The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Index
A
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, see HIV infection and disease
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 283
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Index
A
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, see HIV infection and disease
Acute care facilities, 61
Acyclovir, 99-100
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, 103, 233-234
Aedes spp., 30, 38, 40, 42, 44, 49, 50, 51, 160, 220, 222
Aeromonas spp., 65, 199-200
Africa,
HIV in, 55
Rift Valley fever outbreak, 71-72
Agency for International Development (AID)
International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 130-131, 149
overseas laboratories, 126
Program in Worldwide Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases/HIV, 131
Agriculture, 43-44, 64-65, 86-87
antibiotics use, 64
migrant workers, 29, 80-81
pesticides use, 14, 20, 102, 165
AIDS, see HIV infection and disease
Aircraft, 23
Alexandrium spp., 68
Amblyomma americanum, 206
Anaerobic bacteria, 66
Animals, see Epizootics Zoonoses;
specific types of animals
Anisakiasis, 69-70, 247-248
Anopheles spp., 41
Antimicrobial drugs, see Drugs
Aquaculture, 65
Arboviruses, 44, 45, 76-77, 81
see also Mosquitoes;
specific virus types
Arenaviruses, 46
Arthropods, 13, 44, 45
see also Fleas;
Lice;
Mosquitoes;
Pesticides;
Ticks;
Vector control
Asian tiger mosquito, 30
Aswan Dam, 71
Atherosclerosis, 104-105
Attenuated organisms, 153-154
Avian influenza, 19, 87
AZT, 100
Aztec Indians, 24
OCR for page 284
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
B
Babesiosis, 76, 248-249
Bacillus microbial control agents, 102
Bacteria, 53, 63
genetic changes, 89-92
listing of, 36-37, 199-217 passim
virulence factors, 89-90, 91
see also specific types
Behavioral factors, 1, 14, 48, 67, 167-168
see also Diet;
Drug abuse;
Land use factors;
Sexual behavior;
Travel
Beta-lactam antibiotics, 94
Bilge water, 81, 107
Biological control agents, 165
Biorational pesticides, 165
Biotechnology, 20
attenuated organisms, 153-154
Birds, 30
Black Death, 17
Blood contamination, 59, 60, 78n
Body lice, 112
Borrelia burgdorferi, 28, 72, 76, 200-202
Botulism, 66
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 64-65, 217-218
Brazilian purpuric fever, 90-92, 208
Bubonic plague, 17, 22
C
Caliciviruses, 46-47
California, vector control in, 162
California serogroup viruses, 218-219
Campylobacter jejuni, 202-203
Candida, 249-250
Catheterization, 59
Cell lines, and virus infection, 82, 84
Cellulitis, 199-200
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 9, 11, 130, 131, 147-148, 164
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, 162
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 9, 148
Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP), 9, 148
Foreign Quarantine Division, 23
Hospital Infections Program, 4, 58, 121
Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP), 153
National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), 9, 147
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNISS), 4, 58 , 121-122
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), 3, 118-120
overseas labs, 126, 262-263
quarantine stations, 22-23
surveillance activities, 5, 118-123, 131, 138-139
vaccine purchase, 153-138
Cervical cancer, 105-106
Ceviche, 69, 107
Chickens, 19
Chikungunya virus, 44, 219-220
Children, vaccination of, 138, 155
China
influenza monitoring, 130
schistosomiasis outbreak, 112
Chlamydia spp., 36, 105, 203-205
Chloroquine, 29, 100-101
Cholera, 68, 107-108, 139, 215-216
OCR for page 285
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Chronic care facilities, 61-62
Chronic progressive myelopathy, 233-234
Clostridium botulinum, 66
Clostridium difficile, 205
Codex Alimentarius, 68
Codworms, 69, 247-248
Cofactors in disease, microbes as, 102-106
Colonial settlements, 22, 24
Connecticut, Lyme disease outbreak, 73-74
Coordination, see Organizational factors
Costs and cost effectiveness, 15, 138-139, 169
measles immunization, 138, 139
tuberculosis, 96, 97, 169
vector control, 166
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 118-119
Cowpox, 24-25
Crack cocaine, 54-55, 56
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, 220-221
Cryptococcus spp., 251-252
Cryptosporidium, 252-253
Culiseta melanura, 30
Cytomegalovirus, 53, 104-105
D
Dairy products, 21, 67
Dams, 71-72
Data bases, 4-5, 123, 125
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNISS), 4, 58 , 121-122
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), 3, 118- 120
DDT, 20, 165
Deer, 28, 73, 75, 76
Dengue, 30, 44, 49-51, 78, 221-222
Department of Defense (DoD), 151-152
overseas labs, 5, 9-10, 126, 127, 148-149, 261
Diama Dam, 71-72
Diarrheal diseases, 130-131, 239-240
Diet, 69
Disasters, 71
DNA, 84, 88-89
Drought, 64
Drug abuse, 53, 54-56, 104
Drugs, 1, 10, 12, 20, 159-160
agricultural use, 64
antimalarial, 29, 93, 100-101
antiviral, 98-100
and Helicobacter pyroli, 29
and HIV, 100
resistance to, 29, 31-32, 58-59, 64, 92-101, 159-160
see also Acyclovir;
Beta-lactam antibiotics;
Foscarnet;
Methicillin;
Penicillin;
Vancomycin
Duodenal ulcers, 28-29
E
Eastern equine encephalitis, 30
Ebola virus, 83, 222-223
Economic factors, 33
pesticide development, 14, 164-165
vaccine development, 11-12, 152, 153, 154-155
see also Costs and cost effectiveness
Education and training
international coordination, 8-9
professional, 8-10, 140, 144-150 passim
public, 14, 167-168
OCR for page 286
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Egypt, Rift Valley fever, 71-72
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 206
Elderly population, 52, 67
Electronic data bases, see Data bases
Endangered species, 13-14, 164
Enteric viruses, 63, 67, 94
Enterococci, 94
Environmental factors, 2, 43
see also Land use factors;
Seasonal factors
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 163-164, 166
Endangered Species Protection Plan, 13-14, 164
Epidemic hemorrhagic fever, 112
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 9, 148
Epidemics, 21, 32
see also specific diseases
Epizootics, 22, 46, 65
plague, 17-18
Erythema infectiosum, 232-233
Erythema migrans, 27, 73, 74
Escherichia coli, 63, 207
Ethiopia, smallpox cases, 25, 117
Europe
Black Death in, 17
harbor seal epizootic, 46
Lyme disease outbreaks, 76
smallpox in, 24
Spanish flu in, 18-19
Extramural grant programs, 9, 147-148
F
Family Health International, Inc., 131
Fecal contamination, 70
and cholera, 107-108
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology (FCCSET), Committee on Life Sciences, 3, 5, 120
Federal government, 3, 5
HIV response, 56-57, 168
research and development, 8-10, 144-149
surveillance activities, 3-5, 120-121
and vaccine development, 11-12, 151, 155, 159
see also Centers for Disease Control;
Department of Defense;
Food
and Drug Administration;
Intergovernmental coordination;
National Institutes of Health;
Public Health Service;
Treasury Department
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 13, 163
Feedlots, 64
Field Epidemiology Training Program, 9, 148
Filoviruses, 83-84, 222-223
Fish, 65, 69-70, 107-108
Fleas, 16-17
Fluoroquinolones, 93
Fogarty International Center, 5
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 68
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 9, 139, 147-148, 153
Food and food processing, 21, 63-70
Forests and reforestation, 28, 72-73
Foscarnet, 99
Fungi, 64
listing of, 40-41, 249-252
Future of Public Health, 7, 137-138
OCR for page 287
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
G
Gastric carcinoma, 28, 209
Gastritis, 28-29
Gastroenteritis, 239
Genetic changes in microbes, 1, 42-43, 84-92
Genetic engineering, 20
Genital chlamydia, 204-205
Germany, Lyme disease in, 27
Giardia lamblia, 253-254
Global warming, 76-77
Gorgas, Gen. William C., 20
Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, 125, 127, 129
Government, see Federal government;
Intergovernmental coordination;
Regulation;
State government
Grains, 64
Ground squirrels, 16, 17
Guanarito virus, 44, 46
Gymnodinium catenatum, 68
H
Haemophilus influenzae, 92, 208
Hantaviruses, 81-82, 224-225
Helicobacter pylori, 28-29, 209
Helminths, 69-70
listing of, 40-41, 247-259 passim
Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 207
Hemorrhagic colitis, 207
Henson, Jim, 34
Hepatitis, 46-47, 62-63, 88-89, 225-228
Herd immunity, 151
Herpes, 99-100, 104-105, 228-229
see also Cytomegalovirus
Herringworms, 69, 247-248
HIV infection and disease, 27, 55-57, 60, 87-88, 99, 100, 103-104 , 132, 168, 229-231
opportunistic diseases, 52, 53-54
and TB, 31, 53-54, 97
Homosexuality, 55, 56, 168
Hospital Infections Program, 4, 58, 121
Hospitals, 6, 61-62, 122
see also Nosocomial diseases
Human herpesvirus-6, 228-229
Human immunodeficiency virus, see HIV infection and disease
Human papillomavirus, 105-106, 231-232
Human parvovirus, 232-233
Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV), 47, 103-104, 233-234
Humidity, 77
Hygiene, see Sanitation and hygiene
I
Immigration, see Migration and immigration
Immunity, 1, 151
see also Immunosuppression;
Vaccination and vaccines;
Variolation
Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP), 153
Immunosuppression, 48, 51-54, 64, 99
Imports, see Trade and trade restrictions
Indians, 24
Industry, see Organizational factors;
Private sector
Infection, definition of, 42
Influenza, 15, 18-19, 46, 86-87, 235-236
surveillance, 123, 124, 130, 132, 158
OCR for page 288
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Information systems
data bases, 4-5, 123, 125
international networks, 6, 26, 134-136
see also National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance
Infrastructure, see Organizational factors
Insect growth regulators, 165
Insects, see Arthropods;
Fleas;
Lice;
Mosquitoes;
Pesticides;
Ticks;
Vector control
Inspection of food, 68
Insurance companies, patient records, 3, 121
Intergovernmental coordination, 3, 7, 139-140
surveillance activities, 118-121
International Catalogue of Arboviruses, 81
International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 130-131, 149
International Centers for Tropical Disease Research, 8-9, 129-130 , 146
International Children's Vaccine Initiative, 155
International Clinical Epidemiology Network, 8, 130, 145
International Collaboration in Infectious Disease Research Program, 8-9, 145-146
International commerce, see Aircraft;
Ships;
Trade and trade restrictions;
Travel
International coordination
research and training, 8-10, 33, 143-150 passim
surveillance, 5-7, 32-33, 125-137, 159
International Health Regulations, 132
Intervention systems, 7, 113, 114, 137
see also Behavioral factors;
Drugs;
Education and training;
Media
campaigns;
Organizational factors;
Research and development;
Vaccination
and vaccines;
Vector control
Irradiation of food, 66-67
Ixodes ticks, 33, 41, 74, 75, 160, 201, 248
J
Jamestown Canyon virus, 218-219
Japanese encephalitis virus, 236-237
Jenner, Edward, 24-25
K
Koop, Surgeon General C. Everett, 56
Korean War, 111, 112
L
Laboratories, 140
infected animal colonies, 82-84
international, 6, 26, 133-134, 263-264
overseas U.S. facilities, 5, 9-10, 125-131, 134, 261-263
LaCrosse virus, 160, 218-219
Land use factors, 28, 43-44, 67, 71-73, 76
Lassa fever, 78, 79, 128, 237-238
Legal issues, see Liability claims;
Regulation
Legionnaires' disease, 209-210
OCR for page 289
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Leishmaniasis, 60, 112
Lentiviruses, 55
Leptospirosis, 112
Leptotrombidium, 112
Liability claims, vaccines, 11, 155
Lice, 112
Licensing, see Regulation
Listeriosis, 64, 211-212
Local programs and factors, 6, 7, 162-163
see also Intergovernmental coordination
Lyme disease, 27-28, 72-76, 200-202
M
Malaria, 20, 29-30, 78, 80-81, 154, 255-257
drug resistant, 29, 100-101
Malariotherapy, 78n
Malathion, 163
Marburg virus, 83, 222-223
Mariculture, 65
Marine animals, 46, 65
Marine Hospital Service, 22
Marmots, 17
Massachusetts, Lyme disease outbreak, 75
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 22
Mather, Cotton, 24
Measles, 138, 238-239
vaccination, 109-110, 138
Media campaigns, 14, 168
Medical devices, and infection, 59, 94
Mefloquine, 101
Meningococcaemia, 92
Methicillin, 94
Mexico
smallpox among Aztecs, 24
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in, 161
Mice, 28, 75, 81-82
Microbial pesticides, 165
Microbial traffic, 42-43
Microsporidia, 254-255
Middle America Research Unit (MARU), Canal Zone, 128-129
Middle East, 29-30
Migrant workers, 29, 80-81
Migration and immigration, 69
Military personnel, 17, 29-30, 60, 110-112
Milk, 21
Minority groups, 53, 110
Missionaries, 128
Modified atmosphere packaging, 66
Molecular biology, 144
Mongols, 17
Monkeys, 27, 55, 83
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 119
Mosquitoes, 20-21, 43-44, 51, 102, 166
and dengue, 30, 49, 50
and malaria, 29
and Rift Valley fever, 71-72
Multilateral organizations, see International coordination
Mushrooms, 66
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 53, 95-97, 212-213
N
National Action Plan to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 121, 139
National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), 9, 147
National Cooperative Drug Development Groups (NCDDG), 159
OCR for page 290
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
National Cooperative Vaccine Development Groups (NCVDG), 11, 12, 155
National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS), 4, 119
National Health Service Corps (NHSC), 10, 149-150
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 8- 9, 11, 143-144, 145-146, 151-152
International Centers for Tropical Disease Research, 8-9, 129-130 , 146
International Collaboration in Infectious Disease Research Program, 8-9, 145-146
overseas labs, 126, 129-130, 262
Tropical Disease Research Units, 8-9, 146
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 3, 5, 8, 14, 118-122, 128-129
, 145-147
Middle America Research Unit (MARU), Canal Zone, 128-129
overseas labs, 262
see also National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNISS), 4, 58 , 121-122
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), 3, 118- 120
National Vaccine Program Office, 151, 153
Native Americans, 24
Natural disasters, 71
Naval Medical Research Units, 149, 261
Nematodes, 69 listing of, 247-259 passim
Nephropathia epidemica, 82
New Orleans, La., yellow fever outbreak, 156
New York
Lyme disease outbreak, 75
measles outbreak, 110
New York Medical Society, 21
Nigeria, 42
Nile River Valley, Rift Valley fever in, 71
Norwalk and related agents, 239-240
Nosocomial infections, 57-59, 61-63, 93, 94
surveillance, 4, 62-63, 121-122
Notifiable diseases, 3, 118-121
Nurse-to-patient ratios, 61
Nursing homes, 61-62
O
Opportunistic infections, 52-53
Oral rehydration therapy, 108
Oral vaccines, 153
Organizational factors, 7, 15, 108, 137-142, 151-153, 159-160
interagency coordination, 3, 5
intergovernmental coordination, 3, 7, 139-140
international coordination, 5-7, 8-10, 131, 134-137
private/public coordination, 3, 11-12, 140, 152-160
Organ transplants, 61
P
Packaging of foods, 66
Panama Canal, 20
OCR for page 291
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 6, 25-26, 264
Papillomaviruses, 105-106, 231-232
Pasteur Institutes, 264
Pasteurization, 21
Paul, John, 132-133
Penicillin, 20, 31-32, 93
Peptic ulcers, 28-29, 209
Persian Gulf War, 29-30, 60, 111, 112
Peru, cholera outbreak, 107, 139
Pesticides, 13-14, 20-21, 163-167
resistance to, 2, 20, 29, 102, 165, 167
Pigs, see Swine
Plague, 16-18, 22
Plasmodium spp., 78n, 100-101, 255-257
Plastic packaging, 66
Pneumocystis carinii, 257-258
Pneumonia, 93-94
Pneumonic plague, 17
Poliomyelitis, 25-26, 133-134
Pontiac fever, 209-210
Population growth and density, 48, 49-50, 67, 77
Ports, 23
Poverty, 31, 33
Prenatal care, 52
Prevention strategies, see Intervention systems
Primates, see Monkeys
Private sector, 144-145, 151-159
see also Organizational factors
Programmed-release biodegradable microspheres, 153
Protozoa, 70, 154
listing of, 40-41, 248-260 passim
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 94-95
Pseudoterranova decipiens, 69
Public Health Service (PHS), 4-5, 22-23, 140-142
National Vaccine Program Office, 151, 153
Purchase guarantees, 11, 12, 155
Puumala virus, 82, 224-225
Pyrethrum, 163
Q
Quarantine, 21-23, 24
Quinine, 100
Quinolones, 93
R
Rabies, 153, 240-241
Ragusa Republic, quarantine, 21-22
Rats, 16, 82
Reagents, and virus infection, 82, 84
Reforestation, see Forests and reforestation
Refugees, 111
Regional programs and factors, 13, 28, 70, 72-73, 162-163
Regulation
of food imports, 68
of pesticides, 13-14, 20-21, 163-166
of vaccines, 11, 152-153, 154
Reporting of diseases, 3, 73, 119-120, 121
Request for proposals (RFP), 8, 146-147
Research and development, 142-144
Federal support, 8-10, 11-12, 144-149, 159
international coordination, 8-9, 33, 143-150 passim
vaccines, 143, 151-159
OCR for page 292
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Resistance
to drugs, 29, 31-32, 58-59, 64, 92-101, 159-160
to pesticides, 2, 20, 29, 102, 165, 167
Reston virus, 27, 83
Retroviruses, see HIV infection and disease;
Human T-lymphotropic viruses
Revolutionary War, 24
Rickettsiae, 36, 112, 206
Rift Valley fever, 71-72, 242
RNA, 84, 85-88
Rochalimaea quintana, 112
Rockefeller Foundation, 5, 128
International Clinical Epidemiology Network, 8, 130, 145
Rodents, 16, 43, 46, 78
Ross River virus, 243
Rotavirus, 244
S
St. Louis virus, 166
Sand flies, 112
Sanitation and hygiene, 21, 49
and cholera, 107-108
in hospitals, 58
Satellites, communication, 134-135
Schistosomiasis, 112
Scrub typhus, 112, 127
Seals and sea lions, 46
Seasonal factors, 13, 77, 162, 166
Senegal River Basin
Rift Valley fever in, 71-72
Seoul virus, 82, 224-225
Serum banks, 132-133
Sexual behavior, 54-57, 106, 168
Shellfish, 67, 68, 107-108
Ships, 17, 22, 44, 68, 81, 107
Simian hemorrhagic fever, 83
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 55
Slaughterhouses, 21
Slave trade, 44
Smallpox, 23-25, 77-78, 116
eradication program, 25, 115-118
South America
cholera outbreak, 107
smallpox introduced in, 24
Spanish flu, 18-19
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), 100, 143
Staffing shortages, 144
Staphylococci, 59, 66, 93, 94, 213-214
State government, 7, 32, 120
see also Intergovernmental coordination
Stockpiling
of pesticides, 13, 164
of vaccines, 11-12, 156, 158-159
Streptococcal infections, 34-35, 93-94, 214-215
Strongyloides stercoralis, 258-259
Surge capacity, for vaccine production, 11-12, 158-159
Surgery, 59
Surveillance, 2-3, 32-33, 113-123
food-borne diseases, 63-64
influenza, 123, 124, 130, 132, 158
international coordination, 5-7, 32-33, 125-137, 159
nosocomial diseases, 4, 62-63, 121-122
notifiable diseases, 3, 118-121
smallpox, 115-118
telephone hotlines, 3, 121
Sushi, 69
OCR for page 293
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Swamp drainage, 20
Swine, 19, 46, 87
Syphilis, 54-55, 77, 93
T
Task forces, 121
Telephone hotlines, 3, 121
Texas
St. Louis virus outbreak, 166
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis outbreak, 161
Ticks, 28, 73, 75-76, 160, 200-202
Tires, 50, 51
Toxic shock syndrome, 213-214
Toxoplasmosis, 259-260
Trade and trade restrictions, 44, 68, 81-84, 107
Training, see Education and training
Transovarial transmission, 160
Transplants of organs, 61
Travel, 77-81
and dengue, 50
and Lyme disease, 74-75
and malaria, 101
and plague, 17
quarantines, 21-23
and smallpox, 24
Treasury Department, 22
Trench fever, 112
Treponema pallidum, 93
Trichinosis, 69
Tropical Disease Research Units, 8-9, 146
Tropical spastic paraparesis, 103, 233-234
Tuberculosis (TB), 15, 21, 30-31, 53-54, 95-97, 138-139, 212-213
drug resistant, 31, 121
TWAR infection, 203-204
Typhus, 112
U
Ulcers, 28-29
United Kingdom
BSE epizootic, 65
harbor seal epizootic, 46
Universal Blood and Body Fluid Precautions, 62
Urban areas, 43-44, 49, 50, 55
Urinary tract infections, 59
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 27, 46, 83
U.S. Army Medical Research Units, 127, 261
U.S. government, see Federal government
V
Vaccination and vaccines, 10-12, 20, 150-151
dengue, 50-51
hepatitis, 62-63, 89, 151
HIV, 87, 155
influenza, 87, 150, 151, 157-158
measles, 109-110, 138
regulation of, 11, 152-153, 154
smallpox, 115-118 passim
tuberculosis, 96
Vaccine Development Programme (VDP), 143
Vancomycin, 93, 94
Variolation, 24
Vector control, 12-14, 20-21, 160-163
see also Pesticides
Vectored vaccine, 153-154
OCR for page 294
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
Vectors, see Arthropods;
Pesticides;
Vector control;
specific animals and arthropods
Venereal diseases, see Sexual behavior
Venezuela, 50
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, 161, 245-246
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, 44, 46
Vertebrate reservoirs, see Epizootics;
Zoonoses;
specific types of animals
Vesicular exanthema, 46
Vibrio cholerae, 107-108, 215-216
Vibrio vulnificus, 216-217
Vietnam War, 29, 111, 112
Viral hemorrhagic fever, see Hantaviruses
Virucidal drugs, 98
Viruses, 43-44, 70, 76-77, 81
and atherosclerosis, 104-105
DNA, 88-89
genetic changes, 85-89
listing of, 38-40, 217-247
RNA, 85-88
see also specific types
W
War, 2, 110-112
Water contamination and treatment, 20, 49, 67, 70-71
and cholera, 107-108
Weather, 64
see also Global warming;
Seasonal factors
Weekly Epidemiological Record, 132
Winter, see Seasonal factors
Woodworth, Surgeon General John M., 22
World Health Assembly, 6, 137
World Health Organization (WHO), 5-6, 9, 25, 68
Field Epidemiology Training Program, 9, 148
smallpox eradication program, 115-117
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), 100, 143
surveillance activities, 132-133, 263-264
Vaccine Development Programme (VDP), 143
see also Pan American Health Organization
World War I, 18-19, 112
World War II, 29, 111, 112
Wound infection, 199-200
Y
Yale Arbovirus Research Unit (YARU), 44, 46, 128
Yeast infection (Candida), 249-250
Yellow fever, 21, 22, 43-44, 156, 246-247
Yersinia pestis, 16-17
Z
Zidovudine, 100
Zoonoses, 43-47, 111
see also Epizootics
