Michael J. Boskin and Lawrence J. Lau, "Post-War Economic Growth in the Group of Five Countries: A New Analysis" (Working papers, Department of Economics, Stanford University, 1990).

Dale W. Jorgenson, Frank M. Gollop, and Barbara M. Fraumeni, Productivity and U.S. Economic Growth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).

Dale W. Jorgenson, "Investing in Productivity Growth," in Technology and Economics (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Engineering, 1991), 59.

Studies that attribute flat capital-labor ratios to the productivity slowdown include Otto Eckstein, "Core Inflation, Productivity, Capital Supply, and Demand Management," in The Economy and The President: 1980 and Beyond, ed. Walter E. Hoadley (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980); Richard W. Kopcke, "Capital Accumulation and Potential Growth," in The Decline in Productivity Growth (Boston: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 1980); M. Ishaq Nadiri, "Sectoral Productivity Slowdown,'' American Economic Review, no.2 (May 1980):349-352; and Peter K. Clark, "Capital Formation and the Recent Productivity Slowdown," (Paper presented to the American Economic Association and the American Finance Association, December 30, 1977), among others. See also Edward F. Denison, ''Discussion," in The Decline in Productivity Growth (Boston: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 1980) and Edward Wolff, "The Composition of Output and the Productivity Growth Slowdown of 1967-76" (New York University, Department of Economics, 1981, Mimeographed), who have argued that capital formation was not a prime factor in productivity growth slowing.

See Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President 1990 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991).

Englander and Mittelstadt, Total Factor Productivity.

G. Perry, "Potential Output and Productivity," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1 (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1987), 11-47; and Martin Neil Baily, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1 (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1981).

National Science Foundation, International Science and Technology Data Update: 1988 (Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1989), 8; and National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources:1989 (Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1989).

See Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine, Industrial Perspectives on Innovation and Interactions with Universities (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991) for further discussion of this point.

Stephen J. Kline, "Research, Invention, Innovation, and Production: Models and Reality" (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, February 1985), 23; and Ralph E. Gomory, "From the 'Ladder of Science' to the Product Development Cycle," Harvard Business Review 67 (November-December 1989):99-105.

See, for example, Ralph E. Gomory, "Technology Development," Science 220 (May 6, 1983):577.

See analysis contained in the following working papers of the MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989): Kirkor Bozdogan, "The Transformation of the U.S. Chemical Industry," vol. I, 1-41 and Artemis March, "The U.S. Commercial Aircraft Industry and Its Foreign Competitors, vol. I, 1-51, for example.

See, for example, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Commission Working Group on Consumer Electronics Industries, "The Decline of U.S. Consumer Electronics Manufacturing: History, Hypotheses, and Remedies," MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity Working Papers, vol. I (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989), 76; Artemis March, "The U.S. Machine Tool Industry and Its Foreign Competitors," MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity Working Papers, vol. II (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989), 1-109; and Commission Working Group on the Materials Industry, "The Future of the U.S. Steel Industry in the