|
Agent
|
Related Diseases/Symptoms
|
Mode of Transmission
|
Cause(s) of Emergence
|
|
Lassa
|
Fever, headache, sore throat, nausea
|
Contact with urine or feces of infected rodents
|
Urbanization/conditions favoring infestation by rodents
|
|
Measles
|
Fever, conjunctivitis, cough, red blotchy rash
|
Airborne; direct contact with respiratory secretions of infected persons
|
Deterioration of public health infrastructure supporting immunization
|
|
Norwalk and Norwalk-like agents
|
Gastroenteritis; epidemic diarrhea
|
Most likely fecal-oral; alleged vehicles of transmission include drinking and swimming water, and uncooked foods
|
Increased recognition
|
|
Rabies
|
Acute viral encephalomyelitis
|
Bite of a rabid animal
|
Introduction of infected reservoir host to new areas
|
|
Rift Valley
|
Febrile illness
|
Bite of an infective mosquito
|
Importation of infected mosquitoes and/or animals; development (dams, irrigation)
|
|
Ross River
|
Arthritis, rash
|
Bite of an infective mosquito
|
Movement of infected mosquitoes or people
|
|
Rotavirus
|
Enteritis; diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and low-grade fever
|
Primarily fecal-oral; fecal-respiratory transmission can also occur
|
Increased recognition
|
|
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
|
Encephalitis
|
Bite of an infective mosquito
|
Movement of mosquitoes and amplification hosts (horses)
|
|
Yellow fever
|
Fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting
|
Bite of an infective (Aedes aegypti) mosquito
|
Lack of effective mosquito control and widespread vaccination; urbanization in tropics; increased air travel
|
