
other raw materials and
sew manufactured gods
Raw Materials and prompts
for the focxistuff industry
Other g ~
(a) Official trade classification of the PEA
Source: Machcmski (19903.
26.7 20.4
52.6 69.8
21.3 23.5
69.6 66.9
26.4 25.4
63.7 65.1
1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.6
0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
1.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.S 0.7
6.7 6.2
5.4 5.4 5.2 5.1
0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
_ 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.5
_ .
130
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1P=E 4: ~PE~N BY TRADE WIIlI ~XN 1980198~3fa)
(ECU bill. ~
1980 198S 1986 1987 1988
Is
~ of all exE=rts
to thy countries
Ewes
% of all imports
frcan third countries;
20 a 4 33 ~ 9 24 ~ 8 24 ~ 4 24 ~ 8
7.2 8.3 7.4
7.2 6.4
17.2 23.4 21.3 19.2 20.7
7.9 6.2 6.2
5.6 5.7
1.. 1 ~
(a) Concern Europe, exclude trade between the G.~.R. ark] the F.R.G
Source: European Parliament, O~orat:e Genera for Research, Co~n
in Figures, Nb.2.(January 1990).
111
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MERLE 5: Sly EUROPEAN ~ TRADE HI O~XN A, 1988(a) ,
1~ EXEMPT; II
. ~
Total
of which:
SAC 0~1
SITS 2~4
SITC 3
SAC 5
SAC 7
SITC 6~8
1832.5 7.4
1958.7 7 .9
6659 .9 26.8
i
(a) Icon E=ope, excludes trade between the G.~).R. ark the F.R.G
(a) For Sly legend ~ liable 2
Source: see Table 4
Mill. Ea' %
24813.8 100.0
1601. 2 6.5 1613 .6 7.8
2538.7 10.2 669.4 3 . 2
7940.8 32.0 97.S 0.5
3470.6 16.8
7097.1 34. 3
6438.3 31.1
.
.
112
Mi11. E=, % I
20678.1 100.0
OCR for page 114
solution will be able to control and monitor the proliferation of
sensitive technology.
The need for a new multilateral overarching export control
agency raises serious doubts about the future of CoCom. CoCom
neither-has the capability to cope with the challenges from new
technologies and third countries nor can it take advantage of the
new opportunities that have emerged from the changing East-West
relationship. This should not cause any fear. To the contrary,
CoCom is both the product and the reflection of the Cold War and
the uniquely dominant role of the United States in the Western
Alliance. Both these characteristics of the international system
have come to an end which will improve the overall relationships
among nations states. First, with respect to the Western
Alliance a more balanced distribution of power will cause less
strain among the allies and opens the opportunity for a new phase
in the transatlantic partnership. Second, as to the new era in
East-West relations, the dramatically reduced military tension
will allow the two superpowers to free resources in order to
address the problems that each faces in their own country and
both confront in the global political economy.
106
Representative terms from entire chapter:
export control
