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Index
A
Adenovirus, 99, 205
Aesthetic impacts
Boston Harbor, 43
defined, 108
and economic impacts, 108
quantification of, 108
water quality and, 121
Agricultural runoff, 2, 8, 55
Agriculture
best management practices, 28
pesticide application rates and timing, 28
Air pollution, 140
Alabama, 211
Albermarle-Pamlico Sound, 71
Algae, 115
aesthetic impacts, 108
bladderwrack, 180
filamentous, 180
opportunistic, 180
overgrowth of coral, 191
reef, 210
zooxanthallae, 181
see also Phytoplankton
Algal blooms, nuisance, 23, 24
and anoxia and hypoxia, 181
causes, 157, 182, 193-194
controls on, 182-194
diatom, 102, 181, 193
dinoflagelates, 181, 193, 210
estuaries experiencing, 33
and fish mortality, 181
frequency, 181-182, 193, 195
gambiodiscus toxins, 210
gold-brown dinoflagellate, 181, 193
gymnodinium, 210
health risks, 98
management of, 195
nutrients and, 8, 54, 95, 96, 102, 122, 177, 183, 193, 210
and pathogen survival, 217
and seagrass dieback, 180
silicon and, 102
threats to marine wildlife, 46, 54
toxins, 54, 181, 193, 209-210
trace metal availability and, 102-103, 194, 195
zooplankton grazing pressures and, 183
see also Brown tides;
Green tides;
Red tides
Ammonia, 135
Ammonium, 179, 186
Amphipods, 103
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Anoxia, 177
causes, 96, 102, 179, 181, 194
in continental shelf waters, 102
defined, 178
nitrogen loadings and, 192
Apalachicola Bay, 183, 184, 188-190
Arsenic, 6, 25, 99
Ascaris sp., 204
Astrovirus, 205
Atmospheric deposition, 2, 116
modeling and control, 138-139
of nutrients, 8, 55
of PCBs, 138
and urban runoff, 369
Aureococcus anophagefferens, 182
Australia, 180, 187
B
Bacteria, 26
and closure of shellfish beds and beaches, 33
in coastal waters, 210, 211
enterococcus levels, 117, 118, 121, 127
examples, 99
indicator, see Coliform bacteria
survival patterns, 67, 135
transport, 135
wastewater-associated, 207-208
waterborne diseases, 207-208
Baltic Sea, 178
algal bed dieback, 180
algal blooms in, 193, 194
anoxic bottom waters, 179
cyanobacteria blooms, 182, 187
nutrient limitation, 183, 188, 189
Barataria Bay, 71, 184, 190
Bay ecosystems, 53, 54, 56, 115
Beaches
aesthetic concerns, 108
closed, 4-5, 33, 43
pathogens detected at, 211
plastics and floatables on, 108
safety concerns, 92
Santa Monica Bay, 115-116
trash/marine debris on, 5, 6, 27
Benthic
accumulation of organic matter, 123
algae, 191
algal mats, 187
communities, 109
ecosystems, 36, 179
invertebrates, 178
release of contaminants, 124
Bioaccumulation
of metals, 5, 123
of pesticides, 139
of toxic compounds, 25, 104, 138
Biochemical oxygen demand, 34, 58
concerns associated with, 10, 23, 56
deep-ocean discharge and, 60
definition and impacts, 24, 179
inputs to estuaries and coastal seas, 179
monitoring, 150
nutrients and, 6, 8, 10, 26, 54, 59
outfall design and, 6
priority assigned to, 5, 27
removal capabilities of treatment systems, 46-47, 57, 58, 59, 61
secondary treatment, 9-10, 46-47, 58, 59
standards, 32, 43
Biogeochemical cycles, 184-185
Biological treatment processes
activated sludge treatment, 58
advances in, 311-312
biological aerated filters, 311
chemically enhanced primary plus, 57, 60, 61, 321-322
conventional primary plus, 57, 60, 61, 321, 329-331
high-biomass, 312
nitrogen discharges from, 59
plus nutrient removal, 57
secondary, 46-47, 49, 57, 158
sequencing batch reactors, 311-312
Biosolids (see Sludge)
Boating traffic, 2, 22, 29, 108
Boston Harbor
cleanup, 20, 42-47
coliform bacteria, 65
CSO discharges into, 43, 44, 65, 158
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effluent discharges, 42-43
federal appropriations for, 44
flows (annual) in, 46
health risks from pathogens, 218
secondary treatment needs, 158
sludge discharges into, 43
Brown pelican, 25, 36
Brown tides, 8, 181, 182, 193, 194
Buzzards Bay, 71
Byfjord, 188, 189
C
Cadmium, 5, 25, 99
Calcivirus, 205
California
benthic animal communities, 179
Los Angeles, 115, 116, 140
Los Angeles County, 116, 179, 180
Ocean Plan, 47, 49, 117, 126, 127-128, 170
offshore swimmable boundary, 117
Orange County Sanitation Districts, 3, 116, 131-132, 234, 298-299
pathogens in shellfish-growing waters, 211
population growth, 70
rainfall patterns, 62
Santa Monica Bay, 114-119
State Water Resources Control Board, 47
wastewater flows, 70
Water Resources Control Board, 127, 128
water shortages, 49
Camden County wastewater treatment plant, 39
Campylobacter, 24, 99, 100, 207, 208, 209
Cancer, 99, 101, 112, 118
Cape Cod, 46
Capitellid worms, 103
Carcinogens, 99
Casco Bay, 71
Case histories
Boston Harbor, 20, 42-47
San Diego, 47-51
Santa Monica Bay, 114-119
Cattle, 209, 211
Center for Marine Conservation,
Coastal Cleanup program, 108
Charles River, 42
Chemical oxygen demand, 179, 150
Chesapeake Bay, 144-145, 166
Agreement, 96, 97
anoxia, 179, 192
Commission, 96
cyanobacteria blooms, 182
eutrophication, 41, 183
hydrodynamic water quality model, 96
monitoring program, 168
nitrate in, 138
nitrogen inputs, 184, 192
oyster population, 181, 183
nutrient control in, 34, 75, 95, 96-97
nutrient limitation on phytoplankton production, 183, 188-190
pathogens in, 211
seagrass dieback, 180
Chester River, 211
Chlordane, 118
Chlorine/chlorination, 5, 27, 58-59, 141, 346
Chlorophyll a, 39, 187-190
Cholera, 66, 203, 207
Chromium, 25
Ciguatera poisoning, 100, 210
Cladophora sp., 180
Clean Water Act (CWA), 2, 140
Area Wide Planning Studies, 16, 63
enforcement of discharge standards, 32, 399-400
EPA responsibilities under, 29, 167
litigation for violations of, 44-45
nonpoint-source pollution control, 31, 232
objectives of, 31
permits, 399
point sources under, 232
POTWs in compliance with, 33
reauthorization, 51
regional wastewater plans, 161
regulatory approach, 144, 146, 399 401
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secondary treatment requirements, 43
Section 320 modification, 18, 170
standards, 43, 399
waivers from secondary treatment requirements, 3, 31, 34, 43-44, 50-51, 157, 171
water quality description, 126
Coast Guard, 29-30
Coastal environment
human expectations for, 29, 89-90
population pressures on, 13, 21, 74
resources, 89
stresses on, 2, 13, 21-22, 74
Coastal management
federal role in, 2-3, 29-30
funding availability for, 13
integration of environmental decision making, 396-398
local and regional government roles in, 30
objectives, 21
public role in, 30
region, definition of, 160-161
state role in, 29
sustainable, 74-76;
see also Integrated coastal management
Coastal waters
differential response to wastewater and stormwater inputs, 54
dilution capacity, 7, 35, 138
exchange of marine waters, 53-54
Exclusive Economic Zone, 35, 36
nutrients in, 54-55
Coastal zone
divisions, 35;
see also Estuaries;
Continental shelf waters;
Ocean waters
regional differences in characteristics, 35-36, 53-54
Coliform bacteria, 5
accuracy as health risk indicator, 11-12, 66-67
in Delaware Estuary, 40
detection, 62
enumeration methods, 67
fecal, 38, 40, 62, 66, 127, 208, 209, 218
in New York Harbor, 38
standards, 66, 121
survival in marine waters, 214, 215, 217
temporal and spatial considerations, 135
total, 38, 66, 127, 208, 209, 218
Coliphage, 67
Combined sewer overflow controls, 134
catch-basin cleaning, 353, 136-137
costs of treatment facilities, 11, 63
dynamic in-line storage and real-time control, 355-356
flow system optimization, 354-356
high-rate satellite treatment, 357-360
history and problems, 350-352
information requirements for, 135
integration of techniques, 65, 362-363
legislation of requirements, 63, 65
off-line storage, 360-362
performance comparisons of technologies, 11, 63, 363-366
for plastics and floatables, 125
recommendations, 10-11
research on, 62, 63
screening facilities, 358-359
secondary treatment, 45
sewer flushing, 353-354
sewer separation, 356-357
source controls, 137, 352-356
static control regulators, 355
storage capacity improvements and, 28, 46, 47, 137
storm drain warnings, 9
street sweeping, 9, 353
technologies, 352-366
vortex solids separators, 359-360
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs), 2, 41
aesthetic impacts, 108
bacterial contamination from, 46, 62, 99
defined, 27, 232
discharges into coastal waters, 43, 44
impacts, 10, 11, 61-62
modeling, 136-137
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outlets, 136-137
pollutant loadings, 11, 62
toxic organic chemicals in, 5
and urban runoff, 372-373
Combined sewer systems, 43
Composting, of sludge, 340, 341
Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan, 17, 167-168
Coney Island, 36
Conjunctivitis, 205
Conservation Law Foundation, 44-45
Continental shelf waters
anoxia in, 102
characteristics, 35-36
Copper, 25
Coral reefs
die-off, 8, 20, 24, 55, 102, 177, 181, 190, 194
sensitivity to toxic substances, 105
Corpus Christi Bay, 71
Cost-effectiveness
considerations in risk management, 141-142
of CSO and urban runoff treatment facilities, 11, 63
of integrated coastal management, 159
of pathogen detection methods, 68
of pollution prevention, 300, 303-307
of pretreatment, 303-307
and public support of environmental protection, 69
of wastewater reuse, 316-317
of wastewater treatment systems, 57, 59-61, 141-142
Coxsackie viruses, 99, 204, 205, 221
Cryptosporidium, 99, 100, 206, 207, 208-209
C. parvum, 209
Cyanobacteria, 182, 186-187, 194
D
DDT, 5, 24, 33, 34, 36, 99, 116, 118
Dechlorination, 59, 346-347
Deicing chemicals, 372
Delaware Bay, 41, 71, 184, 190
Delaware Estuary
fecal coliforms, 40
fish populations, 39
status of, 39-41
toxics, 39, 41
Delaware Inland Bays, 71
Delaware River
dissolved oxygen concentrations, 39
effluent discharges into, 39
pollution control in, 33
water quality, 39
Denitrification, 58, 60, 186
Detention areas, 28
Developmental effects, 99
Diabetes, 12, 99
Diarrhea, 12, 65, 205, 206, 207
Diffuse sources
defined, 136, 232, 240
modeling and control of, 136-139, 240
natural streams and rivers, 137-138
of nutrients, 8
see also Atmospheric deposition;
Combined sewer overflows;
Nonpoint sources;
Stormwater runoff;
other individual sources
Dioxins, 5
Disinfection methods
chlorination, 58-59, 346
dechlorination, 59, 346-347
efficacy in pathogen inactivation, 50, 65-66, 206, 348-350
electron beam, 348
ozone disinfection, 347
solids interference with, 60
toxicity, 122, 127
tradeoffs in use of, 60
ultraviolet irradiation, 59, 347-348
Dissolved oxygen concentrations, 92
causes of depletion, 9
in Delaware River, 39
in New York Harbor, 36, 39
and pathogen survival, 217
remedial actions, 124
temporal and spatial considerations, 135
water quality standard, 128
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see also Anoxia;
Biochemical oxygen demand;
Hypoxia
District of Columbia, 96, 137
Dolphins, mass deaths, 20
Domoic acid poisoning, 100
Dose-response relationships
defined, 95
for microorganisms, 219, 219-222
nitrogen and eutrophication, 95, 97, 187-192
risk assessment and, 94
Dredging and filling, 2, 22, 29
Dubos, Rene, 98
Dumping, illegal, 63
Dumpsite 106, 139, 274-275
Dutch Wadden Sea, 180
Dysentery, 207
E
Ear infections, 65
East River, 36, 180, 211
Echovirus, 99, 204, 205, 220, 222, 223, 224
Economic instruments for regulation, 82, 404-405, 412-413
administrative charges, 406
advantages over command-andcontrol regulation, 146-147
applicability, 172, 410
critique of, 408-412
deposit-refund systems, 407-408
development of, 77
effectiveness, 77, 408-409
efficiency, 409
effluent charges, 406
fairness, 409-410
feasibility, 410
incentives for technology improvement, 411
liability assignment, 408
liability insurance, 407
marketable permits, 407
monitoring and reporting requirements, 411
noncompliance fees, 408
performance bonds, 408
pollution prevention versus abatement, 412
product charges, 406
redistribution of income, 410
risk, 410-411
subsidies, 407
tax differentiation, 407
types of incentives, 405-408
user charges, 406
Economists, perspectives of, 91
Ecosystems
health indicators, 103, 121
pelagic, 115
priority setting for, 119
sensitivity of, 104-105
stresses and stressors, 103-105, 111, 113
Education strategies, 82, 125
components, 146, 147, 418-420
evaluation as a tool, 422-423
examples, 420-421
and source control, 9, 56, 63
strategies and issues, 421-422
Effluent discharges
from barges and ships, 238-239
into Boston Harbor, 42-43
into Delaware River, 39
limitations, charges, and prohibitions, 128, 131
mechanisms of input, 233-240
modeling, 12
monitoring requirements, 3
national permit system, 3, 4, 32
into New York Harbor, 34, 36
pathogens in, 99-100, 212
problems and remedial actions, 120, 122-125
regulation of, 29, 31, 127-128, 401-402;
see also specific statutes
into Santa Monica Bay, 116
screening, 125
standards, 401-402
technology-based standards, 31-32
temporal and spatial considerations in, 135
of toxic pollutants, 31
untreated, 39
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wastewater reclamation and reuse as alternative to, 314-317
see also Outfalls
Electric power production, 116
Endangered species, 25, 36, 46, 119
Endangered Species Act, 29
Energy conservation and recovery, 298
Enforcement mechanisms, 42, 50
Entamoeba sp., 99, 216
E. histolytica, 206-207
Enteric microorganisms
die-off rates, 67
fish and shellfish contamination, 65
illnesses from bathing, 217-218
number in sewage, 203
occurrence in coastal waters, 211-214
survival in marine waters, 65, 214-217
in treated wastewater, 65
in urban storm runoff, 65
viruses, 5, 24, 27, 12, 211-214
Enteromorpha sp., 180
Environment, see Coastal environment
Environmental degradation, measures of, 109
Environmental inequity, 90
Environmental professionals, 30
Environmental Protection Agency
California Ocean Plan approval, 127
Chesapeake Bay Program, 96
consent decrees, 49-50
denial of secondary treatment waiver requests, 43-44
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, 149-150
health risk assessment, 117
lawsuits against, 45
National Esturary Program, 114, 167
permitting structure, 65
Quotient Method of risk assessment, 106-108
regulatory responsibilities, 29, 156
Science Advisory Board, 75
secondary treatment standards, 9
sediment quality assessment methods, 107, 108-109
target for environmental protection efforts, 75
water quality criteria, 66, 106
Environmentalists, perspectives of, 91
Erosion, 195, 372
Escherichia coli, 66, 67, 207, 208, 214, 215, 218
Estuaries
algal blooms, 102
anoxia in, 102
characteristics, 35, 53-54
circulation patterns, 53-54
closed for shellfish harvesting, 33
ecological importance of, 35
eutrophication, 4, 54
impairment of designated uses of, 33
National Estuary Program participants, 71
nitrogen inputs to, 184
nutrient input rates, 102
protection strategies, 70, 71, 114, 144-145, 167-168, 396
sedimentation in, 7, 56
tropical lagoons, 183
Estuarine mixing zones, 26
Eutrophication, 4, 24, 27
and algal bed dieback, 180, 194
and anoxia and hypoxia, 92, 102, 177, 178-180, 194
biological secondary treatment and, 59
controls on, 138, 182-194
and coral reef die-off, 194
defined, 54
and dissolved oxygen, 9
dose-response relationships in, 187-192
estuaries with problems, 33
and food-web shifts, 54-55, 178
management, 188, 191-192
model, 41
nutrients and, 8, 33, 95, 177, 178-180, 182, 191-192
phosphate detergent bans and, 33
phytoplankton decomposition and, 179
and seagrass dieback, 180, 194
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and silicon abundance, 193-194
zooplankton grazing pressures and, 183
Exclusive Economic Zone, 35, 36
Expenditures for treatment upgrades, 2, 20
F
Federal Water Pollution Control, 156
1972 amendments, 2-3, 4, 31, 77
see also Clean Water Act
Financing mechanisms, 146, 164
and cost burden of wastewater management system, 147
cost incidence and, 429
debt, 147, 427-428
dedicated taxes, 147, 426
economic impacts and, 428-430
general tax revenue, 147, 425-426
incentives for efficient management and, 429
intergovernmental transfers, 147, 427
revenue adequacy and stability and, 428
user charges, 147, 426-427
willingness to pay for services and, 430
Fish and shellfish
algal blooms and, 181, 193
bacterial contamination of, 4-5, 12, 24, 26, 65, 203
bacteriological standards, 66
bay scallops, 181
habitat losses, 178
hypoxia and, 92, 178
kills, 98, 181
metal concentrations in, 5, 25, 118
methyl mercury in, 100
nutrient effects on, 8, 55, 92, 102
oysters, 181, 183, 211, 222
population increases, 39
protection of, 31
risk assessment, 100, 224-226
sardine, 115
toxic contaminants in, 33, 118
toxins in, 181, 193, 209-210
unacceptable for human consumption, 41
viral contamination, 222
see also Seafood;
Shellfish beds
Fish and Wildlife Service, 30
Fisheries, 81, 82, 105, 119
bait burse seine, 116
Fishing
commercial interests, 30, 116
line, 25
Fishstock management, 29
Floatables, see Plastics and floatables
Flocculation, 7
Flood channels, 232
Florida
pathogens in shellfish-growing waters, 211
red tides, 193, 194
seafood safety concerns, 66
Florida Keys, coral die-off in, 20
Food and Drug Administration, 29, 66
Food webs
bioaccumulation of toxics in, 139
nutrient enrichment and, 54-55, 102, 178
Freshwater
flows, 22
impoundment and diversion, 2
nutrients in, 8, 26, 54, 102, 183, 185
phytoplankton production in, 183, 185
Fucus sp., 180
G
Galveston Bay, 71
Garbage, 108
Gastroenteritis
bacterial, 211
exposure routes, 217-218
infantile, 205
outbreaks, 204
seafood-associated, 207, 222
from swimming, 217-218
viruses, 205
Gastrointestinal illness, 24, 26, 99, 117
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Gene probes, 68
Giardia sp., 12, 99, 100, 204, 208-209, 215, 216
G. lamblia, 206, 207
Grants for small business, 305, 307
Graveline Bayou, 212
Great Lakes, 138
International Joint Commission, 110
Water Quality Agreement, 75, 166
Great South Bay, 193
Green tides, 181, 193
Ground water
contaminated, infiltration of, 22
discharge, nutrients in, 8, 55
flow, 2
Growth management, 144, 145
applications, 146, 147
evaluation of planning tool, 416-417
implementation of, 172
land-use planning and, 413-414
planning for bays, sounds, and estuaries, 414-415
water resource planning and management, 415-416
H
Habitat destruction
ecosystem priorities and, 119
hypoxia and, 178
spawning fish, 22
Habitats
critical, 35
priority setting for, 119
Harvey-Peel estuary, 187
Hawaii, 33
Hazardous materials, 23, 29
examples, 5
household, collection programs, 63
priority assigned to, 5, 27
spills, 29-30
Health (human) effects
acute effects, 98-99
Boston Harbor, 43
chronic, 99
definition of health, 98
development of clinical illness, 220-221
economic consequences as, 98
high-risk behaviors, 100
illnesses from bathing, 217-218
lost recreational opportunities as, 98
risk assessment, 68, 94, 98-101, 118-119, 218-224
stressors considered as, 98-99
and water quality, 121
see also Coliform bacteria;
Enteric microorganisms;
Pathogens
Heavy metals, 23
concerns about, 5-6, 10, 56
at CSO outfalls, 62
dissolved, 5
examples and impacts, 25, 26
monitoring of, 150
priority assigned to, 5-6
removal during primary treatment, 58, 10, 60-61
risk assessment, 99
seafood contamination, 118
in sediments, 135
source control, 5, 46, 55, 141
temporal and spatial scales, 135
toxicity determinants, 99
in urban runoff, 62, 374
see also Trace metals;
and individual metals
Helminths, 204
Hepatitis A, 12, 24, 26, 66, 99, 204, 205, 221, 222, 224
Hepatitis non-A, non-B, 205
Herpangina, 205
Hong Kong harbor, 193
Hookworms, 204
Hudson River, 182, 183, 211
Humboldt-Arcata Bay, 211
Humpback whale, 46
Hurricanes, 23
Hypoxia
causes, 96, 102, 157, 177, 179, 181, 194
ecological damage from, 178-179
and fish and shellfish stocks, 92
temporal and spatial scales, 135
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I
Incineration of sludge, 59, 139, 342-343
Indian River Lagoon, 71
Industrial discharges
pretreatment, 9, 28, 46, 55, 123
reduction of, 28
source control and, 55
of spent cooling water, 2, 21
of treated wastewater, 2, 21
Information management, 84-85, 150-151
Integrated coastal management
administrative authorities, 81, 93-94, 161-162
applicability, 85-86
barriers and solutions, 16, 75, 83, 160-165
benefits, 16, 75, 158-160
conservative analyses and, 92
contingency planning, 165
cost-effectiveness considerations, 159
cross-media considerations, 140-141
defined, 14, 77, 88
definition of coastal management region, 160-161
development of plans, 70, 145
ecologically based strategy, 77-78
economic interests and, 92
enforcement of commitments, 165
examples, 96
federal legislation for, 170-171
fiscal considerations, 92
flexibility in, 16, 78, 84, 128, 159
implementation of, 14, 17-19, 42, 84, 136, 145-147, 164, 165-172
institutional arrangements, 83-84, 144-145, 169-170
international agenda, 76
local support and commitment, 159-160
methodology, 75
monitoring progress, 14, 42, 84, 93, 128, 149-150, 164-165
objectives, 13, 14, 16, 41-42, 75, 76, 77, 79, 92
personalized expectations and, 92
political objectives and, 84, 86, 91
pollution prevention and, 172
preservation interests, 92
principles, 14, 76-79
professional perspectives and, 91
public expectations and, 16, 76, 77, 78, 84, 86, 89-91, 92
public involvement in, 16-17, 42, 90-91, 168
recommendations, 14, 17
regulation of, 171-172
research program, 14, 42, 85, 93, 151
resource considerations in, 93
scientific demands and, 92
social science dimensions of, 172
sources of contaminants and, 93
technical progress and, 76
transdisciplinary perspective, 78
World Bank guidelines, 76
see also individual programs
Integrated coastal management process assessment of human expectations, 89-91
consensus building in, 163
defining issues, 91-92, 116-117
domain definition, 16, 80-81, 93-94, 95, 96-97, 160-161
dynamic planning, 14-15, 42, 78, 83, 88-143, 149, 151, 158-159
environmental processes, defining, 79
feasibility considerations, 94, 142
feedback in, 83, 84, 86, 136, 149
goal setting, 79-80, 88-92, 93, 95, 96-97, 158, 162-164
health stressors considered in, 98
human expectations, defining, 80, 98
information management, 78, 84-85, 150-151, 169
inventory of resources and conditions, 89, 165
priority setting, 79, 81, 95, 110, 119
public's role in, 82
review of existing scientific knowledge, 89
risk assessment, 42, 78, 81-82, 85, 88, 94-95, 98-110, 117-119, 163
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risk comparison, 78, 81-82, 85, 88, 110-114
risk management alternatives, development of, 81, 84, 82-83, 120-143, 163
for Santa Monica Bay, 114-119
selection of options, 14, 15, 78, 84, 147-149
International Joint Commission, 110
Interstitial water toxicity, 109
Intertidal ecosystems, 36, 180
Introduced species, 2, 23
Iron, 24, 102-103, 187, 194, 195
Isospora, 206
K
Kaneohe Bay, 184, 188-191
Kattegat, 179, 193
Kelp beds
bacteriological standards for, 47, 49, 50
dieback, 180-181
forests, 115
solids discharges into, 180-181
water quality requirements, 117, 141
Kill van Kull, 36
King Harbor, 115
Kungsbacka Fjord, 188, 189
L
Lake Pontchartrain, 218
Land disposal of sludge, 47, 59, 139, 340, 341
Land use
in coastal watersheds, 2, 21
growth management and, 396-397, 413-414
implementation of management objectives, 84
planning for bays, sounds, and estuaries, 82, 145, 164, 414-415
and urban pollutant loading, 373
Lawn chemicals, 372
Lead, 5, 6, 25, 27, 33, 139
Listeria monocytogenes, 211
Litigation
and Boston Harbor cleanup, 108, 110
for CWA violations, 44-45, 49
of damage recovery, federal role in, 29
for raw sewage spills, 49
United States and State of California v. San Diego, 50
Litter, 116, 369
Liver disease, 99
Loch Etive, 188
Long Island, virus counts, 67
Long Island Sound, 33, 71, 136
brown tides, 181
contaminated shellfish beds, 92
eutrophication, 92, 190
fish and shellfish stocks, 92, 181
green tides, 181
hypoxia in, 157, 179, 180, 190
integrated nitrogen management plan, 157
nitrogen inputs from sewage, 157, 184, 188, 190
phosphorus loadings, 189
phytoplankton production, 188, 189, 190
Study, 157
Los Angeles County coast, 33-34
Louisiana, 211
M
Macrocystis pyrifera, 180
Maine, red tides, 194
Management approaches, see Wastewater management approaches
Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory, 185
Marine resource restoration projects, 29
Marine sanctuaries, 83
Marine wildlife
chlorine toxicity, 59
hazards of plastics and floatables to, 25, 108
monitoring populations of, 29
protection of, 31
refuges, 30
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see also Source control
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 5, 25, 27
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 5, 26, 33, 34,99, 118, 138, 139
Polymerase chain reaction, 68
Population growth, coastal, 2, 21, 22, 33
Potomac Estuary, 184
Poultry, 209
Pretreatment, 296
cost-benefit ratios, 303-307
environmental benefits, 301-302
grants for small businesses, 305, 307
industrial, 9, 46
multimedia permitting, 307
pollution prevention contrasted with, 301-307
quality certification of technology, 307
Primary treatment
advanced, 123
and BOD loading to secondary treatment, 46-47
chemically enhanced, 9, 10, 46-47, 49, 50, 57, 58, 60, 61, 123, 131, 158, 320-322, 329-332
conventional, 57
description of, 58, 320-321
filtration advances, 310
nitrogen discharges from, 59
oil and grease removal in, 123
plants, 43
plus activated carbon, 60, 61
plus biological treatment, 57, 60, 61, 321, 329-331
plus gravity filtration, 60, 61
plus high lime, 60, 61
plus nutrient removal, 60, 61
plus reverse osmosis, 60, 61
sedimentation in, 131
Private entrepreneurs, perspectives of, 91
Protozoa, 12, 26, 100
animal reservoirs of, 208-209
in coastal waters, 210
detection, 67
levels in sewage, 206
removal from wastewater, 206
survival time, 135, 206, 214-216
transport, 135
in wastewater, 204, 206-207
and waterborne diseases, 206
Public expectations
assessment techniques, 90
changes over time, 90, 92
communication of, 90
and cost-benefit considerations, 142-143
diversity of, 90-91
environmental inequity, 90
high-risk behavior and, 100
identification of, 90-91, 93
stressors considered as part of, 98
Public health professionals, perspectives of, 91
Public interest groups, 30, 44-45
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs)
in compliance with Clean Water Act, 33
federal funding for, 31
major, defined, 33 n.4
monitoring, 34
waiver of secondary-treatment requirements, 3, 32, 34, 157, 171
see also Municipal wastewater treatment plants
Puget Sound, 33, 71, 275
Q
Quincy, Massachusetts, litigation, 45-46, 108-109
Quincy Bay, 108-109
R
Raritan Bay, 184
Recommendations
CSO abatement requirements, 10-11
environmental quality-based treatment approaches, 10
flexibility in wastewater management systems, 12
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implementation of integrated coastal management, 17
integrated coastal management, 14, 17
nutrient control, 8
pathogen monitoring, 12
regionally tailored management strategies, 7-8
source control, 9
urban runoff abatement requirements, 10-11
Recreational water
aesthetic impacts, 108
bacteriological standards, 66
contaminated, 26
''fishable and swimmable" goals, 31, 156
health risks, 98
microbiological risks, 65, 224-226
pathogens and diseases associated with, 203, 204, 212, 222
Recycling and reuse
economic advantages, 300-301, 316-317
source reduction through, 296-297
wastewater, 49, 314-317
Red tides, 8, 181-182, 193, 194, 210
Refuse, 125
Regulation/regulatory system
alternative modes of, 171-172
command and control, 146, 171, 398-404
complexity of urban systems and, 403
effluent discharges, 127-128
enforcement, 77
environmental-quality-driven, 158-159
and federalism, 400
flexibility in, 68, 84, 146
of industrial pre-treatment, 401
institutional setting for, 144
new issues, 403
of nonpoint sources, 127-128, 400-401
of outfalls, 232
overcontrol and undercontrol, 11, 63, 65, 140
of runoff, 11, 63, 65
standards-based, 82
waivers and variances, 402-403
see also Clean Water Act;
Economic instruments for regulation
Reovirus, 205
Reproductive toxicity, 99
Research
on CSO treatment, 11, 62
funding, 62
integrated coastal management, 85, 93, 151
on Massachusetts Bay environmental processes, 47
needs, 11, 63
on pollution control, 29
regulatory requirements for, 29
on stormwater runoff controls, 11, 62-63
on wastewater management approaches, 28
Resource valuation, 74-75, 89
Respiratory infections, 65, 205
Rhode Island, 211
Risk assessment
aesthetic impacts, 108, 110
comparison of risks, 81-82, 110-114, 119
dose-response relationships, 94, 95, 97, 98, 219-222
ecological, 94, 95, 101-108, 109-110
economic considerations in, 108
EPA Quotient Method, 106-108
epidemiology and, 101
exposure assessment, 94, 95, 98, 222
extrapolation from animal studies, 101
hazard identification, 93, 94, 95
human health, 68, 94, 98-101, 111, 118, 218-224
information management and, 85
limit of detection, 100-101
for microorganisms, 100, 218-224
of nutrients, 97, 101-102
pathogens in seawater and shellfish, 100, 121
populations considered in, 100, 112
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prioritization of issues, 95
process, 94-110
response levels of marine organisms to chemcial contaminants, 103-104
risk characterization, 94-95, 105
and risk communication, 112, 114
spatial and temporal considerations, 105, 135
of toxic substances, 101, 104-105
uncertainty in, 100, 126, 151
uses, 94
Risk management
alternatives, 82-83
ambient water-quality objectives and, 121, 126
benefit-cost assessment, 82, 142-143
cost and feasibility considerations, 141-142
cross-media considerations, 140-141
diffuse sources, 136-139
economic incentives, 82
environmental-quality approach, 126, 130
information management and, 85
lessons from existing situations, 121
modeling pollutant transport and fate, 134-139
ocean sludge disposal, 138-140
problem-focused, 120-121, 122-125
process, 120, 143-144
public expectations and, 142-143
regulatory system and, 82
system components, 131-134
water-quality driven approach, 278-280
see also Integrated coastal management
Risk screening, 92
Rotavirus, 204, 205, 220, 221, 224
Roundworms, 204
Runoff
agricultural, 2
best management practices and, 28
pathogens in, 4
structural controls, 28
see also Urban runoff
S
St. Lawrence River, 188, 189
St. Margarets Bay, 188, 189
Salmonella, 24, 99, 100, 207, 208, 209, 211, 215
S. typhi, 208
Salt marshes, 35
San Diego, 20, 47-51
benthic animal communities, 179
Clean Water Program, 49
consent decree with EPA, 49-50
enforcement actions against, 50
lawsuits against, 49-50
locations of wastewater and sludge management facilities, 48
Metropolitan Sewerage System, 47
primary treatment systems, 47, 49, 50, 158
Regional Water Quality Control Board, 49
secondary treatment systems, 49, 50-51, 158
sewage generated by, 47
sewage spills, 49, 50
sludge composting and disposal, 47
stormwater discharges, 158
water conservation, 49, 50, 158
water shortages, 49
San Diego Bay, water quality, 47
San Francisco Bay, 34, 71, 184, 188-190
San Juan Harbor, 71
San Pedro Bay, 115
Sanitary sewers, 27
Santa Monica Bay
contaminant sources, 116
drainage into, 114, 115
ecological health, 119
ecosystem, 115
environmental quality issues, 92, 116-117
fish consumption survey, 151
health risks, 117-118
industrial and municipal disposal uses, 116
major uses, 115-116
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National Estuary Program participation, 71
Restoration Project, 112, 114-117, 119
risk assessment, 110-111, 113
seafood contamination, 110-111, 118-119
stressors, 113
swimming and water contact issues, 92, 110-111, 117-118
wetlands, 115, 119
Saltwater, nutrients in, 26
Scientists, perspectives of, 91
Scromboid poisoning, 100, 209, 210
Seafood
contamination, 99, 118-119, 207, 222
paralytic or diarrheal shellfish poisoning, 100, 181, 209, 210
risk assessment, 118
safety, 29;
see also Pathogens
site-specific advisories, 118-119
survey of consumption patterns, 151
see also Fish and shellfish
Seagrasses, 24
dieback of, 8, 55, 95, 96, 102, 177, 180-181, 194
improper handling of, 210
nutrients and, 8, 55, 95, 96, 102, 177, 180, 187
phytoplankton shading and, 180
symbionts of, 187
Seawater
nutrient effects in, 8, 34, 102, 185
pathogen survival in, 214
risk assessment, 100
Seaweed, 115
Secondary treatment
activated sludge treatment, 58
benefits of, 34
biological, 46-47, 49, 57, 58, 158
and BOD, 9-10, 46-47, 124
construction of new facilities, 45, 46
costs, 338, 340
CWA requirements, 43
energy requirements for, 140
nitrogen discharges from, 59
nutrient removal, 4, 122
oil and grease removal in, 123
outfalls and, 130
source control and, 131
standards, 9
upgrades of plants for, 39, 43
waivers for POTWs, 3, 32, 43-44, 47, 50-51, 131, 157, 171
Sediment quality
apparent effects threshold, 110
assessment methods, 107, 109-110
bulk sediment toxicity, 109
definition and criteria, 107, 267-270
engineering systems design based on, 126, 129-130
equilibrium partitioning, 109
International Joint Commission assessment, 110
interstitial water toxicity, 109
modeling, 107, 270-272, 280-282
monitoring, 69
objectives, 7-8, 126
problems, 9
sludge dumping and, 139
spiked-sediment toxicity, 109
standards setting, 121, 126
tissue residue tests, 109
values, 107
Sediment-water interface, 253-254
Sedimentation, 24
benefits of, 138
and coral dieoff. 181
of decomposing phytoplankton, 181, 193-194
in estuaries, 7, 56
flocculation and, 7
outfall diffusers and, 56
processes, 263-267
Sediments
accumulation of pollutants in, 7, 54, 62, 116, 123
anaerobic, 6
biogeochemical process within, 186
calcium carbonate, 187
contaminant reactions, 265-266
contaminated, 2, 5, 6, 22, 25, 33, 107, 126, 266
DDT in, 116
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deposition, resuspension, and transport, 102, 264-265
fine, 138
freshwater versus saltwater, 186
mixing, 265-266
monitoring contaminants in, 150
negative effects of secondary treatment on, 33-34
N:P ratios, 185-186
nutrient releases from, 8, 59, 185
ocean floor, 6, 36
pathogens in, 211, 217, 218
protection from particle-associated pollutants, 6-7
release to water column, 265-266
risk assessment, 107
river discharges of, 138
toxic organics in, 62, 99, 138, 150, 257-258
in urban runoff, 374-375
U.S. experience, 266
see also Particulate matter;
Solids
Septic systems, 98, 99, 212, 372
Sewage
amounts generated, 47
nitrogen inputs from, 183-184
pathogens in, 4, 204, 206
source reduction, 28
spills, 49
untreated, 204
see also Effluent discharges;
Wastewater
Sewer separation
and CSO abatement, 137
conventional full, 356-357
flow slipping, 357
partial, 356-357
practicality of, 137
Sheep, 209
Shellfish beds
closed, 4-5, 33, 43, 213
open, 213
reopening of, 92
virus isolations from, 213
Shigella, 24, 204, 207-208
Ships/shipping, 2, 22, 30, 108
effluent discharges from, 238-239
Silica/silicon, 8, 24, 102, 182, 193
Silver, 25
Skagerrak, 193
Skin infections, 65
Sludge
biological treatment, 58
composting, 47, 59, 340, 341
conversion to fertilizer pellets, 46
costs of treatment, 10, 59, 338, 340
cross-media consequences of disposal methods, 139, 140
defined, 58
dewatering, 59, 140
digestion/digested, 59, 139, 140
direct land application, 343
discharges into coastal waters, 43
dumpsite 106, 139-140, 274-275
incineration of, 59, 139, 140, 342-343
land application of, 59
land-based processing facility, 45
land disposal of, 47, 59, 139, 340, 341
metals and toxics in, 58
methane from, 59
modeling of discharges, 139-140
and nutrients, 139-140
ocean disposal of, 139-140
outfall, 140
particles from, 248-255
source control and quality of, 8, 55, 130, 131, 139
treatment, 32
untreated, 204
volume produced, 10, 58, 338, 339
Small business, grants for source control, 305, 307
Snow Mt. agent, 205
Solar light, and pathogen survival, 217
Solids, 23
coagulants, 131
controls, 6
digestion of, 59
and disinfection, 60
effluent limitations, 128
examples and impacts, 6, 24, 26, 56, 180-181
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fine, 10
mechanical screening, 137
monitoring, 150
pollutants associated with, 9, 56, 180-181
priority assigned to, 5, 6-7, 27
removal efficiency of treatment processes, 9, 10, 49, 50, 57, 59, 60, 137
secondary treatment, 9, 58
separators, vortex, 137, 359-360
settleable, 6, 58, 128
sources, 6-7
standards for, 9, 32, 43
suspended, 6, 9, 26, 49, 56, 57, 121, 128, 131, 137, 374-375
swirl concentrators, 137
total suspended, 32, 43, 57, 59, 60, 150
toxicity of, 10
see also Sediments;
Sludge
Solvents, 5, 6, 26
Sounds, 8
Source control/reduction, 2, 3
approaches, 28, 131
of combined sewer overflows, 9, 63, 352-356
cost-benefit ratios, 303-307
defined, 131
effectiveness, 8, 9, 55, 70, 131
environmental monitoring data and, 70
of metals, 5, 8, 9, 46, 55, 141
modeling, 70
of oil and grease, 9, 55, 123
of pollution in urban runoff, 63, 376-378
recommendation, 9
and sludge quality, 55, 130, 131, 139
of toxic organic chemicals, 8, 9, 46, 55, 70, 130, 131, 141
and urban runoff pollutants, 55-56
see also Pollution prevention;
Pretreatment;
Recycling and reuse
South Beach, 36
South Carolina, 211
South Wales, 212
Southern California Association of Governments, 117
Southern California Bight, 33, 114, 275
Spain, 211
Speciation, trace elements and, 258-261
Spent cooling water, 21, 116
Spills
response and containment programs, 63
see also Hazardous materials;
Oil spills and leaks
Sponges, 181
Staten Island, 36
Storm drains, 231-232
Storm sewers
cross-connections and illicit discharges into, 372
designs, 9, 56, 63
outlets for, 116, 136
removal of floor drain connections to, 63
storage capacity, 28
warning signs, 9, 55-56
Stormwater runoff, 116
assessment of aquatic and human health impacts, 62
costs of quality controls, 384-385
fecal coliforms in, 62
impact of, 61-65
modeling and control, 136-137
nutrients in, 98
outlets, 136-137
pathogens in, 62, 98
quality enhancement with artificial wetlands, 383
regulation of discharges, 65
sources, 23
see also Urban runoff
Stream modification methods, 137-138
Structural controls for runoff, 378-379
artificial wetlands, 383
defined, 378
detention devices, 382-383
filter strips, 379, 381
infiltration devices, 381-382
minimization of directly connected impervious areas, 379
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pollutant removal efficiencies compared, 384
porous pavement and parking blocks, 56, 381
research initiatives, 62-63
retrofitting controls to existing developments, 383-384
storm sewer design, 9, 56
swales, 379, 381
Subtidal benthos, 119
Sulfate, 186
Sulfur, 182
Surfactants, 25
Swedish coastal waters, 179
Swimming and water contact issues, 99, 117-118
Syringes, 108
T
Tampa Bay, 71
Tapeworms, 204
Technology
mandatory controls on, 42
quality certification of, 307
Terrebonne Bay, 71
Texas, 211, 212, 213, 223
Tidal fluxes, 54, 212
Tide gates, 137
Tijuana, Mexico, 47
Tillamook Bay, 71
Tin, 5, 25, 118
Toxic chemicals used in treatment
bioaccumulation of, 25
concerns about, 6
examples and impacts, 25, 26
priority assigned to, 27
Toxic organic chemicals, 23
bans, 137
bioaccumulation, 104
chemical and biological conversions of, 256-261
concerns about, 5, 39, 41, 56
at CSO outfalls, 62
in Delaware Estuary, 39, 41
ecological effects, 103
effluent limitations, 127
in fish and shellfish, 5
levels of ecosystem response to, 103-104
monitoring of, 150
ocean potential for dilution of, 36
priority assigned to, 5, 27
removal in primary treatment, 10, 58, 60
response levels of marine organisms to chemical contaminants, 103-104
risk assessment, 101, 103-104
in sediments, 9, 60, 138, 257-258
source reduction, 8, 9, 46, 55, 130, 141
sources, 5, 99
transformation processes, 256-257
in urban runoff, 62, 374
water quality standards, 127
see also individual chemicals
Toxins in fish and shellfish, 209-210
Trace metals
and algal blooms, 194
bioavailability, 260-261
and cyanobacteria production, 187
diffusion, 123
examples, 5
organic ligand complexation, 259-260
priority assigned to, 5, 27
in sediments, 123
source control, 8, 9, 123
and speciation, 258-261
Traffic, and urban runoff, 368-369
Transport of pollutants
buoyance-driven flows, 244-245
dispersion, 242-244
far-field, 240-248, 253
modeling and measurement, 247-248, 280-282
net advective processes, 244-246
nutrients, 261-263
oceanic currents impinging on coasts, 246
at outfalls, 252-253
particles from wastewater and sludge, 251-255
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sediments, 264-265
toxic organic chemicals, 256-258
wind-driven motions, 245-246
Trash and debris, 6, 25, 27
Tributyltin, 118
Turbidity, 24, 122, 128, 138, 182-183, 187
Typhoid, 66, 203, 207
U
Ultraviolet irradiation, 59, 347-348
United Kingdom, 209
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 76
Urban issues
complexity of urban systems, 403
waivers and variances, 402-403
Urban runoff, 5, 22
aesthetic impacts, 108
composition, 368-373
contaminants (most significant) in, 373-375
impacts, 10, 61-62
land use and, 373
metals in, 99, 139, 374
nutrients in, 8, 55
pathogens in, 374
pollutant loadings, 11, 62
regional hydrology and, 63
suspended solids as pollutant transporters, 374-375
toxic organic pollutants, 99, 374
Urban runoff management
capture efficiency of detention basins, 63-64
costs of treatment facilities, 11, 63
erosion controls, 9
integration of CSOs and sanitary system overflows in, 65
rating treatment practices, 11, 384
recommendations, 10-11
research, 11, 62-63
source reduction of pollution in, 63, 376-378
street sweeping and, 55, 63, 125, 137
types of controls and control philosophy, 376
see also Structural controls for runoff
V
Vibrio sp., 24, 99, 207, 208
V. cholera, 208
V. parahaemolyticus, 211
Virginia, 96, 211
Viruses, 26, 204
in coastal waters, 210, 211-214
detection, 67, 211-212
disease incidence and mortality rates, 204-205
enteric, 12, 204
examples, 99
monitoring, 211
recreational exposures, 203, 222
risk model applied to shellfish consumption, 222-224
seafood contamination, 203, 204, 212
in sediments, 217
in stormwater, 117
survival time, 135, 204, 212, 214-217
transport, 135
in wastewater, 204
see also Enteric viruses
W
Washington, 211
Wastewater
collection, 27
location and mechanism of discharges, 28
metals in, 99
nutrient concentrations in, 177
open-ocean discharges, 28
particles from, 248-255
pathogens associated with, 203-210
reclamation and reuse, 61, 314-317
toxic organic chemicals in, 99
Wastewater and stormwater management approaches
activities involved in, 1-2
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adequacy of, 42, 148
Boston Harbor, 20, 41-47
case histories, 20, 41-51
challenges in, 41-32, 172-173
and coastal management objectives, 21
comprehensiveness test, 148
concepts, 13
cost-effectiveness considerations, 69
current policies, 2-7, 31-32
development of alternatives, 31, 68-69, 145
economic incentives, 404-413
education for behavior change, 2, 28, 56
environmental quality-based, 10, 16, 127-128, 158-159
environmental studies of, 2
evaluation and feedback, 12-13, 42, 69-70, 145
flexibility in, 12-13, 16, 68-70, 145
funding of, 4, 164
government role in, 144
information sharing on, 30
integration test, 148
issues, 1, 21
legislation, 2-3
monitoring and research program, 28
non-inferiority test, 148
objectives, 158
plan components, 145-146
pollution prevention and, 55, 297-298
progress in, 3-4
public role in, 30
purpose of, 1-2
regional tailoring of, 7-8, 10-11, 54, 55
in San Diego, 47-51
source control, 2, 55-56
treatment technologies, 4, 27-28
see also Municipal wastewater treatment plants;
Municipal wastewater treatment systems
Wastewater constituents
examples and impacts, 23-26
high-priority, 4-5, 26-27
low-priority, 6-7
medium priority, 5-6
sources, 23
Wastewater disposal system
choice of components, 282-285
computer integration of field and laboratory, 287
design steps, 277-278
modeling water and sediment quality, 280-282
for nutrients, 286-287
for particles, 286
for toxicants, 286
water-quality-driven approach, 278-280, 285-287
Wastewater treatment
energy requirement, 28
improved processes, 33
institutional setting, 394-395
land-area requirements, 28
levels of, 9-10, 27-28, 56-61
nutrients from, 8, 55, 179-180
plants, 131;
see also Municipal wastewater treatment plants
sludge from, 28
standards for, 3
undercontrol and overcontrol, 156-158
and water quality, 28
see also Disinfection methods;
Municipal wastewater treatment systems;
Secondary treatment;
Toxic chemicals used in treatment
Water conservation and reclamation, 2, 28, 55-56, 158, 318
benefits, 8-9, 56
and pollutant concentration, 8
San Diego Clean Water Program, 49
uses of reclaimed water, 61
see also Recycling and reuse
Water pollution control
in New York Harbor, 34, 36-39
successes, 34-41
Water quality
assessment methods, 107
criteria, 106, 107
defining, 121
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engineering systems design based on, 126, 129-130
in kelp beds, 117
median effective concentration, 107
median lethal concentration, 107
model, 96
monitoring, 69, 84, 208
no observed effect level, 107
nonnumerical description of, 126
objectives, regional variation in, 7-8
predicting, 280-282
problems, 9, 56
progress in improving, 1, 3-4, 20, 32-41
in San Diego Bay, 47
standards, 31, 107, 117, 121-126
wastewater treatment technology and, 28
Water quality management
command-and-control, 398-404
economic instruments, 404-413
education and, 417-424
growth management and, 413-417
problems and remedial actions, 122-125
regional planning failures under CWA, 161
Water quality policies
adequacy, 1, 20, 31
education strategies, 418-421
fragmentation of issues, 394-395
jurisdictional complexity and, 395-396
public expectations and support, 42
Water resource management
importance of, 61
regional planning, 145, 396, 415-416
see also Water conservation
Water shortages, 49
Weirs, 28
Wetlands, 115, 119
artificial, 383
Whipworms, 204
Wisconsin, Milwaukee plan for CSOs and sanitary sewer overflows, 65
World Bank, 76
World Health Organization, 98
Y
Yersinia sp., 208, 209, 215
Z
Zooplankton, 183, 185
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Other Recent Reports of the Water Science and Technology Board
Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty (1993)
Sustaining Our Water Resourc
es: Proceedings, WSTB Symposium (1993)
Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992)
Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy (1992)
Toward Sustainability: Soil and Water Research Priorities for Developing Countries (1991)
Preparing for the Twenty-First Century: A Report to the USGS Water Resources Division (1991)
Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences (1991)
A Review of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Pilot Program (1990)
Ground Water and Soil Contamination Remediation: Toward Compatible Science, Policy, and Public Perception (1990)
Managing Coastal Erosion (1990)
Ground Water Models: Science and Regulatory Applications (1990)
Irrigation Induced Water Quality Problems: What Can Be Learned from the San Joaquin Valley Experience? (1989)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press (800) 624-6242
