Index
A
Ablation, 104
Abyssal storms
see Benthic storms
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), 11, 108, 111
Acidity
mineral dissolution factors, 38, 40-42
neutralization and mineral dissolution, 40-42
Acoustic reflectors, 111
Adirondack Mountains, 42
Africa
eolian dust transport and deposition, 117, 119
paleohydrological studies, 92-93
fluvial sediment discharge, 81
African lakes, 122
Air pollution
nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions, 42
Algeria, 81
Alkalinity, 40-42
Allochthonous deposition, 101
fluvial sediment discharge, 83
Aluminosilicates, 151
ocean sediment biogenic aggregation, 136
Aluminum
ocean sediment rain and burial, 128-130, 137-138
Amazon River
continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49
dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67
paleohydrological studies, 92
Anatolian Mountains, 80
Andes, 122
carbon dioxide consumption, 54
sediment source, 76
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67
Antarctica
biogenic silica sediment preservation, 154
ice discharge to oceans, 70
ice sheet contribution to dissolved silica, 52
ice sheet temperature dynamics, 51-52
ice stream sediment transport, 104-105
effects on chemical weathering, 30
Arabian Desert, 117
Arctic
fluvial sediment discharge, 78
Arid regions
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71
Artifacts, 145
Asia
continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49
eolian dust transport and deposition, 118
loess deposition, 55-56
Atlantic Ocean
benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149-150
eolian dust transport and deposition, 118-122
marine carbonate sediments burial efficiency, 152-153
ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-20
Atmosphere
carbon dioxide concentration, 38
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 70-71
Atmospheric aerosols
stream water chemistry, 64
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 127
Australia
fluvial sediment discharge, 82
paleoflood records, 88
paleohydrological studies, 92-93
preserved paleochannels, 87
Australian Desert, 117
B
Bacterial activity
association with temperature and mineral dissolution, 39
Bactericides, 127
Baffin Island
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 106-111
Baltic Sea
sediment accumulation rates, 20
Bathymetry, 103
Bengal Delta, 83
Benthic flux chambers, 144-147
Benthic sediment flux
diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 143-160
ocean sediment rain and burial, 125-141
Bering Sea
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 21
Biogenic materials
carbon removal from ocean, 139-140
ocean sediment biogenic aggregation, 136-139
silica flux, 101
Biostratigraphy, 108
Black Sea
fluvial sediment discharge, 80
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 21
Black Waters, 63
Brahmaputra River
sediment discharge, 76
Brahmaputra River, 83
British Columbia, 87
Burdekin River, 82
Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, 158
C
Calcite, 135
Calcium
weathering rate, 39-40
Calcium compensation depth, 57
California Current
ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141
Canadian Arctic
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 106-112
Canadian Rockies, 52
Canadian Shield
erosion by Laurentide Ice Cap, 24
Cape Lookout Bight, 155
Carbon
benthic diagenetic flux, 147-151
organic carbon as acidity source, 42
organic carbon ocean burial efficiency, 156-159
organic carbon ocean rain and burial, 129-141
removal of carbon from ocean, 139
Carbon dioxide
atmosphere and water acidity, 38, 40-42
climate, weathering, and carbon dioxide, 54-55
glacial meltwater, 52
low atmospheric concentration and ocean carbon transfer, 132
Carbonate minerals
benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 147-160
dissolution and weathering rates, 35-40
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 110-111
ocean sediment rain and burial, 129-141
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-68
sea level rises and falls, effect on sedimentation, 22-23
sediment accumulation rates, 19
Caribbean
benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149
Catastrophic events, 7
effect on chemical weathering, 30
Caucasus Mountains, 80
fluvial sediment discharge, 83
Chao Phya River, 82
Chemical reactions
organic carbon degradation at seafloor, 145-160
Chemical weathering, 8
France, 63
glacial time scale, 46-58
Pleistocene-Holocene rates, 15-25
rates of dissolution and weathering, 30-43
China
eolian dust transport and deposition, 117, 118
paleoflood records, 88
China Loess Plateau, 120
Chira River, 79
Clastic sediments, 23
Clasts, 53
Clathrates, 9
Clay, 129-130
glaciated coastlines, sediment sources, 108-111
Climatic changes
carbon dioxide, weathering, and climate, 54-55
glacial sediment transport, 55-56
ice age and present, 47-48
tectonic activity and climate, 24-25
Cold regions
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71
Columbia River, 87-88
sediment discharge from Mount St. Helens, 84
Commission on Global Continental Paleohydrology (GLOCOPH), 90
Continental glaciation, 4
chemical weathering, 46-58
effect on forests, 55
glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-94
glacial-interglacial alternations, effect on sedimentation, 24
ice sheet temperature dynamics and water production, 51-53
Neoglaciation and paraglaciation, sediment flux, 105
sediment transport and deposition, 24
Continental margins, 5
active/passive margins and sedimentation, 83-84
benthic diagenic flux and sedimentation, 148-150
high-latitude glaciated, sediment flux, 100-113
Continental rises
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-19
Continental shelf, 6
sediment accumulation rates, 22
high-latitude glaciated margins, sediment flux, 100-113
ice age exposure, 48-49
Cooper River, 82
Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project (COHMAP)
paleohydrological mapping, 93
Cordilleran Ice Sheet
glacial cataclysmic floods, 90
Core sectioning, 144
Cowlitz River, 84
D
Dams, 83
Danube River, 80
Deep ocean moorings, 126
Deep sea
fiord-to-deep sea sediment flux, 111-112
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-20
sediment off-loaded from continental shelves, 23
see also Ocean floor
Deforestation, 76
Denitrification, 151
Deserts
eolian dust sources, 117
benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 143-160
Diatoms, 122
Dissolved materials
benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 143-160
dissolution and weathering, 33-43
organic carbon, 64
stream water chemistry, 62-63
Dredging, 76
Dropstones, 111
Drumlins, 89
Dust
eolian transport and deposition in oceans, 116-122
E
Earthquakes
fluvial sediment discharge, 84
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 104-105
El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 92
Electrodes, 144
Eolian dust transport, 104
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 106-111
glaciogenic silt, 55
particulate, 140
pelagic oceans deposition, 116-122
Equatorial region
fluvial sediment discharge, 78
Erosion
see Chemical weathering
see Physical weathering
Estuaries, 5
Euphotic zone, 131
Eurasia
glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-90
Europe
continental glaciation and chemical weathering, 48-58
paleohydrological studies, 91-92
relative dissolution rates, 37
Feldspar, 110
F
Fennoscandian Ice Sheet
glacial cataclysmic floods, 90
temperature dynamics, 51-52
Fiords
sediment transport and deposition, 100-113
Floods, 9
glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-94
paleoflood hydrology, 87-88
Fluvial paleohydrology
river water and sediment fluxes, 86-94
Fluvial sediment transport, 4, 55
basin area and basin elevation, 74-84
benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149
dissolved elements and sediment, 62-71
glacial cataclysmic floods, 90
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 104-105
transport rates, 68-69
Forests
and chemical weathering, 54-55
Fossil fuels
nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions, 42
France
stream water chemistry, 64
G
Gamma Ray Attenuation Porosity Evaluation (GRAPE), 17
Ganges River, 83
Geothermal flux, 51
Glacial outwash plains
eolian silt transport, 55
Glacial sediments
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 23
sources and grain size, 118-111
Glaciers
carbon dioxide and chemical weathering, 52
chemical weathering, 46-58
plucking, abrasion, and fluvial action, 52
shear stresses, 53
temperature dynamics and water production, 50-53
Glaciology
fiord basins sediment transport mechanics, 104-105
Global Hydrological Model, 91
Gobi Desert, 117
Granite, 42
Grasslands, 55
Gravity flow deposition, 101
Great Lakes, 31
Great Salt Lake, 5
Greenland
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 106, 111-112
ice sheet temperature dynamics, 51-52
Gulf Coastal Plain
preserved paleochannels, 87
Gulf of Mexico
continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 20-21
H
Hatteras Abyssal Plain
ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141
Heterotrophic organisms, 127
High-resolution dating, 11
Himalayas, 7
fluvial sediment discharge, 81
paleoflood records, 88
Hydrographers Range, 75
Hydrothermal discharge, 65, 127
I
Ice-rafted detritus, 101
India
paleoflood records, 88
paleohydrological studies, 93
Indian Ocean
benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149-150
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-20
Indus River, 76
Instrumental neutron activation, 127
Interglacial periods, 4
eolian dust transport and deposition, 121
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 105
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 20
sediment transport and deposition, 24
International Geological Correlation Programme, 91, 94
International Union of Quaternary Research (INQUA), 90
Intertropical Convergence Zone, 118
Intracratonic basins, 75
Ions, 40-41
Iron
ocean sediment rain and burial, 128-130
Isopycnal surfaces, 146
Israel
paleoflood records, 88
Isser River, 82
Itirbiling Fiord, 106-111
J
Japan
dams effect on fluvial sediment discharge, 81
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67
Juan de Fuca Ridge
ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141
K
Kangderlugssuag Fiord, 111
Karst, 50
L
Labile elements, 129
Lake Baikal, 31
Lake Bonneville, 5
glacial cataclysmic flood, 89-90
Lake Constance, 80
Lake Lahontan, 5
Lake Missoula
glacial cataclysmic flood, 89-90
Lakes, 5
African lakes drying and eolian dust, 122
glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-90
retention of minerals, 65
water residence time, 30-31
Lapland, 90
depth of erosion, 53
glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-90
temperature dynamics, 51-52
Leaching, 37
Limestones
exposure of rock types, 49-50
Limpopo River, 81
Lithology
see Rock types
Little Ice Age, 102
Loess, 64
deposition, 55-56
eolian deposition, 117
M
Mackenzie River, 78
dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67
glaciation reorganization of basins, 24
Magdalena River, 78
Magnesium
benthic diagenetic flux, 147
Maps, 11
Marginal seas
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 20-21
Marine climates
high mountain glaciers, weathering, 52
Mass accumulation rate (MAR)
eolian dust deposition, 117
Measurement methods and devices
benthic diagenetic flux and sediment, 143-147
Mediterranean Sea, 79
fluvial sediment discharge, 83
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 21
Mid-Brunhes Climate Event, 121-122
Mineral dissolution rates, 37-39
glacial cataclysmic floods, 89
glaciation reorganization of basins, 24
Models
benthic diagenetic flux and sediment, 143-147
fiord glacier sedimentation, 102
global circulation models, 93
Global Hydrological Model, 91
hydraulic flow, 87
hydrological change, 93
opal dissolution, 135-136
organic carbon sediment burial efficiency, 156-159
sediment flux computer simulations, 112
Molecular diffusion
benthic diagenetic flux and sediment, 143-147
Mongolia,118
Monsoon
ice age climate, 47
Morocco, 81
Mount Pinatubo, 8
Mount St. Helens, 84
Mountains
small mountainous rivers, sediment discharge, 74-84
Mudslides, 84
Murray River, 82
Nares Abyssal Plain
ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141
Narmada River
paleoflood records, 88
N
Nepal, 76
Nival, 104
Nonglacial continental sediments
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 23
North Africa
eolian dust plume, 119
North America
continental glaciation and chemical weathering, 48-58
fluvial sediment discharge, 78
paleohydrological studies, 91-92
Northwestern United States
glacial cataclysmic floods, 90
O
Ocean aerosols
source of atmospheric elements, 64
Ocean floor, 4
diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 143-160
see also Deep sea
Oceania
continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49
fluvial sediment discharge, 81-82
mountainous river sediment discharge, 77
Oceans
calcium compensation depth, 57
carbon dioxide concentration of surface water, 38
eolian dust transport and deposition, 116-122
mixing time and diagenetic cycles, 147
Oder River, 82
Opal
ocean sediment accumulation, 154
ocean sediment rain and burial, 129, 135-136, 138
Orange River, 82
Ord River, 82
paleohydrological studies, 92
Oxidants, 151
Ozone layer, 8
P
Pacific Ocean
benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149-150
eolian dust transport and deposition, 118-122
marine carbonate sediments burial efficiency, 152-153
ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-20
Pacific Rim, 9
volcanic arcs, eolian ash deposition, 122
Paleochannels, 87
Paleoclimatology, 86
proxy indicators of eolian dust flux, 120-121
Paleomagnetic boxes, 108
Paleostage indicators
hydraulic flow models, 87-88
Papua New Guinea, 75
Paraglaciation, 105
Parana River, 78
Particle size
weathered rock and soil, 35-36
Particulate organic matter, 132
Persian Gulf
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 20
Petroleum maturation, 84
pH
acidity, alkalinity, and pH in natural waters, 40
relation to mineral dissolution rates, 38
Photic zone, 3
Photosynthesis, 147
Physical weathering, 7-8
France, 63
glacier erosion, 53-54
Piston cores, 106-112
Plankton, 147
Plant productivity
association with temperature and mineral dissolution, 39
Poland
paleohydrological studies, 91
preserved paleochannels, 87
Pore space, 32
Pore water sampling, 144-147
Porosity, 144
chemical weathering, 34
Potassium
benthic diagenetic flux, 147
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-68
Precession cycle, 6
Precipitation, 30
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 103-104
ice age and present, 47-48
mechanical erosion and sediment transport, 63
Pressure melting point, 104
Purari River, 82
Q
Quartz, 110
dissolution rates, 38
dust from weathering, 117
R
Rare earth elements, 122
Red Sea
sediment mass and accumulation rates, 21
Refractory elements, 129
Regime theory, 87
Resuspension of sediment, 101, 127-128, 140
Rhine River, 80
Rifiji River, 81
River basin area
fluvial sediment discharge, 75
River water chemistry, 62-63
Rivers, 7
diversions, 94
drainage toward continental interiors, 69
glaciation reorganization of basins, 24
sediment transport rates, 68-69
Rock types
dissolved major elements, by stream lithology, 62-63
glacier coverage and climatic change, 49-50
sediment discharge, 76-77
Russia, 80
S
Sahel, 117
San Clemente Basin
Sand
glaciated coastlines, sediment sources, 108-111
Satellites, 3
Scandinavian Shield, 42
Sea ice, 104
Sea level changes
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 105
sedimentation effects of rises and falls, 22
Sea of Okhotsk
sediment accumulation rates, 21
Seafloor
see Ocean floor
Sediment cores, 117-122
Sediment cycling, 23-24
Sediment deposition
accumulation rates, 17-25
basin area and basin elevation, 74-84
delivery ratio, 68
glaciated high-latitude continental margins, 100-113
gravity flow deposition, 101
loess, 55-56
marine sediments burial efficiency, 152-156
ocean sediment, organic carbon, 134-135
ocean sediment rain and burial, 125-141
Quaternary total sediment mass and components, 17-25
river basin area and elevation, 74-84
transport mechanics, 87
Sediment traps, 106
ocean sediment rain and burial, 126-129
Sediment-water interface, 143-144
Sedimentology of Arctic Fjords Experiment (SAFE), 106
Seismic stratigraphy, 106, 111, 112
Semani River, 79
Senegal River, 81
Severn River, 94
Siberia, 94
Silicate minerals
benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 147-160
carbon dioxide consumption during weathering, 58
dissolution and weathering rates, 35-40
exposure of rock types, 49-50
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-68
weathering, carbon dioxide, and climate, 54-55
Silt
glaciated coastlines, sediment sources, 108-111
Slackwater deposits
hydraulic flow models, 87-88
Sodium
benthic diagenetic flux, 147
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-68
Sodium azide, 127
Soil
weathering and dissolution, 33
ice age and present, 47-48
Solid phase elemental ratios, 146
Solo River, 82
Solubility, 37
Sous River, 82
South America
continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49
fluvial sediment discharge, 78-79
paleohydrological studies, 92
South Asia
mountainous river sediment discharge, 77
Southeast Asia
carbon dioxide consumption, 54
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71
Southeastern United States
carbon dioxide consumption, 54
Southern Asia
fluvial sediment discharge, 81, 82
paleohydrological studies, 92-93
Southwestern United States
ice age climate, 47
paleofloods, 91
Spain
paleoflood records, 88
SPECMAP, 120
St. Lawrence River
glacial cataclysmic floods, 89
glaciation reorganization of basins, 24
Stoichiometry, 146-147
Storms, 117
Stream power, 90
Subduction, 84
Sulfuric acid, 38
Surface area
reactive areas of minerals, 34-35
Sweden, 17
T
Taurus Mountains, 80
Tectonic activity
continental ice cap formation, 24-25
sediment transport role, 65
Temperate regions
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71
Temperature
glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 103-104
glacier formation, 51
glaciers, temperature dynamics, 50-52
ice age and present, 47-48
mechanical erosion and sediment transport, 63
mineral dissolution factors, 37
Terrestrial plant wax alkanes, 132
Thailand
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67
Tills, 53
Titanium
ocean sediment rain and burial, 128-130
Total suspended sediment
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 62-71
Tropical regions
rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71
Tsunamis, 9
Tunisia, 81
Turkey, 80
U
Ukraine, 80
Uplift rates
sediment transport role, 65
V
Variability
importance in river fluxes, 93-94
Vegetation
mechanical erosion and sediment transport,64
Volcanic activity, 8
ash, eolian deposition, 117, 122
fluvial sediment discharge, 84
sediment transport role, 65
W
Waiapu River, 77
Water
fresh water acidity, alkalinity, and mineral weathering, 40-42
ice sheet temperature dynamics and water production, 51-53
residence times on land, 31-33
Water quality
stream waters, dissolved elements and sediment, 65-68
Weathering rates
glacial time scale, 46-58
glaciers frozen in a rigid bed, 50-51
Pleistocene-Holocene rates, 15-25
rates of dissolution and weathering, 33-43
Wetlands, 10
Whole-core squeezers, 144
Wisconsin, 42
Y
Yangtze River, 83
Yellow River
see Huang He
Younger Dryas cooling, 17, 88-89
Z