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Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty
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Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty
Index
A
Abandoned wells, 22
Advanced Weather Information Processing System (AWIPS), 126
Age of water, 84
Agricultural Census, 128, 129
Agricultural DRASTIC, 52, 53
Agricultural management, 15, 124
databases, 90, 129-131, 183
in San Joaquin Valley, 151-152
technical assistance, 34-35, 163-164
see also Fertilizers;
Pesticides
Agricultural Research Service, 130
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS), 128, 130-131
Air pollution, 123, 124
Aldicarb, 14, 147
Allocation of resources. See Resource allocation
American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 106
Animal wastes, 14
Approaches. See Methods
Aquifer sensitivity assessment methods, 45
Artificial recharge wells, 18
Associative methods. See Statistical methods
Atrazine, 32
Attenuation Factor (AF), 68, 73-74, 176
Attribute databases, on soil, 117-119
Awareness. See Public education
B
Back-siphoning, 14, 18, 21
Base data, 131
Bayesian methods, 68
Bias, 65
Biochannels, 3, 21
Biodegradation, 2, 42, 43
and water transport time, 2, 19, 43, 48
Bottled water, 14
Brine injection wells, 18
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 123
Bureau of Land Management, 123, 127
Bureau of Reclamation, 123
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C
CALF, 58
Calibration, 78, 79
California, 14, 28, 152, 153.
See also San Joaquin Valley
Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 9, 28, 35, 139-144, 165-166
Cartography. See Geographic information systems;
Maps and mapping;
Resolution;
Scales and scaling
Case studies
ground water vulnerability index for pesticides (GWVIP), 162-165
Cape cod, 139-144
Florida, 145-151
Hawaii, 156-161
Iowa, 135-138
San Joaquin Valley, 151-155
Cells and polygons, 7, 65, 67, 87, 91
and geostatistical methods, 62
in GIS databases, 87, 90
in land use and cover mapping, 127
in processed-based models, 59
in soil mapping, 10, 113, 177
Censored data, 60
Centralized Database System (CDBS), 125-126
Chemical databases, 10, 176
Chemigation, 18, 21
Circular A-16, 106, 108
Clay in soils, 2, 42-43, 90
and sampling, 85
Cleanup and control of contamination, 4, 14, 31, 34
Climate, databases, 9, 91, 123-126, 182
Climatic Data Access Facility, 125-126
Cluster analysis, 60, 61
CMLS, 54, 56, 57, 58
Compliance monitoring, 34
Computers and computing, 22, 39, 40
environments, 7-8, 86-87
errors in, 8, 66, 96
see also Geographic information systems;
Process-based simulation models
Concentrations of contaminants, 7, 19, 80
regulatory limits, 34
and sampling methods, 85-86
and statistical methods, 6, 45
Conceptual errors, 66
Conditions on site use, 34
Confidence intervals, and map cells, 7, 67, 77-78
Confinement over aquifers, 43, 48
Contaminant pathways. See Flow paths
Coordination among programs, 5, 39, 40
Federal, 105-108, 124
GIS facilitation of, 94
State and local, 108-109
weather data, 124-125
Counterintuitive situations, 11, 179
County assessments, 23, 37
soil databases, 90, 113
Coupled transport models, 6, 45, 53
Cracks, 3, 18, 21, 94
Cross-contamination, 22
D
Data Base Analyzer and Parameter Estimator (DBAPE), 90-91
Data collection activity, 7, 9, 27, 38, 40, 65, 105
federal, 9, 105-108
remote sensing, 112, 132
of states, 9, 108
see also Monitoring activities and data
Data quality and availability, 2-3, 4-5, 8, 9, 26, 27, 90
and method selection, 37-38
and overlay and index methods, 5-6, 38, 48, 50, 51, 52
and process-based models, 6, 27, 37-38, 53, 56, 94, 105
processing and storage errors, 7, 66
and statistical methods, 6, 38, 45, 60, 63
uncertainties and errors, 3, 7, 20, 38, 63-66, 76-77, 104-105
see also Data collection activity;
Databases;
Monitoring activities and data
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Databases, 2-3, 9, 32, 87, 104-105, 131-132, 174-175
agricultural management, 90, 129-131, 183
automation of, 108-109, 131, 174
climate, 9, 91, 123-126, 182
federal coordination, 105-108
field assessments, 113, 120, 130-131
hydrogeologic, 2, 9, 63, 121-123, 177, 183
land use and cover, 2-3, 9, 126-129, 183
national assessments, 114, 120, 121, 174
regional assessments, 45, 114
soil properties, 2, 9, 90-91, 112-121, 177, 184
sources of, 125, 181-184
state and local, 108-109
topography, 9, 109-112, 184
see also Geographic information systems Decision making. See Land use management;
Policy analysis and development
Deep aquifers, 21, 22
Defense Mapping Agency, 110
Definitions
of soil, 113
of vulnerability, 1-2, 15-19
Degradation, in situ measurement, 10, 175-176
see also Biodegradation
Delphi approach, 52
Depth to water table, 2, 42, 43.
in Iowa assessment, 9, 137-138
in overlay and index methods, 48, 49
in vulnerability definitions, 17
see also Flow paths
Derived data, 90, 91, 95
Deterministic models, 9, 57, 79
Development of ground water, 22
Iowa assessment, 136
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), 14, 152, 157, 160, 161
Differential geographic assessment, 7, 8, 77-78, 96, 172
map display of, 36-37, 67
Differential management, 32, 172-173
Cape Cod, 28, 140-144, 166
EPA, 16
Florida, 28, 148-151
Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 110-112
Discharge limits, 34
Discharge zones, 21
identification of, 10, 50, 176
Discriminant analysis, 60, 61, 62
Dispersion, 19
Display of results. See Geographic information systems;
Maps and mapping
Distributions of contaminants, 6, 45
DRASTIC, 50, 51, 52, 53, 81, 84
Cape Cod use, 141, 143, 144
Florida use, 148, 150, 166
Drinking water, 13, 14, 33
in Florida, 145-146
in vulnerability definitions, 17
E
Ecosystems, 13, 33
Education. See Public education
Elevation, 109, 110-112, 120, 126
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 16, 51
classification of methods, 44-45
Data Base Analyzer and Parameter Estimator, 90-91
databases, 130
Global Change Database Program, 126
National Pesticide Survey, 14, 81, 84
and President's Water Quality Initiative, 15
PRZM model, 52, 53, 55, 56, 70-72, 90
Equipment, 39, 40
Error. See Uncertainty and error
Ethylene dibromide (EDB), 14, 147, 157, 161
Evaluation. See Testing and evaluation
Extension Service (ES), 130
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F
Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey, 130
Farms. See Agricultural management;
Fertilizers;
Pesticides
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), 9, 106-108, 174, 181
Federal government. See also Environmental Protection Agency;
U.S. Department of Agriculture;
U.S. Geologic Survey
data management, 9, 105-108
GIS use, 87, 92
land use management, 33, 127
water-level information, 48
Federal Information Processing Standard 173.
See Spatial Data Transfer Standard
Federal Interagency Coordination Committee on Digital Cartography (FICCDC), 106
Fertilizers, 14, 136, 145
Field assessments, 23, 37
databases, 113, 120, 130-131
testing of, 7, 8, 78-79
use of process-based models, 53, 59, 78-79
First Law of Ground Water Vulnerability, 2, 18-19, 170-171
First-order uncertainty analysis (FOUA), 68, 69, 73-75, 77
Fish and Wildlife Service, 127
Florida, 9, 14, 28, 145-151, 166
Flow paths, 3, 20, 21-22.
See also Depth to water table
preferential, 3, 6, 11, 21-22, 58-59, 94-95, 177, 178
travel time, 10, 19, 39, 81, 137, 176
Flow system. See Depth to water table;
Discharge zones;
Flow paths;
Recharge rate;
Recharge zones
Forest Service, 123, 127
Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST), 71
Fractures, 18
G
Geochemistry, 84
Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS), 127
Geographic information systems (GIS), 8, 9, 11, 42, 87-90, 91, 175, 178
errors in, 63, 66, 67, 92
Hawaii use of, 157
Iowa use of, 138
and modeling, 92-94
and overlay and index methods, 45, 52, 94
uncertainty display, 9, 92, 175
Geographic variation, 38, 170, 173
and overlay and index methods, 5-6, 50
see also Differential geographic assessment;
Differential management
Geologic Society of America, 121-122
Georgia, 14
Geostatistical analyses, 60, 62-63, 65
GLEAMS, 53, 54, 56
Global Change Database Program, 126
Government. See Federal government;
Local government;
Planning agencies;
Regulation;
State government
Graphic display. See Geographic information systems;
Maps and mapping
GRASS Waterworks, 90, 91
Grid-cell based systems, 8, 87
Ground water Atlas of the United States, 121
Ground water vulnerability assessment methods, 45
Ground Water Vulnerability Index for Nitrates (GWVIN), 52
Ground Water Vulnerability Index for Pesticides (GWVIP), 15, 52, 162-165, 167
H
Hawaii, 10, 14, 28, 156-161, 166
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Hazardous waste disposal, 13
Historical Climate Network (HCN), 125
Horizontal (lateral) movement, 21, 50
Hybrid assessment methods, 11, 45, 60, 165, 167, 179
Hydraulic conductivity, 10, 90, 175
Hydrogeologic (physical) attributes, 37, 43-44.
See also Depth to water table;
Flow paths;
Recharge rate;
Soil properties;
Topography;
Unsaturated zone
and assessment methods, 45
databases, 2, 9, 63, 121-123, 177, 183
and degradation rate, 10, 179
Florida, 145-146
Iowa, 137-138
and method selection, 5, 37
and overlay and index methods, 2, 5-6, 19, 45, 48-53
and process-based models, 54-55, 56, 57
San Joaquin Valley, 152
and statistical methods, 61
in vulnerability definitions, 17, 18
Hydrologic study units (HSUs), 61
and scale, 23
I
Illinois, 51, 52
Index methods, 2, 3, 5-6, 19, 45, 46, 48, 62, 95, 173
GWVIP, 15, 52, 162-165, 167
Hawaii use of, 160-161, 166
USDA hybrid approach, 10, 28, 165, 167
use in Florida, 9, 28, 150, 166
Index value results, 7, 80
Injection wells, 14, 18
In situ measurements
research needs, 10, 175-176
Integrated assessments. See Hybrid assessment methods
Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 106
International Standards Organization (ISO) 8211 standard, 107
Interpretation, errors in, 65
Intrinsic vulnerability, 3, 21, 84, 171
and assessment method design, 46-47, 48
Iowa assessment, 9, 136
in overlay and index methods, 52-53
Ionic composition, 84
Iowa, 9, 22, 35, 52, 135-138, 165
Irrigation, 13, 123, 124, 129, 130
Florida, 145
San Joaquin Valley, 151
J
Joints, 3, 21, 94
K
Kriging, 60, 65
L
Land owners, 33
voluntary behavior changes, 4, 31, 35
Land use and land cover (LULC) databases, 2-3, 9, 126-129, 183
Land use management, 4, 27, 31, 33-35, 40.
See also Agricultural management;
Land use and land cover databases
maps, 51
technical assistance, 34-35
Landfills, 13, 16
Lateral transport. See Horizontal movement
Law of ground water vulnerability
First, 2, 18-19, 170-171
Second, 3, 20, 30, 170-171
Third, 8, 96
Leaching of contaminants, factors in, 2, 42-43
Leaching Potential Index, 82-83
LEACHM, 53, 55, 56, 58
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Linear regression, 62
Loadings of contaminants, 7-8, 51, 80, 81, 97
in vulnerability definitions, 17
Local differences. See Differential geographic assessment;
Differential management;
Geographic variation
Local government
data management, 9, 105, 109, 127
GIS use, 87, 92
overlay and index methods use, 5, 45
M
Macropores, 11, 120, 178
Major Land Resource Area (MRLA), 114
Management, 4-5, 26, 27
and process-based models, 56
see also Agricultural management;
Data collection activity;
Differential management;
Land use decisions;
Policy analysis and development;
Program management;
Public education;
Regulation;
Resource allocation;
Zoning activity
Maps and mapping, 3, 32, 36-37, 131, 132.
in Cape Cod, 140-141
errors and uncertainty in, 7, 9, 37, 67, 75-76, 91-92, 96, 172, 175
in Florida, 149-150
geologic, 51
hydrogeologic, 121-123
technical supplementation, 37
topographical, 51, 110
water-level information, 48
zoning use, 34
see also Cells and polygons;
Geographic information systems;
Index methods;
Land use and land cover databases;
Overlay methods;
Resolution;
Scales and scaling;
Soil maps
Map Unit Interpretation Record (MUIR), 114, 119
Map Unit Use File (MUUF), 118-119
Mathematical models. See Process-based simulation models
Methods
selection of, 4, 5, 26-27, 35-40, 172, 173
types of, 2-3, 19, 42, 44-48
see also Hybrid assessment methods;
Index methods;
Overlay methods;
Process-based simulation models;
Statistical methods;
Testing and evaluation;
Uncertainty
Microbial transformation. See Biodegradation
Minnesota, 108, 122
Mitigation, 4, 14, 31, 34
Models. See Digital Elevation Model;
Geographic information systems, and modeling;
Process-based simulation models
Monitoring activities and data, 28, 32, 34, 40, 81, 85-86
in California, 28, 153, 166
National Pesticide Survey, 14, 81, 84
and statistical methods, 6, 63
Monte Carlo techniques, 57, 70-72, 77
Multicounty assessments, 23, 37, 120
Multiple-phase transport models, 6, 43, 45
Multiple regression, 62
Multistate assessments, 23, 114, 120
Multivariate statistical techniques, 60, 62
N
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), 130
National Alachlor Well Water Survey, 81, 84
National assessments, 23, 37
databases, 114, 120, 121, 174
USDA, 10, 28, 162-165, 167
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National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), 125
National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS), 112
National Herbicide Use Database, 130
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Climate Program regional centers, 125
and President's Water Quality Initiative, 15
National Park Service, 123
National Pesticide Survey, 14, 81, 84
National Resource Inventory (NRI), 115, 128, 129, 162-163
National Soil Characterization Database (NSCDB), 120
National Soil Geographic Database (NATSGO), 113, 115, 120
National spatial data infrastructure (NSDI), 106, 108, 131
National Water Quality Assessment Program, 164
National Weather Service (NWS), 123-126
N-dimensional queries, 93
Neighborhood analysis, 93
New York, 14
Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD), 126
Nitrates, 14, 48, 52, 135-136
travel times, 19
NLEAP, 118
Nonparametric statistical techniques, 61, 62
Nonpoint sources, 14
in vulnerability definitions, 1, 16, 18
North Carolina, 51
NSSAD/SIRS, 90
Nuclear detonations, 18, 84
Numerical scoring. See Index methods
O
Oahu, Hawaii, 10, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 106
Official Soil Series Description (OSED), 119
Oil, 13, 18
One-dimensional transport models, 6, 28, 45, 53
Organic matter, 2, 42-43, 90, 113
Output. See also Maps and mapping;
Probability;
Uncertainty
errors in, 67
presentation of, 36-37
value of, 39
Overlay methods, 2, 3, 5-6, 22, 45, 46, 48, 62, 95, 173
use in Florida, 9, 28, 150, 166
use in Iowa, 9, 22, 28, 137-138, 165
Ownership. See Land owners
P
Pedons, 113, 119-120
Percolation, 3, 21
Permits, conditions on, 34
Personnel. See Staffing
Pesticide Information Network, 130
Pesticide Management Zones, 28
Pesticide Properties Database, 130
Pesticide-Root Zone Model. See PRZM
Pesticides, 14
assessment methods, 45, 48
databases, 130
in Florida, 9, 14, 145, 147
in Hawaii, 10, 14, 157-161, 166
in Iowa, 136
process-based transport models, 53-56
in San Joaquin Valley, 9-10, 151-155, 166
transport of, 19, 44, 70-72
voluntary restrictions, 35
in vulnerability definitions, 17, 18
vulnerability index (GWVIP), 15, 52, 162-165, 167
Pesticides and Ground-Water Strategy,
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Pesticides in Ground Water Database, 130
Physical attributes. See Hydrogeologic attributes
Pipelines, 13
Planning agencies
overlay and index methods use, 5, 45
statistical methods use, 61
Point sources, 13-14
in vulnerability definitions, 1, 16, 18
Policy analysis and development, 4, 26-27, 30-32, 40
agricultural management, 164-165, 167
Florida, 147-148
Iowa, 136
maps use in, 131, 132
Polygons. See Cells and polygons
Population at risk, 13, 17
in Florida, 145-146
in Hawaii, 156
Postaudit analyses, 78.79
Potential evaporation, 123, 124
Precipitation, 20-21, 124
databases, 2, 91, 123, 125, 126
Florida, 146
Preferential flow paths, 3, 11, 21-22, 94-95, 177, 178
and process-based models, 6, 58-59, 94-95
President's Water Quality Initiative, 15, 162, 164
Probability, 3, 6, 7, 8, 20, 80, 96-97, 171
in statistical methods, 6, 60
in stochastic models, 57
Process-based simulation models, 2, 6, 19, 37, 45, 47, 48, 53-60, 94, 95, 173
Cape Cod use, 9, 28, 140-141, 166
data quality and availability, 6, 27, 37-38, 53, 56, 94, 105
Hawaii use of, 160-161, 166
hybrid methods, 10, 28, 165, 167, 179
and preferential flow paths, 6, 58-59, 94-95
use in Oahu, 10, 28
Program management, 4, 31, 32-33
Protecting the Nation's Ground Water:
EPA's Strategy for the 1990s, 16
PRZM, 52, 53, 55, 56, 70-72, 90
Hawaii use of, 160
Pseudospecific vulnerability, 52-53
Public education, 4, 27, 31, 35, 40, 172
in Cape Cod assessment, 35
federal geographic data, 108
in Iowa assessment, 35, 136, 172
Pumping, 18, 22, 81, 86
Cape Cod, 140, 141-142
Florida, 145
Purging, 86
Purposeful placement, 1, 16, 18
R
Recharge rate, 2, 42, 43
Iowa assessment, 136
in overlay and index methods, 48, 49, 50
and uncertainty analysis, 73
Recharge zones, 20-21
Cape Cod, 141-142, 165-166
identification of, 10, 50, 176
Reference location, 3, 20-21, 81, 97
in overlay and index methods, 46, 48, 50
used in selected methods, 46-47, 48
Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program, 121
Regional assessments, 37, 50, 173
databases, 45, 114
and process-based models, 53, 59-60
scales, 23
and statistical methods, 61
testing of, 7-8, 78, 80-84
Regional Climate Centers (RCCs), 125
Regression analyses, 60, 61, 62
Regulation, 34, 172-173.
See also Screening of sites;
Zoning activity
California, 152-155
Cape Cod, 139, 141-144
Florida, 146-147, 148-151
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overlay and index methods use, 5, 45
statistical methods use, 5, 45
and uncertainty analysis, 75-77
Relative humidity, 123, 124
Remote sensing, 112, 132
Resolution, 3, 23, 24, 36
and zoning activity, 34
Resource allocation, 4, 27, 31, 32-33, 40
and map displays, 36
programmatic, 39
Results. See Output
Retardation Factor (RF), 68, 73-75, 176
Risk, definition of, 17
Rivers, 13
Root holes, 21, 94
Runoff, 109
Rural areas
and climate, 123, 124
drinking water, 13, 14
pesticide residues in wells, 14
RUSTIC, 90
S
Safe Drinking Water Act, 35
Salt water intrusion, 18, 145, 156
Samples and sampling
compliance monitoring, 34
equipment, 39
errors in, 65, 84-86
limitations of, 84-86
soils, 10, 113, 115, 120
from wells, 81, 84-86, 97
San Joaquin Valley, California, 9-10, 151-155, 166
Saturated zone
hydraulic conductivity, 10, 175
Scales and scaling, 3, 20, 23-25, 28-29, 173, 174.
See also Resolution;
Time scales
digital terrain data, 110, 112
hydrogeologic maps, 121-123
land use and cover maps, 127
merging of, 11, 177-178
and overlay and index methods, 46, 48
and process-based models, 6, 47, 48, 58, 59-60, 105
of sample measurements, 10, 176
soil surveys, 112-114, 121
and statistical methods, 47, 60
variability in, 65
Screening of sites, 33-34
and process-based models, 56
Screens, monitoring, 85-86
Seasonal variation, 65
and overlay and index methods, 5-6, 48, 50
Second Law of Ground Water Vulnerability, 3, 20, 30, 170-171
Sedimentary basin brines, 2, 19
Selection of methods
and data quality, 37-38
institutional considerations, 5, 27, 39-40
technical considerations, 5, 27, 36-38
and uncertainty, 7, 38
Sensitivity, definition of, 17, 18
Septic tanks, 14, 18
Cape Cod, 139-140
Florida, 145
Shallow aquifers, 21, 22
Simulation. See Process-based simulation models
Site selection, 31, 33-34, 56, 67-68
Site-specific databases
soil, 119-120
Site-specific simulation models
data requirements, 37
Size of assessment area, 37
SNOTEL, 125
Snowpack, 124, 125
Soil Classification File (SC), 119
Soil Conservation Service (SCS), 34, 123
Climatic Data Access Facility, 125-126
databases, 90, 120, 125-126, 128, 130-131
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maps and mapping standards, 10, 51, 112, 121, 177
models, 91, 92-93
National Resource Inventory, 115, 128, 129, 162-163
Soil Interpretation Record (SIR), 117-118, 120
Soil loss, 92-93
Soil maps, 51, 112-121
standards for, 10, 112, 177
Soil-Pesticide Interaction Screening
Procedure (SPISP), 162
SOILPROP, 90, 91
Soil properties
combination with geologic information, 10, 176
databases, 2, 9, 90-91, 112-121, 177, 184
filtration, 13, 48
in overlay and index methods, 48, 49, 51
and process-based models, 37
San Joaquin Valley, 152, 155
in situ measurement, 10, 175, 177
in vulnerability definitions, 17
see also Soil maps
Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO), 112-115, 120-121
Solar radiation, 123, 124
Sole source aquifer, 35, 139
Solution channels, 3, 21, 94-95
Sorption, 2, 19, 42-43, 48, 59, 176
Sources of pollution, 13-14.
See also Nonpoint sources;
Point sources
Spatial Data Transfer Standard, 106, 107, 174
Spatial databases, 8, 9, 20, 96.
See also Geographic information systems
Spatial scales. See Resolution;
Scales and scaling
Specific vulnerability, 3, 21, 171
and assessment method design, 46-47, 48
in overlay and index methods, 52
Specificity of contaminants, 3, 20, 21
Spills, 21
containment, 34
Staffing, 39, 40
Standards
for geographic data, 9, 106-108, 174
for soil mapping, 10, 112, 177
State Geographic Systems Activities Compendium, 109
State government
data management, 9, 105, 108-109
GIS use, 87, 92
land use management, 33, 127
monitoring activities, 28
overlay and index methods use, 5, 45, 52
and President's Water Quality Initiative, 15
vulnerability assessments, 16
water-level information, 48
weather data, 123
State-level assessments, 37
databases, 114, 120
scales, 23
use of overlay methods, 51-52
State Management Plans (SMPs), 16
State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO), 112-113, 114, 115, 120
Statistical methods, 2, 6, 19, 45, 47, 48, 60-63, 173
data quality and availability, 6, 38, 45, 60, 63
parameters in, 60, 62
and uncertainty, 38, 60, 68, 95
Stochastic models, 9, 57, 68, 77
Streams, 13, 21
Surface impoundments, 13
Florida, 145
Surface water and discharge areas, 13, 21
T
Targeting of resources. See Resource allocation
Technical assistance, 34-35
Temperature, 2, 43, 91, 123, 124, 125, 126
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Tennessee Valley Authority, 127
Terrain. See Topography
Testing and evaluation, 4, 7-8, 20, 26, 27, 42, 77-78, 80, 96, 97, 173-174
equipment, 39
field assessments, 7, 8, 78-79
of overlay and index methods, 52
regional assessments, 7-8, 78, 80-84
use of statistical tools, 45, 68
Third Law of Ground Water Vulnerability, 8, 96
Time scales, 3, 5, 20, 39, 65, 170.
See also Seasonal variation
merging of, 11, 177-178
and water travel, 10, 19, 39, 81, 137, 176
Time series methods, 60, 61, 65
Topography
databases, 9, 109-112, 184
maps, 51, 110
Trace elements, 18
Transport of contaminants. See Depth to water table;
Flow paths;
Leaching of contaminants;
Process-based simulation models
Travel time to water table, 10, 19, 39, 81, 137, 176
Iowa assessment, 137
Trichloropropane, 161
Tritium, 84
Truncated data, 60
U
Uncertainty and error, 3, 7, 20, 26-27, 30, 38, 41, 42, 96-97, 170-171, 173
analysis of, 5, 7, 11, 67-77
in data, 3, 7, 20, 38, 63-66
display of, 9, 11, 20, 37, 92, 96, 174-175, 178
in method application, 3, 20, 63, 77
in method execution, 3, 7, 20, 63-64, 66-67
in process-based models, 57-58
in soil mapping, 10, 177
and statistical methods, 38, 60, 68, 95
Underground Injection Control Program, 51
Underground storage tanks, 13, 16
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), 92-93
Universities, 48, 123
Unsaturated (vadose) zone, 2, 19, 42-43
characterization of, 10, 123, 176-177
hydraulic conductivity, 10, 175
in overlay and index methods, 48, 49, 50-51
solution channels in, 21
transport through, 2, 6, 43, 45
Urban areas, 124
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
GRASS Waterworks, 90, 91
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
databases, 128, 130
hybrid method use, 10, 28, 165, 167
President's Water Quality Initiative, 15, 162, 164
vulnerability index (GWVIP), 15, 52, 162-165, 167
see also Soil Conservation Service
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. See Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Geological Survey
National Water Quality Assessment Program, 164
RASA program, 121
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
maps, 51, 110, 121, 122, 127, 128
and President's Water Quality Initiative, 15
Uses of assessments, 4, 26, 27, 30-31, 40-41
constraints on, 4-5, 31, 35, 38, 40-41
institutional considerations, 39-40
technical considerations, 36-39
and uncertainty, 39
see also Educational outreach;
Land use management;
Policy analysis and development;
Program management
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V
Vadose zone. See Unsaturated zone
Validation. See Testing and evaluation
Variation and variability. See Differential geographic assessment;
Differential management;
Geographic variation;
Seasonal variation
Verification. See Testing and evaluation
Voluntary activities, 4, 31, 35
Iowa, 28, 35
Vulnerability index, 77-78, 162.
See also Ground Water Vulnerability Index for Pesticides
W
Water content, 2, 43, 90
Watershed assessments, 37
Watershed modeling, 59, 91
Water table.
See also Depth to water table
as reference location, 3, 20-21
sampling near, 85-86
Weather, databases, 9, 91, 123-126, 182
Weights, 5-6, 45, 52, 95, 173
Wells, 3, 10, 14, 18, 21, 22, 35, 81, 84, 97
Cape Cod, 139, 140
in Florida assessment, 145, 148
in Iowa assessment, 9, 135-136
logs, 48, 122-123
Wind, 123, 124
Wisconsin, 52, 122
Worm holes, 21, 94
Z
Zoning activity, 33-34
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PLATE 1 Ground water vulnerability regions of Iowa. (Hoyer 1991. Reprinted, by permission from Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 1991.) A more detailed version of this map is available from the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau, Iowa City, Iowa
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PLATE 2 Water resources classification map for Cape Cod, Massachusetts. (Adapted from CCC 1991. Reprinted, by permission, from Cape Cod Commission, 1991.)
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PLATE 3 Risk to public-supply well from land use in the Barnstable zone to contribution. (Olimpio et al. 1991.)
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PLATE 4 Risk to public-supply wells from land use in the Barnstable zone of contribution. (Olimpio et al. 1991.)
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