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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
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Index

A

Abandoned wells, 22

Advanced Weather Information Processing System (AWIPS), 126

Age of water, 84

Agricultural Census, 128, 129

Agricultural DRASTIC, 52, 53

Agricultural management, 15, 124

databases, 90, 129-131, 183

in San Joaquin Valley, 151-152

technical assistance, 34-35, 163-164

see also Fertilizers;

Pesticides

Agricultural Research Service, 130

Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS), 128, 130-131

Air pollution, 123, 124

Aldicarb, 14, 147

Allocation of resources. See Resource allocation

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 106

Animal wastes, 14

Approaches. See Methods

Aquifer sensitivity assessment methods, 45

Artificial recharge wells, 18

Associative methods. See Statistical methods

Atrazine, 32

Attenuation Factor (AF), 68, 73-74, 176

Attribute databases, on soil, 117-119

Awareness. See Public education

B

Back-siphoning, 14, 18, 21

Base data, 131

Bayesian methods, 68

Bias, 65

Biochannels, 3, 21

Biodegradation, 2, 42, 43

and water transport time, 2, 19, 43, 48

Bottled water, 14

Brine injection wells, 18

Bureau of Indian Affairs, 123

Bureau of Land Management, 123, 127

Bureau of Reclamation, 123

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

C

CALF, 58

Calibration, 78, 79

California, 14, 28, 152, 153.

See also San Joaquin Valley

Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 9, 28, 35, 139-144, 165-166

Cartography. See Geographic information systems;

Maps and mapping;

Resolution;

Scales and scaling

Case studies

ground water vulnerability index for pesticides (GWVIP), 162-165

Cape cod, 139-144

Florida, 145-151

Hawaii, 156-161

Iowa, 135-138

San Joaquin Valley, 151-155

Cells and polygons, 7, 65, 67, 87, 91

and geostatistical methods, 62

in GIS databases, 87, 90

in land use and cover mapping, 127

in processed-based models, 59

in soil mapping, 10, 113, 177

Censored data, 60

Centralized Database System (CDBS), 125-126

Chemical databases, 10, 176

Chemigation, 18, 21

Circular A-16, 106, 108

Clay in soils, 2, 42-43, 90

and sampling, 85

Cleanup and control of contamination, 4, 14, 31, 34

Climate, databases, 9, 91, 123-126, 182

Climatic Data Access Facility, 125-126

Cluster analysis, 60, 61

CMLS, 54, 56, 57, 58

Compliance monitoring, 34

Computers and computing, 22, 39, 40

environments, 7-8, 86-87

errors in, 8, 66, 96

see also Geographic information systems;

Process-based simulation models

Concentrations of contaminants, 7, 19, 80

regulatory limits, 34

and sampling methods, 85-86

and statistical methods, 6, 45

Conceptual errors, 66

Conditions on site use, 34

Confidence intervals, and map cells, 7, 67, 77-78

Confinement over aquifers, 43, 48

Contaminant pathways. See Flow paths

Coordination among programs, 5, 39, 40

Federal, 105-108, 124

GIS facilitation of, 94

State and local, 108-109

weather data, 124-125

Counterintuitive situations, 11, 179

County assessments, 23, 37

soil databases, 90, 113

Coupled transport models, 6, 45, 53

Cracks, 3, 18, 21, 94

Cross-contamination, 22

D

Data Base Analyzer and Parameter Estimator (DBAPE), 90-91

Data collection activity, 7, 9, 27, 38, 40, 65, 105

federal, 9, 105-108

remote sensing, 112, 132

of states, 9, 108

see also Monitoring activities and data

Data quality and availability, 2-3, 4-5, 8, 9, 26, 27, 90

and method selection, 37-38

and overlay and index methods, 5-6, 38, 48, 50, 51, 52

and process-based models, 6, 27, 37-38, 53, 56, 94, 105

processing and storage errors, 7, 66

and statistical methods, 6, 38, 45, 60, 63

uncertainties and errors, 3, 7, 20, 38, 63-66, 76-77, 104-105

see also Data collection activity;

Databases;

Monitoring activities and data

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

Databases, 2-3, 9, 32, 87, 104-105, 131-132, 174-175

agricultural management, 90, 129-131, 183

automation of, 108-109, 131, 174

climate, 9, 91, 123-126, 182

federal coordination, 105-108

field assessments, 113, 120, 130-131

hydrogeologic, 2, 9, 63, 121-123, 177, 183

land use and cover, 2-3, 9, 126-129, 183

national assessments, 114, 120, 121, 174

regional assessments, 45, 114

soil properties, 2, 9, 90-91, 112-121, 177, 184

sources of, 125, 181-184

state and local, 108-109

topography, 9, 109-112, 184

see also Geographic information systems Decision making. See Land use management;

Policy analysis and development

Deep aquifers, 21, 22

Defense Mapping Agency, 110

Definitions

of soil, 113

of vulnerability, 1-2, 15-19

Degradation, in situ measurement, 10, 175-176

see also Biodegradation

Delphi approach, 52

Depth to water table, 2, 42, 43.

in Iowa assessment, 9, 137-138

in overlay and index methods, 48, 49

in vulnerability definitions, 17

see also Flow paths

Derived data, 90, 91, 95

Deterministic models, 9, 57, 79

Development of ground water, 22

Iowa assessment, 136

Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), 14, 152, 157, 160, 161

Differential geographic assessment, 7, 8, 77-78, 96, 172

map display of, 36-37, 67

Differential management, 32, 172-173

Cape Cod, 28, 140-144, 166

EPA, 16

Florida, 28, 148-151

Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 110-112

Discharge limits, 34

Discharge zones, 21

identification of, 10, 50, 176

Discriminant analysis, 60, 61, 62

Dispersion, 19

Display of results. See Geographic information systems;

Maps and mapping

Distributions of contaminants, 6, 45

DRASTIC, 50, 51, 52, 53, 81, 84

Cape Cod use, 141, 143, 144

Florida use, 148, 150, 166

Drinking water, 13, 14, 33

in Florida, 145-146

in vulnerability definitions, 17

E

Ecosystems, 13, 33

Education. See Public education

Elevation, 109, 110-112, 120, 126

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 16, 51

classification of methods, 44-45

Data Base Analyzer and Parameter Estimator, 90-91

databases, 130

Global Change Database Program, 126

National Pesticide Survey, 14, 81, 84

and President's Water Quality Initiative, 15

PRZM model, 52, 53, 55, 56, 70-72, 90

Equipment, 39, 40

Error. See Uncertainty and error

Ethylene dibromide (EDB), 14, 147, 157, 161

Evaluation. See Testing and evaluation

Extension Service (ES), 130

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

F

Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey, 130

Farms. See Agricultural management;

Fertilizers;

Pesticides

Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), 9, 106-108, 174, 181

Federal government. See also Environmental Protection Agency;

U.S. Department of Agriculture;

U.S. Geologic Survey

data management, 9, 105-108

GIS use, 87, 92

land use management, 33, 127

water-level information, 48

Federal Information Processing Standard 173.

See Spatial Data Transfer Standard

Federal Interagency Coordination Committee on Digital Cartography (FICCDC), 106

Fertilizers, 14, 136, 145

Field assessments, 23, 37

databases, 113, 120, 130-131

testing of, 7, 8, 78-79

use of process-based models, 53, 59, 78-79

First Law of Ground Water Vulnerability, 2, 18-19, 170-171

First-order uncertainty analysis (FOUA), 68, 69, 73-75, 77

Fish and Wildlife Service, 127

Florida, 9, 14, 28, 145-151, 166

Flow paths, 3, 20, 21-22.

See also Depth to water table

preferential, 3, 6, 11, 21-22, 58-59, 94-95, 177, 178

travel time, 10, 19, 39, 81, 137, 176

Flow system. See Depth to water table;

Discharge zones;

Flow paths;

Recharge rate;

Recharge zones

Forest Service, 123, 127

Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST), 71

Fractures, 18

G

Geochemistry, 84

Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS), 127

Geographic information systems (GIS), 8, 9, 11, 42, 87-90, 91, 175, 178

errors in, 63, 66, 67, 92

Hawaii use of, 157

Iowa use of, 138

and modeling, 92-94

and overlay and index methods, 45, 52, 94

uncertainty display, 9, 92, 175

Geographic variation, 38, 170, 173

and overlay and index methods, 5-6, 50

see also Differential geographic assessment;

Differential management

Geologic Society of America, 121-122

Georgia, 14

Geostatistical analyses, 60, 62-63, 65

GLEAMS, 53, 54, 56

Global Change Database Program, 126

Government. See Federal government;

Local government;

Planning agencies;

Regulation;

State government

Graphic display. See Geographic information systems;

Maps and mapping

GRASS Waterworks, 90, 91

Grid-cell based systems, 8, 87

Ground water Atlas of the United States, 121

Ground water vulnerability assessment methods, 45

Ground Water Vulnerability Index for Nitrates (GWVIN), 52

Ground Water Vulnerability Index for Pesticides (GWVIP), 15, 52, 162-165, 167

H

Hawaii, 10, 14, 28, 156-161, 166

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

Hazardous waste disposal, 13

Historical Climate Network (HCN), 125

Horizontal (lateral) movement, 21, 50

Hybrid assessment methods, 11, 45, 60, 165, 167, 179

Hydraulic conductivity, 10, 90, 175

Hydrogeologic (physical) attributes, 37, 43-44.

See also Depth to water table;

Flow paths;

Recharge rate;

Soil properties;

Topography;

Unsaturated zone

and assessment methods, 45

databases, 2, 9, 63, 121-123, 177, 183

and degradation rate, 10, 179

Florida, 145-146

Iowa, 137-138

and method selection, 5, 37

and overlay and index methods, 2, 5-6, 19, 45, 48-53

and process-based models, 54-55, 56, 57

San Joaquin Valley, 152

and statistical methods, 61

in vulnerability definitions, 17, 18

Hydrologic study units (HSUs), 61

and scale, 23

I

Illinois, 51, 52

Index methods, 2, 3, 5-6, 19, 45, 46, 48, 62, 95, 173

GWVIP, 15, 52, 162-165, 167

Hawaii use of, 160-161, 166

USDA hybrid approach, 10, 28, 165, 167

use in Florida, 9, 28, 150, 166

Index value results, 7, 80

Injection wells, 14, 18

In situ measurements

research needs, 10, 175-176

Integrated assessments. See Hybrid assessment methods

Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 106

International Standards Organization (ISO) 8211 standard, 107

Interpretation, errors in, 65

Intrinsic vulnerability, 3, 21, 84, 171

and assessment method design, 46-47, 48

Iowa assessment, 9, 136

in overlay and index methods, 52-53

Ionic composition, 84

Iowa, 9, 22, 35, 52, 135-138, 165

Irrigation, 13, 123, 124, 129, 130

Florida, 145

San Joaquin Valley, 151

J

Joints, 3, 21, 94

K

Kriging, 60, 65

L

Land owners, 33

voluntary behavior changes, 4, 31, 35

Land use and land cover (LULC) databases, 2-3, 9, 126-129, 183

Land use management, 4, 27, 31, 33-35, 40.

See also Agricultural management;

Land use and land cover databases

maps, 51

technical assistance, 34-35

Landfills, 13, 16

Lateral transport. See Horizontal movement

Law of ground water vulnerability

First, 2, 18-19, 170-171

Second, 3, 20, 30, 170-171

Third, 8, 96

Leaching of contaminants, factors in, 2, 42-43

Leaching Potential Index, 82-83

LEACHM, 53, 55, 56, 58

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

Linear regression, 62

Loadings of contaminants, 7-8, 51, 80, 81, 97

in vulnerability definitions, 17

Local differences. See Differential geographic assessment;

Differential management;

Geographic variation

Local government

data management, 9, 105, 109, 127

GIS use, 87, 92

overlay and index methods use, 5, 45

M

Macropores, 11, 120, 178

Major Land Resource Area (MRLA), 114

Management, 4-5, 26, 27

and process-based models, 56

see also Agricultural management;

Data collection activity;

Differential management;

Land use decisions;

Policy analysis and development;

Program management;

Public education;

Regulation;

Resource allocation;

Zoning activity

Maps and mapping, 3, 32, 36-37, 131, 132.

in Cape Cod, 140-141

errors and uncertainty in, 7, 9, 37, 67, 75-76, 91-92, 96, 172, 175

in Florida, 149-150

geologic, 51

hydrogeologic, 121-123

technical supplementation, 37

topographical, 51, 110

water-level information, 48

zoning use, 34

see also Cells and polygons;

Geographic information systems;

Index methods;

Land use and land cover databases;

Overlay methods;

Resolution;

Scales and scaling;

Soil maps

Map Unit Interpretation Record (MUIR), 114, 119

Map Unit Use File (MUUF), 118-119

Mathematical models. See Process-based simulation models

Methods

selection of, 4, 5, 26-27, 35-40, 172, 173

types of, 2-3, 19, 42, 44-48

see also Hybrid assessment methods;

Index methods;

Overlay methods;

Process-based simulation models;

Statistical methods;

Testing and evaluation;

Uncertainty

Microbial transformation. See Biodegradation

Minnesota, 108, 122

Mitigation, 4, 14, 31, 34

Models. See Digital Elevation Model;

Geographic information systems, and modeling;

Process-based simulation models

Monitoring activities and data, 28, 32, 34, 40, 81, 85-86

in California, 28, 153, 166

National Pesticide Survey, 14, 81, 84

and statistical methods, 6, 63

Monte Carlo techniques, 57, 70-72, 77

Multicounty assessments, 23, 37, 120

Multiple-phase transport models, 6, 43, 45

Multiple regression, 62

Multistate assessments, 23, 114, 120

Multivariate statistical techniques, 60, 62

N

National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), 130

National Alachlor Well Water Survey, 81, 84

National assessments, 23, 37

databases, 114, 120, 121, 174

USDA, 10, 28, 162-165, 167

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), 125

National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS), 112

National Herbicide Use Database, 130

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

National Climate Program regional centers, 125

and President's Water Quality Initiative, 15

National Park Service, 123

National Pesticide Survey, 14, 81, 84

National Resource Inventory (NRI), 115, 128, 129, 162-163

National Soil Characterization Database (NSCDB), 120

National Soil Geographic Database (NATSGO), 113, 115, 120

National spatial data infrastructure (NSDI), 106, 108, 131

National Water Quality Assessment Program, 164

National Weather Service (NWS), 123-126

N-dimensional queries, 93

Neighborhood analysis, 93

New York, 14

Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD), 126

Nitrates, 14, 48, 52, 135-136

travel times, 19

NLEAP, 118

Nonparametric statistical techniques, 61, 62

Nonpoint sources, 14

in vulnerability definitions, 1, 16, 18

North Carolina, 51

NSSAD/SIRS, 90

Nuclear detonations, 18, 84

Numerical scoring. See Index methods

O

Oahu, Hawaii, 10, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161

Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 106

Official Soil Series Description (OSED), 119

Oil, 13, 18

One-dimensional transport models, 6, 28, 45, 53

Organic matter, 2, 42-43, 90, 113

Output. See also Maps and mapping;

Probability;

Uncertainty

errors in, 67

presentation of, 36-37

value of, 39

Overlay methods, 2, 3, 5-6, 22, 45, 46, 48, 62, 95, 173

use in Florida, 9, 28, 150, 166

use in Iowa, 9, 22, 28, 137-138, 165

Ownership. See Land owners

P

Pedons, 113, 119-120

Percolation, 3, 21

Permits, conditions on, 34

Personnel. See Staffing

Pesticide Information Network, 130

Pesticide Management Zones, 28

Pesticide Properties Database, 130

Pesticide-Root Zone Model. See PRZM

Pesticides, 14

assessment methods, 45, 48

databases, 130

in Florida, 9, 14, 145, 147

in Hawaii, 10, 14, 157-161, 166

in Iowa, 136

process-based transport models, 53-56

in San Joaquin Valley, 9-10, 151-155, 166

transport of, 19, 44, 70-72

voluntary restrictions, 35

in vulnerability definitions, 17, 18

vulnerability index (GWVIP), 15, 52, 162-165, 167

Pesticides and Ground-Water Strategy,

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

Pesticides in Ground Water Database, 130

Physical attributes. See Hydrogeologic attributes

Pipelines, 13

Planning agencies

overlay and index methods use, 5, 45

statistical methods use, 61

Point sources, 13-14

in vulnerability definitions, 1, 16, 18

Policy analysis and development, 4, 26-27, 30-32, 40

agricultural management, 164-165, 167

Florida, 147-148

Iowa, 136

maps use in, 131, 132

Polygons. See Cells and polygons

Population at risk, 13, 17

in Florida, 145-146

in Hawaii, 156

Postaudit analyses, 78.79

Potential evaporation, 123, 124

Precipitation, 20-21, 124

databases, 2, 91, 123, 125, 126

Florida, 146

Preferential flow paths, 3, 11, 21-22, 94-95, 177, 178

and process-based models, 6, 58-59, 94-95

President's Water Quality Initiative, 15, 162, 164

Probability, 3, 6, 7, 8, 20, 80, 96-97, 171

in statistical methods, 6, 60

in stochastic models, 57

Process-based simulation models, 2, 6, 19, 37, 45, 47, 48, 53-60, 94, 95, 173

Cape Cod use, 9, 28, 140-141, 166

data quality and availability, 6, 27, 37-38, 53, 56, 94, 105

Hawaii use of, 160-161, 166

hybrid methods, 10, 28, 165, 167, 179

and preferential flow paths, 6, 58-59, 94-95

use in Oahu, 10, 28

Program management, 4, 31, 32-33

Protecting the Nation's Ground Water:

EPA's Strategy for the 1990s, 16

PRZM, 52, 53, 55, 56, 70-72, 90

Hawaii use of, 160

Pseudospecific vulnerability, 52-53

Public education, 4, 27, 31, 35, 40, 172

in Cape Cod assessment, 35

federal geographic data, 108

in Iowa assessment, 35, 136, 172

Pumping, 18, 22, 81, 86

Cape Cod, 140, 141-142

Florida, 145

Purging, 86

Purposeful placement, 1, 16, 18

R

Recharge rate, 2, 42, 43

Iowa assessment, 136

in overlay and index methods, 48, 49, 50

and uncertainty analysis, 73

Recharge zones, 20-21

Cape Cod, 141-142, 165-166

identification of, 10, 50, 176

Reference location, 3, 20-21, 81, 97

in overlay and index methods, 46, 48, 50

used in selected methods, 46-47, 48

Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program, 121

Regional assessments, 37, 50, 173

databases, 45, 114

and process-based models, 53, 59-60

scales, 23

and statistical methods, 61

testing of, 7-8, 78, 80-84

Regional Climate Centers (RCCs), 125

Regression analyses, 60, 61, 62

Regulation, 34, 172-173.

See also Screening of sites;

Zoning activity

California, 152-155

Cape Cod, 139, 141-144

Florida, 146-147, 148-151

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

overlay and index methods use, 5, 45

statistical methods use, 5, 45

and uncertainty analysis, 75-77

Relative humidity, 123, 124

Remote sensing, 112, 132

Resolution, 3, 23, 24, 36

and zoning activity, 34

Resource allocation, 4, 27, 31, 32-33, 40

and map displays, 36

programmatic, 39

Results. See Output

Retardation Factor (RF), 68, 73-75, 176

Risk, definition of, 17

Rivers, 13

Root holes, 21, 94

Runoff, 109

Rural areas

and climate, 123, 124

drinking water, 13, 14

pesticide residues in wells, 14

RUSTIC, 90

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 35

Salt water intrusion, 18, 145, 156

Samples and sampling

compliance monitoring, 34

equipment, 39

errors in, 65, 84-86

limitations of, 84-86

soils, 10, 113, 115, 120

from wells, 81, 84-86, 97

San Joaquin Valley, California, 9-10, 151-155, 166

Saturated zone

hydraulic conductivity, 10, 175

Scales and scaling, 3, 20, 23-25, 28-29, 173, 174.

See also Resolution;

Time scales

digital terrain data, 110, 112

hydrogeologic maps, 121-123

land use and cover maps, 127

merging of, 11, 177-178

and overlay and index methods, 46, 48

and process-based models, 6, 47, 48, 58, 59-60, 105

of sample measurements, 10, 176

soil surveys, 112-114, 121

and statistical methods, 47, 60

variability in, 65

Screening of sites, 33-34

and process-based models, 56

Screens, monitoring, 85-86

Seasonal variation, 65

and overlay and index methods, 5-6, 48, 50

Second Law of Ground Water Vulnerability, 3, 20, 30, 170-171

Sedimentary basin brines, 2, 19

Selection of methods

and data quality, 37-38

institutional considerations, 5, 27, 39-40

technical considerations, 5, 27, 36-38

and uncertainty, 7, 38

Sensitivity, definition of, 17, 18

Septic tanks, 14, 18

Cape Cod, 139-140

Florida, 145

Shallow aquifers, 21, 22

Simulation. See Process-based simulation models

Site selection, 31, 33-34, 56, 67-68

Site-specific databases

soil, 119-120

Site-specific simulation models

data requirements, 37

Size of assessment area, 37

SNOTEL, 125

Snowpack, 124, 125

Soil Classification File (SC), 119

Soil Conservation Service (SCS), 34, 123

Climatic Data Access Facility, 125-126

databases, 90, 120, 125-126, 128, 130-131

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

maps and mapping standards, 10, 51, 112, 121, 177

models, 91, 92-93

National Resource Inventory, 115, 128, 129, 162-163

Soil Interpretation Record (SIR), 117-118, 120

Soil loss, 92-93

Soil maps, 51, 112-121

standards for, 10, 112, 177

Soil-Pesticide Interaction Screening

Procedure (SPISP), 162

SOILPROP, 90, 91

Soil properties

combination with geologic information, 10, 176

databases, 2, 9, 90-91, 112-121, 177, 184

filtration, 13, 48

in overlay and index methods, 48, 49, 51

and process-based models, 37

San Joaquin Valley, 152, 155

in situ measurement, 10, 175, 177

in vulnerability definitions, 17

see also Soil maps

Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO), 112-115, 120-121

Solar radiation, 123, 124

Sole source aquifer, 35, 139

Solution channels, 3, 21, 94-95

Sorption, 2, 19, 42-43, 48, 59, 176

Sources of pollution, 13-14.

See also Nonpoint sources;

Point sources

Spatial Data Transfer Standard, 106, 107, 174

Spatial databases, 8, 9, 20, 96.

See also Geographic information systems

Spatial scales. See Resolution;

Scales and scaling

Specific vulnerability, 3, 21, 171

and assessment method design, 46-47, 48

in overlay and index methods, 52

Specificity of contaminants, 3, 20, 21

Spills, 21

containment, 34

Staffing, 39, 40

Standards

for geographic data, 9, 106-108, 174

for soil mapping, 10, 112, 177

State Geographic Systems Activities Compendium, 109

State government

data management, 9, 105, 108-109

GIS use, 87, 92

land use management, 33, 127

monitoring activities, 28

overlay and index methods use, 5, 45, 52

and President's Water Quality Initiative, 15

vulnerability assessments, 16

water-level information, 48

weather data, 123

State-level assessments, 37

databases, 114, 120

scales, 23

use of overlay methods, 51-52

State Management Plans (SMPs), 16

State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO), 112-113, 114, 115, 120

Statistical methods, 2, 6, 19, 45, 47, 48, 60-63, 173

data quality and availability, 6, 38, 45, 60, 63

parameters in, 60, 62

and uncertainty, 38, 60, 68, 95

Stochastic models, 9, 57, 68, 77

Streams, 13, 21

Surface impoundments, 13

Florida, 145

Surface water and discharge areas, 13, 21

T

Targeting of resources. See Resource allocation

Technical assistance, 34-35

Temperature, 2, 43, 91, 123, 124, 125, 126

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

Tennessee Valley Authority, 127

Terrain. See Topography

Testing and evaluation, 4, 7-8, 20, 26, 27, 42, 77-78, 80, 96, 97, 173-174

equipment, 39

field assessments, 7, 8, 78-79

of overlay and index methods, 52

regional assessments, 7-8, 78, 80-84

use of statistical tools, 45, 68

Third Law of Ground Water Vulnerability, 8, 96

Time scales, 3, 5, 20, 39, 65, 170.

See also Seasonal variation

merging of, 11, 177-178

and water travel, 10, 19, 39, 81, 137, 176

Time series methods, 60, 61, 65

Topography

databases, 9, 109-112, 184

maps, 51, 110

Trace elements, 18

Transport of contaminants. See Depth to water table;

Flow paths;

Leaching of contaminants;

Process-based simulation models

Travel time to water table, 10, 19, 39, 81, 137, 176

Iowa assessment, 137

Trichloropropane, 161

Tritium, 84

Truncated data, 60

U

Uncertainty and error, 3, 7, 20, 26-27, 30, 38, 41, 42, 96-97, 170-171, 173

analysis of, 5, 7, 11, 67-77

in data, 3, 7, 20, 38, 63-66

display of, 9, 11, 20, 37, 92, 96, 174-175, 178

in method application, 3, 20, 63, 77

in method execution, 3, 7, 20, 63-64, 66-67

in process-based models, 57-58

in soil mapping, 10, 177

and statistical methods, 38, 60, 68, 95

Underground Injection Control Program, 51

Underground storage tanks, 13, 16

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), 92-93

Universities, 48, 123

Unsaturated (vadose) zone, 2, 19, 42-43

characterization of, 10, 123, 176-177

hydraulic conductivity, 10, 175

in overlay and index methods, 48, 49, 50-51

solution channels in, 21

transport through, 2, 6, 43, 45

Urban areas, 124

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

GRASS Waterworks, 90, 91

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

databases, 128, 130

hybrid method use, 10, 28, 165, 167

President's Water Quality Initiative, 15, 162, 164

vulnerability index (GWVIP), 15, 52, 162-165, 167

see also Soil Conservation Service

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. See Environmental Protection Agency

U.S. Geological Survey

National Water Quality Assessment Program, 164

RASA program, 121

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

maps, 51, 110, 121, 122, 127, 128

and President's Water Quality Initiative, 15

Uses of assessments, 4, 26, 27, 30-31, 40-41

constraints on, 4-5, 31, 35, 38, 40-41

institutional considerations, 39-40

technical considerations, 36-39

and uncertainty, 39

see also Educational outreach;

Land use management;

Policy analysis and development;

Program management

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

V

Vadose zone. See Unsaturated zone

Validation. See Testing and evaluation

Variation and variability. See Differential geographic assessment;

Differential management;

Geographic variation;

Seasonal variation

Verification. See Testing and evaluation

Voluntary activities, 4, 31, 35

Iowa, 28, 35

Vulnerability index, 77-78, 162.

See also Ground Water Vulnerability Index for Pesticides

W

Water content, 2, 43, 90

Watershed assessments, 37

Watershed modeling, 59, 91

Water table.

See also Depth to water table

as reference location, 3, 20-21

sampling near, 85-86

Weather, databases, 9, 91, 123-126, 182

Weights, 5-6, 45, 52, 95, 173

Wells, 3, 10, 14, 18, 21, 22, 35, 81, 84, 97

Cape Cod, 139, 140

in Florida assessment, 145, 148

in Iowa assessment, 9, 135-136

logs, 48, 122-123

Wind, 123, 124

Wisconsin, 52, 122

Worm holes, 21, 94

Z

Zoning activity, 33-34

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

PLATE 1 Ground water vulnerability regions of Iowa. (Hoyer 1991. Reprinted, by permission from Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 1991.) A more detailed version of this map is available from the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau, Iowa City, Iowa

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

PLATE 2 Water resources classification map for Cape Cod, Massachusetts. (Adapted from CCC 1991. Reprinted, by permission, from Cape Cod Commission, 1991.)

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

PLATE 3 Risk to public-supply well from land use in the Barnstable zone to contribution. (Olimpio et al. 1991.)

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
×

PLATE 4 Risk to public-supply wells from land use in the Barnstable zone of contribution. (Olimpio et al. 1991.)

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2050.
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Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty Get This Book
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Since the need to protect ground water from pollution was recognized, researchers have made progress in understanding the vulnerability of ground water to contamination. Yet, there are substantial uncertainties in the vulnerability assessment methods now available.

With a wealth of detailed information and practical advice, this volume will help decision-makers derive the most benefit from available assessment techniques. It offers:

  • Three laws of ground water vulnerability.
  • Six case studies of vulnerability assessment.
  • Guidance for selecting vulnerability assessments and using the results.
  • Reviews of the strengths and limitations of assessment methods.
  • Information on available data bases, primarily at the federal level.

This book will be indispensable to policymakers and resource managers, environmental professionals, researchers, faculty, and students involved in ground water issues, as well as investigators developing new assessment methods.

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