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Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993)
Board on Agriculture (BOA)

Page
62
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7
Nutrient Requirements Table

The values in the nutrient requirement table (Table 7-1) represent minimum requirements for maximum performance of the fish under experimental conditions. With few exceptions, the data were obtained with small fish and under optimum conditions. Where several values appear in the literature, the value presented in the table represents a consensus of the subcommittee for the most reasonable requirement.

The stated requirements do not include any surpluses. In practice, however, a margin of safety is commonly added to compensate for processing and storage losses, variation in composition and bioavailability of nutrients in feed ingredients, and variation in requirements caused by environmental effects. If higher or lower concentrations of dietary energy or protein than the values listed in the table are used, the other nutrient concentrations should be changed appropriately.

The requirements for amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals were determined with diets containing purified and chemically defined ingredients that are highly digestible to fish; therefore, the values in the table represent near 100 percent bioavailability to the fish. This fact should be considered when formulating diets from natural feedstuffs in which the bioavailability of the nutrients is markedly less than that in the laboratory diets.

 Page
62

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OCR for page 62
7 Nutrient Requirements Table The values in the nutrient requirement table (Table 7-1) represent minimum requirements for maximum performance of the fish under experimental conditions. With few exceptions, the data were obtained with small fish and under optimum conditions. Where several values appear in the literature, the value presented in the table represents a consensus of the subcommittee for the most reasonable requirement. The stated requirements do not include any surpluses. In practice, however, a margin of safety is commonly added to compensate for processing and storage losses, variation in composition and bioavailability of nutrients in feed ingredients, and variation in requirements caused by environmental effects. If higher or lower concentrations of dietary energy or protein than the values listed in the table are used, the other nutrient concentrations should be changed appropriately. The requirements for amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals were determined with diets containing purified and chemically defined ingredients that are highly digestible to fish; therefore, the values in the table represent near 100 percent bioavailability to the fish. This fact should be considered when formulating diets from natural feedstuffs in which the bioavailability of the nutrients is markedly less than that in the laboratory diets.

OCR for page 63
TABLE 7-1 Nutrient Requirements for Channel Catfish, Rainbow Trout, Pacific Salmon, Common Carp, and Tilapia as Percentages of Diet, Milligrams per Kilogram of Diet, or International Units (IU) per Kilogram of Diet (as-fed basis)a   Channel Catfish Rainbow Trout Pacific Salmon Common Carp Tilapia Energy Baseb (kcal DE/kg diet)-> 3,000 3,600 3,600 3,200 3,000 Protein, crude (digestible), percent 32 (28) 38 (34) 38 (34) 35 (30.5) 32 (28) Amino acids Arginine, percent 1.20 1.5 2.04 1.31 1.18 Histidine, percent 0.42 0.7 0.61 0.64 0.48 Isoleucine, percent 0.73 0.9 0.75 0.76 0.87 Leucine, percent 0.98 1.4 1.33 1.00 0.95 Lysine, percent 1.43 1.8 1.70 1.74 1.43 Methionine + cystine, percent 0.64 1.0 1.36 0.94 0.90 Phenylalanine + tyrosine, percent 1.40 1.8 1.73 1.98 1.55 Threonine, percent 0.56 0.8 0.75 1.19 1.05 Tryptophan, percent 0.14 0.2 0.17 0.24 0.28 Valine, percent 0.84 1.2 1.09 1.10 0.78 n-3 fatty acids, percent 0.5-1 1 1-2 1 —   n-6 fatty acids, percent — 1 — 1 0.5-1 Macrominerals Calcium, percent R 1E NT NT R Chlorine, percent R 0.9E NT NT NT Magnesium, percent 0.04 0.05 NT 0.05 0.06 Phosphorus, percent 0.45 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 Potassium, percent R 0.7 0.8 NT NT Sodium, percent R 0.6E NT NT NT Microminerals Copper, mg/kg 5 3 NT 3 R   Iodine, mg/kg 1.1E 1.1 0.6-1.1 NT NT Iron, mg/kg 30 60 NT 150 NT Manganese, mg/kg 2.4 13 R 13 R Zinc, mg/kg 20 30 R 30 20 Selenium, mg/kg 0.25 0.3 R NT NT Fat-soluble vitamins A, IU/kg 1,000-2,000 2,500 2,500 4,000 NT D, IU/kg 500 2,400 NT NT NT E, IU/kg 50 50 50 100 50 K, mg/kg R R R NT NT Water-soluble vitamins Ribolfavin, mg/kg 9 4 7 7 6 Pantothenic acid, mg/kg 15 20 20 30 10 Niacin, mg/kg 14 10 R 28 NT Vitamin B12, mg/kg R 0.01E R NR NR Choline, mg/kg 400 1,000 800 500 NT Biotin, mg/kg R 0.15 R 1 NT Folate, mg/kg 1.5 1.0 2 NR NT Thiamin, mg/kg 1 1 R 0.5 NT Vitamin B6, mg/kg 3 3 6 6NT   Myoinsitol, mg/kg NR 300 300 440 NT Vitamin C, mg/kg 25-50 50 50 R 50 NOTE: These requirements have been determined with highly purified ingredients in which the nutrients are highly digestible, therefore the values presented represent near 100 percent bioavailability. a R, required in diet but quantity not determined; NR, no dietary requirement demonstrated under experimental conditions; NT, not tested; and E, estimated. b Typical energy concentrations in commercial diets.

Representative terms from entire chapter:

highly digestible