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OCR for page 265
Index
A
Abstractions in computer science and
engineering
explanation of, 169
functioning of, 172
use of, 171, 172-173
Accountability for research, 48
ACM-CPA Strategic Directions
conference (1989), x, 64
Advanced Technology Program (ATP),
230
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
(AFOSR), 219-220
Algorithms
for computational biology, 73, 74
computational complexity and, 198-
199
meaning and use of, 19-20, 22, 64,
127, 164
patentability of, 44
study of, 23, 59, 168, 197-198
use of, 193-197
Applications-oriented research. See
Interdisciplinary and applications-
oriented research
265
Applied research. See Research
Army Research Office (ARO), 219-220
Artificial intelligence (AI)
explanation of, 199-200
future of, 204
impact on scientific thought, 202-204
impact on society, 200-201
medical and biological applications
for, 230
NASA support for, 227
Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM)
activities of, 235, 236
view of broadening of CS&E, 60,61,
64
B
Basic research. See Research
Bloch, Erich, 222-223
Broadening of computer science and
technology
ACM views regarding, 60,61,64
committee views on, 56,65,141
conclusions regarding, 90
educational changes and, 85-86
OCR for page 266
266
need for, 55-61, 123- 124
prerequisites for, 87-89
research opportunities in, 64-67
role of educational institutions in, 38,
86-87, 150
Brooks, Fred, 21, 165
Brown, John Seely, 17
Bruno, John, 196
Business sector. See also Commercial
computing
attitude of academic CS&E
community toward, 62-63
interaction between universities and,
86-87
investment in continuing education
by, 134-135
C
Chandy, K. Mani, 74
Chip design
advances in, 176-178
limits on, 178, 179
Commercial computing
collaborative work in, 81-83
concerns that motivate database
research, 109- 110
CS&E and, 76-77
interoperation technology for, 79-81
model management and decision
support for, 77-78
software development metrics and
modeling for, 79
usable software for, 78-79
Committee to Assess the Scope and
Direction of Computer Science and
Technology, x, xvii
areas of concern for future reports
identified by, 155- 157
conclusions drawn by, 9, 157- 158
interoperation difficulties experienced
by, 79, 80
judgments made by, 4-5
priorities formulated by, 5, 114, 139-
142
recommendations to federal policy
INDEX
makers regarding education, 8,
151-153
to federal policy makers regarding
research, 6-7, 143-146
to universities regarding education,
8-9, 153-155
to universities regarding research, 7
8, 146, 148-151
study made by, 18-19
views on broadening of field, 56, 65,
141
views on education, 117, 121, 125,
130, 133-134, 141-142
Compilers
advances in, 97, 189-190
explanation of, 96, 170
Complexity theory, 26, 95, 178, 179,
198-199
Computational biology, 72-76
Computational complexity. See
complexity theory
Computational science, 62
Computer architecture
and development of compiler
technology, 96, 97
elements involved in, 22-23
high-speed, 178
Computer graphics
advances in, 204-205, 211
history of, 206-207
intellectual challenges in, 209-212
for scientific and engineering
community, 207-208
Computer hardware. See Hardware
Computer industry
changes in, 3, 45-47, 59-60
CS&E areas of interest to, 98
relationship between CS&E and, 38-
45
role in broadening research agenda, 86
view of educational needs, 116- 117
Computer languages
advances in, 187-189
development of more effective, 25-26
elements involved in design of, 23
high-level, 172
list of significant, 188
OCR for page 267
INDEX
Computer networks
gigabit, 101-103
research agenda for, 101 - 103
Computer Professionals for Social
Responsibility, 237
Computer programming. See also
software engineering
discussion of, 20-21, 63-64, 165-167
rigor and clarity in, 121-123
study of, 23-24
Computer Science: Achievements and
Opportunities (Hopcroft and
Kennedy), 97, 174
research agenda on parallelism, 99,
100
research agenda on software
engineering, 103, 104
Computer Science Accreditation Board,
236
Computer science and engineering
(CS&E)
as academic discipline, 87
background information regarding, 1
3, 19-24, 60-64, 163-168
broader agenda for. See Broadening
of computer science and
technology
changing environment for academic,
45-48
contributions to computing practice
by, 24-26
core of, 4, 139-140
discussion of field of, vii-viii, 163
168
foreign students in, 251-253
groups to benefit from assessment of,
... .
V111-lX
intellectual and structural
characteristics of, 213-214
as laboratory discipline, 7-8, 150- 151
minorities and women in, 154-155
previous studies in field of, ix-x
priorities for, 5, 114, 139-142
professional organizations for, 235-
237
subdisciplines of, 4, 22, 95, 96, 167
267
sustaining core effort in, 5, 139-141
synergy leading to innovations in,
212-213
university-industry-commerce
interaction in, 86-87, 150
youth and growth of, 253-258
Computer science and engineering
(CS&E) accomplishments, 174. See
also individual listing
in algorithms, 193- 198
in artificial intelligence, 199-204
in compilers, 189- 190
in computational complexity, 198-
199
in computer graphics and user
interface, 204-212
in data communications and
networking, 183-185
in database systems, 185- 187
in microelectronics, 175-178
in operating systems, 180-183
in processor and memory design,
178-180
in programming languages, 187- 189
in software engineering, 190-193
in systems and architecture, 175-187
Computer Science and
Telecommunications Board
(CSTB), ix, vii, x, 63, 235, 237
Computer software. See Software;
Software engineering; Software
industry
Computer Systems Policy Project
(CSPP), 147
Computing
benefits and drawbacks of, 26-28
conclusions regarding, 49
CS&E and commercial, 76-81
distributed, 100-101
real-time, 193
speedup in, 25
uses in society for, 13-18
Computing Research Association
(CRA), 235, 237
Coons, Steven, 206
Council on Competitiveness, 131, 132
OCR for page 268
268
D
Data Communications. See also
Computer networks
advances in, 183- 185
research agenda for, 101 - 103
Database model, relational, 24-25, 185,
186
Database research, 108- 110
Database systems, 170, 185-187
Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA), 112
role in support of CS&E research,
33-34, 218-220
Defense Department. See Department of
Defense
Degree production
data regarding undergraduate and
graduate, 239-246, 251
involvement of foreign students in,
251-253
women and non-Asian minorities
and, 246-247
Department of Defense (DOD)
involvement of in support of CS&E
research, 217-221
Office of the Secretary of Defense,
219, 221
Software Engineering Institute
sponsored by, 131
support for CS&E research by, 29-31,
33
Department of Energy (DOE), 29, 34,
228-229
Development
distinctions between basic and
applied research and, 65
researchers' view of, 40-41
Discovery tools, 191
Distributed computing, 100- 101
Downey, Peter, 196
Dozier, Jeff, 196
E
Earth Observing System (EOS)
(NASA), 70
INDEX
Earth sciences and environmental
studies, 69-72, 196
Education
broadening agenda for CS&E, 85-86
. .
committee recommendations
regarding, 8-9, 151 - 155
committee views regarding, 117, 121,
125, 130-134, 141-142
continuing, 133-135, 151-153, 156
different views of, 116- 118
involvement of senior researchers in,
145
master's degree CS&E, 130- 131
Ph.D. CS&E, 119, 131-133, 153-154,
232-233, 239, 240
precollege (high school) CS&E, 135
136, 156-157
summary and conclusions regarding,
136
teaching loads for CS&E faculty,
127, 257-258
undergraduate CS&E, 118- 125, 154,
236. See also Undergraduate
education
undergraduate service, 125- 130
Educational degrees. See Degree
production
Educational institutions. See also Faculty
changes in environment in, 47-48
and continuing education, 134
cost of computing technology for, 48,
119-120, 155-156, 233-234
education recommendations for, 8-9.
153-155
and interaction with industry and
commerce to produce broader
agenda, 38, 86-87, 150
need for reorientation of, 87-88
research recommendations for, 7-8,
146, 148-151
role of CS&E within, 231-235
Educators. See Faculty
Electronic library, 81, 83-85
Employment
expectations for, 133
opportunities for CS&E graduates,
87
OCR for page 269
INDEX
Energy Department. See Department of
Energy
Engelbart, Douglas, 206
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 34
EOS Data and Information System
(EOSDIS), 70-72
Expert systems, 201, 202. See also
Artificial intelligence
F
Faculty
age, degrees, and rank of, 253-258
expansion of HPCC to address needs
of, 151
overview of CS&E, 118, 119
recognition and rewards for, 154
support for interdisciplinary or
applications-oriented research
among, 150
teaching loads for, 127, 257-258
women and non-Asian-minorities
represented in, 247-248
Federal Coordinating Council for
Science, Engineering, and
Technology (FCCSET), 34, 146
Federal government
compact between university research
and, 48
relationship between CS&E research
and, 28-38
Federal policy makers
education recommendations to, 8,
151-153
research recommendations to, 6-7,
143-146
Foreign students, 251-253
Funding
amounts per academic researcher, 34
35
broadening of agenda to gain
nontraditional, 60
critical nature of, 2-3
encouragement for faculty to seek
out, 150
269
by federal agencies, 29-31, 60, 217
230. See also individual agencies
for HCPP program, 36, 37, 60
impact of fiscal restraints on, 45
G
Gesture recognition, 208-209
Global change, 70-72
Graphics. See Computer graphics
Greenblatt, Richard, 203
Hardware
advances in, 210
components of, 169- 170
Health care
computer applications for, 14
physician's assistant for intensive care
monitoring, 67, 68
High Performance Computing and
Communications (HPCC) Program,
67, 223
areas of theoretical research relevant
to, 56
committee recommendations regarding,
3, 143-144, 146, 151-153
CSPP position on, 147
description of, 34-36
features and focus of, 37-38, 100, 102
funding of, 36-37
impact on CS&E research of, 29
origin of, 64
High school computer science education,
135-136, 156-157
Hopcroft-Kennedy study. See Computer
Science: Achievements and
Opportunities (Hopcroft and
Kennedy)
Human-computer interaction, 111, 112
I
Information representation
selection of appropriate, 19, 20, 164-
165
OCR for page 270
270
study of, 24
Information storage, 107- 110
Intellectual property
issues regarding, 43-44
protection of, 150
Interdisciplinary and applications-
oriented research
in commercial computing, 76-83
committee recommendations
regarding, 144- 146, 148, 149
in computational biology, 72-76
in earth sciences and environment,
69-72
in electronic library, 81, 83-85
faculty support for, 150
funding for, 88, 144-146
importance of, 63, 64
at science and technology centers,
226
Interdisciplinary courses, 154
K
Kapor, Mitchell, 78-79
Kay, Alan, 97
Knuth, Donald, 19-20, 164
L
Lagunita report, 107-108
Languages. See Computer languages
Lewis, Edward, 74
Linear programming (LP) algorithms,
195, 196, 198
M
Mathematics
comparison of CS&E to, 57
contributions of CS&E to, 58, 59
influences on development of, 56, 57 ~ ~
McCarthy, John, 200
Microelectronics, 175-178
Minorities
in CS&E, 154- 156, 246-247
in faculty positions, 247-248
Minsky, Marvin, 200
INDEX
Mission to Planet Earth, 228
Morgan, H.E., 87-88
Multiple processors, 97, 100- 101
N
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 29, 34,
70, 227-228
The National Challenge in Computer
Science and Technology (CSTB),
ix, 97, 103
National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST), 34, 145, 230
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 34,
230
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), 34
National Research and Education
Network (NREN), 34-35, 103, 185
National Science Foundation (NSF)
CISE Directorate, 222-224
Coordinated Experimental Research
(CER) Program, 234-235
funding for HPCC Program by, 36
Institutional Infrastructure Program,
235
science and technology centers of,
226
supercomputer centers of, 225-226
support for CS&E research by, 29,
32-34, 221-225, 234
support for NSFNET, 225, 226
National Security Agency (NSA), 219,
221
Networks. See Computer networks
Newell, Allen, 200
o
Object-oriented programming, 124
Office of Naval Research (ONR), 219-
220
Office of Science and Technology
Policy (OSTP), 34
Operating systems
advances in, 180-183
OCR for page 271
INDEX
development of, 26
software, 170-171
p
Parallel computing
as component of HPCC Program, 100
parallel processing, 96
parallelism, 99, 124
progress in, 96
research agenda for, 97, 99
science and technology center for,
226
in undergraduate programs, 120, 124
Priorities
to broaden field, 5, 141
to improve undergraduate education,
5, 141-142
setting of, for the future, 113-114,
139
to sustain core effort, 5, 139-141
Processors
advances in, 178-180
capabilities of, 97, 100-101
as component of computer hardware,
169
design of, 178
Professional organizations, 235-237
Programming. See Computer
programming
Programming languages. See Computer
languages
Project control systems, 191
R
Real-time computing, 193
Reduced-instruction-set computing
(RISC), 38, 96, 97, 179
Relational database model, 24-25, 185,
186
Reliability, 110-111
Research. See also Interdisciplinary and
applications-oriented research
academic vs. industrial, 38-40
basic vs. applied, 29, 65, 67
broader definition of, 88-89
271
computer industry involvement in,
38-45
interaction between computing
practice and, 5, 55-56
in non-Ph.D.-granting institutions,
119
overview of federal support for, 28-38
recommendations regarding, 6-8,
143-151
relationship to development, 65
role of, 2
Research agenda
for data communications and
networking, 101 - 103
formulation of broader, 64-68, 86-89
for future, 95-98
for information storage and
management, 107-110
regarding processor capabilities and
multiple-processor systems, 97, 99-
101
for reliability, 110- 111
for software engineering, 103- 107
summary and conclusions regarding,
113-114
for user interface, 111 - 113
Research funding. See Funding
Researchers
academic vs. industrial, 38-40
growth in number of active, 34, 256
need to engage with applications, 61-
63
production of doctoral-level, 47
understanding of development, 40-41
S
Scaling Up: A Research Agenda for
Software Engineering (CSTB), 97,
103
Scientific visualization, 207-208, 211
Simon, Herbert, 200
Software
cost of, in assessment of
capitalization, 233
intellectual property issues regarding,
44
OCR for page 272
272
operating system, 170- 171
OSD action plan for, 221
reengineering of existing, 103-105
reuse of, 190, 192
testing of, 98, 107
transfer by network, 226
undergraduate approach to problems
in, 121
usability of, 78-79
Software engineering
advances in, 190- 193
continuing education in, 134
difficulty of large-scale, 106- 107
research agenda for, 103-105
rigor and clarity in, 121, 122
Software industry, 17, 18
Source code control systems, 191-192
Speech recognition, 112, 203-204
Sutherland, Ivan, 21, 206
T
Taulbee Surveys, ix, 232, 237, 247
Technology transfer
issues posed by, 41-43
Theoretical research
. . .
interaction between computing
practice and, 5, 55-56
meaning of, 194
Theory, 194
Traveling salesman problem (TSP),
196-197
Turing, Alan, 172, 197, 200
U
Undergraduate education. See also
Education
achievement of breadth in, 123-124
INDEX
limits of four-year, 125
mathematics and formalism in, 122-
123
for non-CS&E majors, 125- 130, 154
priorities to improve, 5, 141-142
rigor and clarity in, 120- 122
role of ACM in, 236
variability in, 118- 120, 136
Universities. See Educational
institutions
U.S. Global Change Research Program,
70, 72
User interfaces
advances in, 205-212
explanation of, 170
gestures in, 208-209
research agenda for, 111 - 113
V
Visualization. see Scientific
vlsuallzatlon
Von Neumann, John, 57, 220
W
White, Robert M., 58
WIMP interfaces, 205-206, 208
Women
among foreign students, 253
in CS&E, 154-156, 246-249
degrees awarded to, 247, 249
in faculty positions, 247-248
participation barriers in science and
engineering for, 248-250, 253
Representative terms from entire chapter:
foreign students
