National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

NATURAL DISASTER STUDIES

Volume Six

HURRICANE HUGO: PUERTO RICO, THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS, AND SOUTH CAROLINA

SEPTEMBER 17-22, 1989

Prepared by:

Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands:

Joseph H. Golden (Team Leader), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Spring, Maryland

Benigno E. Aguirre, Texas A&M University, College Station

David M. Bush, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

Richard D. Marshall, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland

John L. Vogel, National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland

South Carolina:

Earl J. Baker (Team Leader), Florida State University, Tallahassee

Norbert S. Baer, New York University, New York

Ronald A. Cook, University of Florida, Gainesville

Stephen P. Leatherman, University of Maryland, College Park

Billy R. Manning, Southern Building Code Congress, Birmingham, Alabama

Crane Miller, Attorney, Washington, D.C.

Mark D. Powell, Environmental Research Laboratories/Hurricane Research Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida

Jane Slate Siena, The Getty Conservation Institute, Marina del Rey, California

Hsiang Wang, University of Florida, Gainesville

For:

Committee on Natural Disasters

Board on Natural Disasters

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Washington, D.C. 1994

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is acting president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Library of Congress Catalog No. 93-87044

International Standard Book Number 0-309-04475-8

A limited number of copies of this monograph are available from:

Board on Natural Disasters

National Research Council, HA 468

2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20418

202/334-1964

Additional copies are available for sale from:

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2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 202/334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area) 1-800-624-6242

Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

B-266

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

NATURAL DISASTER STUDIES

An Investigative Series of the Committee on Natural Disasters

The Committee on Natural Disasters and its predecessors, dating back to the committee that studied the 1964 Alaska Earthquake, have conducted on-site studies and prepared reports reflecting their findings and recommendations on the mitigation of natural disaster effects. Objectives of the committee are to:

  • record time-sensitive information immediately following disasters;

  • provide guidance on how engineering and the social sciences can best be applied to the improvement of public safety;

  • recommend research needed to advance the state of the art in the area of natural disaster reduction; and

  • conduct special studies to address long-term issues in natural disasters, particularly issues of a multiple-hazard nature.

EDITOR

Riley M. Chung (1991)

National Research Council

EDITORIAL BOARD

Dennis S. Mileti, Chair

Colorado State University Fort Collins

Norbert S. Baer

New York University New York

Earl J. Baker

Florida State University Tallahassee

Arthur N.L. Chiu

University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu

Hanna J. Cortner

University of Arizona Tucson

Peter Gergely

Cornell University Ithaca, New York

Joseph H. Golden

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Spring, Maryland

Wilfred D. Iwan

California Institute of Technology Pasadena

Ahsan Kareem

University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana

Dale C. Perry

Texas A&M University College Station

William J. Petak

University of Southern California Los Angeles

Robert L. Schuster

U.S. Geological Survey Denver, Colorado

SPONSORING AGENCIES

Federal Emergency Management Agency

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Science Foundation

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

INVITATION FOR DISCUSSION

Materials presented in Natural Disaster Studies often include observations and statements that inspire debate. Readers interested in contributing to the discussion surrounding any topic contained in the journal may do so in the form of letters to the editor.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

COMMITTEE ON NATURAL DISASTERS (1989-1991)

NORBERT S. BAER,

New York University, New York

EARL J. BAKER,

Florida State University, Tallahassee

ARTHUR N. L. CHIU,

University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu

HANNA J. CORTNER,

University of Arizona, Tucson

DANNY L. FREAD,

National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland

PETER GERGELY,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

JOSEPH H. GOLDEN,

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland

WILFRED D. IWAN,

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena

AHSAN KAREEM,

University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana

DENNIS S. MILETI,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins

DALE C. PERRY,

Texas A&M University, College Station

WILLIAM J. PETAK,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles

ROBERT L. SCHUSTER,

U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado

Staff

RILEY M. CHUNG, Committee Director, 1985-1991

GLENN P. HECTON, Technical Writer

EDWARD LIPP, Editor

KAREN M. MANSKI, Research Aide

SUSAN R. McCUTCHEN, Administrative Assistant

GREGORY A. MOCK, Editor

SHIRLEY J. WHITLEY, Project Assistant

Liaison Representatives

WILLIAM A. ANDERSON,

National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.

FRED COLE,

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C.

TERRY FELDMAN,

Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.

ROBERT D. GALE,

U.S. Department of Agriculture/Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

EDWARD M. GROSS,

National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland

PAUL KRUMPE,

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C.

ELEONORA SABADELL,

National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.

RANDALL G. UPDIKE,

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia

ARTHUR J. ZEIZEL,

Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

THE BOARD ON NATURAL DISASTERS*

WALTER R. LYNN (Chair),

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

MARY B. ANDERSON, President,

Collaborative for Development Action, Cambridge, Massachusetts

ALAN G. DAVENPORT, Director,

Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

RICHARD FISKE,

Department of Volcanology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

ROBERT D. HANSON, Chairman,

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

WILFRED D. IWAN,

Department of Earthquake Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena

LUCILE M. JONES,

U.S. Geological Survey, Pasadena, California

LESTER B. LAVE,

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

SHIRLEY MATTINGLY, Director of Emergency Management,

City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

ROBERT M. MARSHALL, Vice President,

Distribution, Florida Power & Light Company, Miami, Florida

E.L. QUARANTELLI, Research Professor,

Disaster Research Center, Newark, Delaware

LACY E. SUITER, State Director,

Tennessee Emergency Management Association, Nashville, Tennessee

Staff:

CAROLINE CLARKE GUARNIZO, Director

ROBIN L. ALLEN, Senior Project Assistant

*

As of May 1992, the National Research Council created the Board on Natural Disasters to provide a focal point for planning, coordination, and representation of the NRC's disaster reduction efforts, and in so doing, enhance its abilities to serve and advice the federal government and others in this critical area. The BOND encompasses and replaces the activities that were formerly those of the Committee on Natural Disasters and the Committee on Earthquake Engineering.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

Acknowledgements

The team members would like to extend their special thanks to the following individuals for their contributions to this report.

PUERTO RICO AND THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS

Peter Black, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Bob Case, National Hurricane Center/National Weather Service/NOAA

Dane Clark, NESDIS/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Lisbeth Crespo, Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources

Dana C. Fagan, University of the Virgin Islands, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas

John Fought, GE Government Services, Frederiksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Miles Lawrence, National Hurricane Center/National Weather Service/NOAA

Israel Matos, National Weather Service Forecast Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Frank Marks, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Scott Ordich, FLECOMPRON Eight, U.S. Naval Station, Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico

Jack Parrish, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Mark Powell, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Donna Robertson, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Rafael Rodríquez, U.S. Geological Survey, Marine Geology Project Office, San Juan

Frank Sola, General Offshore Corporation, Frederiksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Amber Taylor, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

Juan Trias, U.S. Geological Survey, Marine Geology Project Office, San Juan

Aileen Velasco, Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources

Richard Webb, U.S. Geological Survey, Marine Geology Project Office, San Juan

Hugh Willoughby, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

SOUTH CAROLINA

Sim Aberson, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Edward Badolato, The Strom Thurmond Institute, Clemson, South Carolina

Stephen Baig, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Bill Barry, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Wallace Benson, City Councilman, Follys Beach, South Carolina

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

Mike Black, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Peter Black, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Kathy J. Caldwell, Jones, Edmunds and Associates, Inc., Gainesville, Florida

Joe Cunningham, Electric Cooperatives of Columbia, South Carolina

Robert Dean, University of Florida

Mark DeMaria, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Peter Dodge, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Mill Dowd, University of Florida

Brian Duncan, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company, Charleston

Carlos R. Fredes, Horry County, South Carolina

Ted Fujita, University of Chicago

Patzy Gatch, Charleston County, South Carolina

Grant Goodge, NESDIS/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina

Ken Hancuff, Isle of Palms, South Carolina

Commissioner Kin Hill, Public Works, Charleston

Sam Hoerter, Charleston County Aviation Authority

Sam Houston, University of Florida

Brian Jarvinen, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Bill Johnson, Southern Bell Telephone Company, Charleston

Algis N. Kalvaitis, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research/NOAA

Miles Lawrence, National Hurricane Center

Joe Maher, Duke Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina

Frank Marks, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Israel Matos, National Weather Service Forecast Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico

David McNeil, Carolina Power and Light, Raleigh, North Carolina

Commissioner Graham Rich, Public Works, Charleston

Jill Robbins, South Carolina Public Service Authority (Santee Cooper), Myrtle Beach

Richard Shenot, National Weather Service, Charleston, South Carolina

Karl Simmons, Charleston County, South Carolina

John Townsend and staff, National Weather Service, Charleston, South Carolina

Bob Wright, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

HURRICANE HUGO METEOROLOGY CHRONOLOGY

September 9-22, 1991

DATE

STORM STATUS

09

Strong tropical disturbance off the African coast; intense thunderstorms visible on satellite imagery.

10

Tropical depression forms southeast of Cape Verde Islands; National Hurricane Center begins track of Hugo.

10

Hugo begins westward movement across the eastern Atlantic.

11

Hugo intensifies to tropical storm stage (category 2).

12

Continues westward movement and intensification.

13

Hugo upgraded to full hurricane status (category 3). Located 1,100 nautical miles east of the Leeward Islands.

14

Hugo slows its forward speed, turns west-northwest, and intensifies.

15

NHC upgrades Hugo to category 5 status around midday.

16-19

Hugo passes through the Lesser Antilles and Virgin Islands; eye diameter fluctuates from 30 to 70 km.

16

Hugo approaches the Lesser Antilles; eye well developed. Late evening, Hugo passes over Guadeloupe.

17

Hugo passes over Montserrat and heads west-northwest into the Caribbean Sea as a category 4 hurricane. Forward movement slows and takes a more northwesterly track.

17-18

Hugo batters St. Croix.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

18

Hugo slows and makes a trochoidal loop near Frederiksted, St. Croix. Hugo enters Vieques Sound between the islands of Culebra and Vieques in the early morning. Hugo's eye moves over northeastern Puerto Rico between 0800 and 0900 AST. By 1200, Hugo's eye is north of San Juan, over open water.

19

Hugo weakens to category 2 status.

20

Hugo gradually gains strength.

21

At 1200, Hugo is upgraded to a category 3 hurricane. Hugo accelerates and intensifies. Upgraded to category 4 at 1800. Just before midnight, Hugo makes landfall in the Bulls Bay, South Carolina, area as a category 4 hurricane.

22

Hugo crosses South Carolina, following a northwestward track; it passes Columbia, South Carolina, around 0300 EDT. Around sunrise, after passing west of Charlotte, North Carolina, Hugo is downgraded to a tropical storm.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

HURRICANE HUGO WEATHER ANNOUNCEMENT TIMELINE

September 15-21, 1991

Atlantic Standard Time (AST): U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

Eastern Daylight Time (EDT): Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina

DATE

TIME

DESCRIPTION

15

1800

Hurricane Watch: Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

16

1500

Hurricane Warning: Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

17

0600

Hurricane Warning, Coastal Flood Watch, Flash Flood Watch: Puerto Rico

 

1500

Hurricane Warning, Coastal Flood Watch, Heavy Surf Advisory, Flash Flood Watch: Puerto Rico

 

1800

Hurricane Warning, Coastal Flood Warning, Heavy Surf Advisory, Flash Flood Watch: Puerto Rico

18

0130

Hurricane Warning, Coastal Flood Warning, Flash Flood Watch: Puerto Rico

 

0300

Hurricane Warning, Coastal Flood Warning, Flash Flood Warning: Puerto Rico

19

 

Hugo leaves Puerto Rico and stalls over the Atlantic

20

1800

Hurricane Watch: St. Augustine, Florida to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina

21

0600

Hurricane Warning: Fernandina Beach, Florida to Cape Lookout, North Carolina, Hurricane Watch: south to St. Augustine, Florida and north to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina

 

1500

Hurricane Warning: extended to Oregon Inlet, North Carolina Hurricane Watch: extended to Cape Henlopen, Delaware Special advisory reports Hugo's winds and forward motion have unexpectedly increased

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×
   

4  SURFACE WIND SPEEDS AND PROPERTY DAMAGE (Richard D. Marshall)

 

82

   

 Introduction,

 

82

   

 Sources of Data,

 

83

   

 Assessment of Surface Wind Speeds,

 

83

   

 Design Wind Speeds,

 

87

   

 Summary of Maximum Wind Speeds,

 

90

   

 Property Damage,

 

92

   

 Summary,

 

111

   

 References,

 

113

   

5  LIFELINES (David M. Bush and Richard D. Marshall)

 

115

   

 Introduction,

 

115

   

 Electrical Distribution Systems,

 

115

   

 Communications,

 

117

   

 Water Supplies,

 

118

   

 Airports,

 

122

   

 Other Transportation Systems,

 

125

   

 Other Lifeline Systems,

 

126

   

 Summary,

 

128

   

 References,

 

129

   

6  COASTAL PROCESSES (David M. Bush)

 

130

   

 Introduction,

 

130

   

 Storm Surge and Shore Processes,

 

130

   

 Shoreline Descriptions,

 

131

   

 Comparison with the South Carolina Shoreline,

 

132

   

 General Overview of Hugo's Impact,

 

132

   

 Storm Surge, Predicted and Observed,

 

134

   

 Sand Overwash,

 

138

   

 Coastal Flooding,

 

140

   

 Wave Attack,

 

140

   

 Degradation of Recreational Beach Resources,

 

144

   

 “Setting Up” the Shoreline for Winter Storm Damage,

 

146

   

 Some Unique Undersea Water Data Near St. Croix,

 

147

   

 Summary,

 

148

   

 Recommendations,

 

152

   

 References,

 

154

   

7  CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 

155

   

 Aerial Reconnaissance,

 

155

   

 Prediction Models,

 

156

   

 Surface-Wind-Speed Database,

 

156

   

 Communication with the News Media,

 

157

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×
   

 Wind Models Relating Aircraft-Measured Winds to Surface Winds,

 

158

   

 ALERT Automatic Raingauge Network and Backup Power Supply for Water Regulatory Structures,

 

159

   

 EBS Network, Shelter Readiness, and Intergovernmental Response,

 

160

   

 Technology Transfer to Improve Building Codes and Construction Practices,

 

162

   

 Coastal Zone Management Plan,

 

162

 

 

SOUTH CAROLINA: September 21-22, 1989

 
   

8  INTRODUCTION (Earl J. Baker)

 

166

   

 Immediate Post-storm Environment,

 

166

   

 Insurance Claims,

 

167

   

 Federal Assistance for Individuals, Families, and Businesses,

 

167

   

 Volunteer Organizations,

 

169

   

 Federal Assistance to State and Local Government,

 

170

   

 References,

 

171

   

9  METEOROLOGY (Mark D. Powell)

 

172

   

 Overview,

 

172

   

 Storm Track,

 

173

   

 Motion and Track Forecast Performance,

 

175

   

 Intensity Prediction,

 

177

   

 Wind Measurements by Reconnaissance Aircraft,

 

179

   

 Estimation of Surface Winds Used in Prelandfall Advisories,

 

181

   

 Landfall of Hurricane Hugo,

 

182

   

 Surface Windfield at Landfall,

 

184

   

 Postlandfall Windfields,

 

191

   

 Gust Envelope and Fujita's Damage-Direction Analysis,

 

195

   

 Findings and Recommendations,

 

196

   

 References,

 

199

   

10  WARNING AND RESPONSE (Earl J. Baker)

 

202

   

 Introduction,

 

202

   

 Forecasts,

 

202

   

 Public Response,

 

204

   

 Use and Evaluation of Evacuation,

 

205

   

 Decision Making,

 

207

   

 References,

 

210

   

11  COASTAL PROCESSES (Stephen P. Leatherman)

 

211

   

 Introduction,

 

211

   

 Storm Surge,

 

212

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AAA

Autoridad de Acueducto y Alcantarillado (Water/Sewer)

AC

Autoridad de Comunicaciones

AEE

Autoridad de Energia Electrica

AFB

Air Force Base

ALERT

automated local evaluation in real time

AMA

Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses

ASOS

Automatic Surface Observing System

ASDL

aircraft-satellite data link

AST

Atlantic Standard Time

CMAN

Coastal Marine Automatic Network

CND

Committee on Natural Disasters

CUBC

Caribbean Uniform Building Code

DAC

Disaster Assistance Center

DACO

Puerto Rican Consumer Protection Agency

DOD

Department of Defense

EBS

Emergency Broadcast System

EDT

Eastern Daylight Time

FAA

Federal Aviation Administration

FEMA

Federal Emergency Management Agency

FIRM

flood-insurance rate map

FSMR

fast-scanning microwave radiometer

GMT

Greenwich Mean Time

GOES

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

HRD

Hurricane Research Division

IFG

Individual and Family Grant

INS

inertial navigation system

IWRS

Improved Weather-Reconnaissance System

LLWAS

Low-Level Wind Shear Alert System

MAR

modernization and associated restructuring

MEOW

maximum envelope of high water

MIC

meteorologist in charge

MRI

mean recurrence interval

MSL

mean sea level

MSLP

minimum sea-level central pressure

NDBO

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Data-Buoy Office

NEXRAD

Next-Generation Weather Radar

NFIP

National Flood-Insurance Program

NHC

National Hurricane Center

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NSSL

National Severe Storms Laboratory

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

NWS

National Weather Service

PPI

plan position indicator

PRDNR

Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources

SBA

Small Business Administration

SFMR

stepped-frequency microwave radiometer

SHPO

state historic preservation officer

SLOSH

Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes

SST

sea-surface temperature

USAF

U.S. Air Force

USGS

United States Geological Survey

UTC

coordinated universal time

WAPA

Water and Power Authority (Virgin Islands)

WMO

World Meteorological Organization

WSFO

Weather Service Forecast Office

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×

Hurricane Hugo: Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and South Carolina September 17-22, 1989

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1994. Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1993.
×
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×
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Page xiii Cite
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Page xvii Cite
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Page xviii Cite
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This volume provides an account of the 1989 Hurricane Hugo for historical purposes, evaluates the physical phenomena involved and the performance of structures and systems, and identifies and recommends cases where an in-depth study would improve our ability to analyze and forecast such failures.

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