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Committee on Dogs
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources
Commission on Life Sciences
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1994
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National Academy Press · 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. · Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board
of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competen-
cies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine.
This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
through contract number NO1-CM-07316 with the Division of Cancer Treatment, National
Cancer Institute; the Animal Welfare Information Center, National Agricultural Library, U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA), through grant number 59-32U4-8-60; and Regulatory En-
forcement and Animal Care, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, through
grant number 59-32U4-8-60. Additional support was provided by the following members of
the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association: Berlex Laboratories, Inc., Cedar Knolls, New
Jersey; Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New York, New York; Bristol-Myers Research, Princeton.
New Jersey; Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Dupont Merck
Research & Development, Wilmington, Delaware; Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, New
Jersey; Marion Merrell Dow Inc., Kansas City, Missouri; Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut;
Schering-Plough Research, Bloomfield, New Jersey; SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals,
Swedeland, Pennsylvania; and Syntex Research, Palo Alto, California.
ILAR's core program is supported by grants from the National Center for Research
Resources, National Institutes of Health; National Science Foundation; American Cancer Soci-
ety, Inc.; and U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, which is the lead
agency for combined Department of Defense funding also received from the Human Systems
Division, Air Force Systems Command; Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute; Uni-
formed Services University of the Health Sciences; and U.S. Naval Medical Research and
Development Command.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publica-
tion are those of the committee and do not necessarily reflect the views of DHHS, USDA, or
other sponsors, nor does the mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations
imply endorsement by the U.S. government or other sponsor.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dogs: laboratory animal management / Committee on Dogs, Institute of
Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National
Research Council.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-309-04744-7
1. Dogs as laboratory animals. I. Institute of Laboratory Animal
Resources (U.S.). Committee on Dogs.
SF407.D6D64 1994
636.7'0885 dc20 94-960
CIP
Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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COMMITTEE ON DOGS
Fred W. Quimby (Chairman), Center for Research Animal Resources,
New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York
Emerson L. Besch, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of
Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
Linda C. Cork, Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford
University, Stanford, California
Suzanne Hetts, Humane Society of Denver, Denver, Colorado
Warren C. Ladiges, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington
Richard I. Traystman, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
Staff
Dorothy D. Greenhouse, Project Director
Amanda E. Hull, Project Assistant
Norman Grossblatt, Editor
The Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) was founded in
1952 under the auspices of the National Research Council. A component of
the Commission on Life Sciences, ILAR serves as a coordinating agency
and a national and international resource for compiling and disseminating
information on laboratory animals, promoting education, planning and con-
ducting conferences and symposia, surveying existing and required facili-
ties and resources, upgrading laboratory animal resources, and promoting
high-quality, humane care of laboratory animals in the United States.
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CONTRIBUTORS
Gregory M. Acland, James A. Baker Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York
Judith A. Bell, Marshall Research Animals, North Rose, New York
Dwight D. Bowman, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
David P. Brooks, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania
Phillip R. Brown, Division of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Robert W. Bull, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Leland E. Carmichael, James A. Baker Institute, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York
'l. Derrell Clark, Animal Resources, University of Georgia College of
Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
Patrick W. Concannon, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Lawrence G. Carbone, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Laurel }. Dungan, Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical
University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
W. Jean Dodds, Hemopet, Santa Monica, California
Robin D. Gleed, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York
Arthur S. Hall, Department of Animal Care, Oregon Health Sciences
University, Portland, Oregon
Margaret S. Landi, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of
Prussia, Pennsylvania
George Lust, James A. Baker Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York
Ronald R. Minor, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Bruce A. Muggenburg, Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute,
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Bryan E. Ogden, Department of Animal Care, Oregon Health Sciences
University, Portland, Oregon
Donald F. Patterson, Section of Medical Genetics, University of
Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
Arleigh Reynolds, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
IV
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Robert M. Shull, Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee
College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
Alison C. Smith, Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical
University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
Rainer F. Storb, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle,
Washington
M. Michael Swindle, Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical
University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
Beth A. Valentine, Department of Pathology, New York State College of
Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
David A. Valerio, Hazleton Research Products, Denver, Pennsylvania
v
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INSTITUTE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL RESOURCES COUNCIL
John L. VandeBerg (Chairman), Southwest Foundation for Biomedical
Research, San Antonio, Texas
Christian R. Abee, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
if. Derrell Clark, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine,
Athens, Georgia
Muriel T. Davisson, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
Neal L. First, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
James W. Glosser, University of California School of Veterinary
Medicine, Davis, California
Jon W. Gordon, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
John P. Hearn, Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, Madison,
Wisconsin
Margaret Z. '}ones, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Michael D. Kastello, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Rahway, New Jersey
Charles R. McCarthy, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown
University, Washington, D.C.
Richard C. Van Sluyters, University of California School of Optometry,
Berkeley, California
Peter A. Ward, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor
Michigan
Staff
Eric A. Fischer, Director
Vl
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COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
Thomas D. Pollard (Chairman), The Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Bruce N. Ames, University of California, Berkeley, California
John C. Bailar III, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
J. Michael Bishop, University of California Medical Center, San
Francisco, California
John E. Burris, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts
Michael T. Clegg, University of California, Riverside, California
Glenn A. Crosby, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
Leroy E. Hood, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,
Marian E. Koshland, University of California, Berkeley, California
Richard E. Lenski, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Emil A. Pfitzer, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey
Malcolm C. Pike, University of Southern California School of Medicine,
Los Angeles, California
Henry C. Pitot III, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Paul G. Risser, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
Jonathan M. Samet, University of New Mexico School of Medicine,
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Harold M. Schmeck, Jr., Armonk, New York
Carla ]. Shatz, University of California, Berkeley, California
Susan S. Taylor, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla,
California
John L. VandeBerg, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San
Antonio, Texas
P. Roy Vagelos, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
Torsten N. Wiesel, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
Staff
Paul Gilman, Executive Director
. .
V11
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the further-
ance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of
the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to
advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is
president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National
Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National
Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs,
encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers.
Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of
policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility
given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the
federal government and upon its own initiative to identify issues of medical care, research, and
education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's pur-
poses of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accor-
dance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal
operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engi-
neering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the
Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-
chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
. . .
V111
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Preface
It has been 2 decades since the Institute of Laboratory Animal Re-
sources first published Dogs: Standards and Guidelines for the Breeding,
Care, and Management of Laboratory Animals (National Academy of Sci-
ences, Washington, D.C., 1973~. During that period, great strides have
been made in improving care and management techniques, making available
specific-pathogen-free and purpose-bred dogs, and identifying dogs with
precisely defined genetic disorders. The dog has proved to be "man's best
friend," not only because it is considered a companion and family member,
but also because its use in research has been associated with many break-
through discoveries in human medicine (e.g., the discovery of insulin as a
treatment for type I diabetes mellitus).
The same period has been characterized by increased public awareness
and scrutiny of research funding, occupational health and safety, and animal
welfare. New federal and state laws specifically intended to protect re-
search animals have been promulgated and regulations established. In addi-
tion to presenting information relevant to the care and use of dogs in re-
search and making recommendations based on an objective evaluation of
that information, it was the committee's intent to incorporate in this report
those aspects of canine husbandry embodied in federal law. Federal regula-
tions and policies protecting dogs in research are therefore summarized in
Chapter 1, which provides information for obtaining copies. Specific de-
tails of the regulations and policies are given throughout the text.
IX
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x
PREFACE
The committee firmly believes that good research requires a good ani-
mal-care program. The committee is also aware of the tremendous varia-
tion in physiologic traits among canine models. Dogs vary greatly in size,
age, health status, physical conformation of the breed, behavioral character-
istics, and experience. Therefore, no standard of animal care is likely to be
optimal for all dogs. The committee recommends that performance stan-
dards be used with sound professional judgment in implementing the ani-
mal-care program.
Readers who detect errors of omission or commission or who have
evidence to support improved procedures are invited to send suggestions to
ILAR, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington,
DC 20418.
The committee wishes to thank the entire staff of ILAR, but especially
Dr. Dorothy Greenhouse and Ms. Amanda Hull, for assisting in the produc-
tion of this manuscript. The committee also acknowledges the many fine
contributions made to this report by scientists specializing in the care and
use of dogs in research; their names appear on pages iv and v.
Fred W. Quimby, Chairman
Committee on Dogs
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
References 3
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Genetic Factors 5
Biologic Factors 7
Behavioral Factors 7
Hazards 9
References
3 HUSBANDRY
Housing 1 2
Exercise and Environmental Enrichment 21
Food 24
Water 26
Bedding and Resting Apparatuses 26
Sanitation 27
Identification and Records 27
Emergency, Weekend, and Holiday Care 29
Transportation 39
References 32
Xl
11
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. .
All
4 MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING COLONIES
Reproduction 35
Neonatal Care 40
Reproductive Problems 41
Special Nutritional Requirements 42
Vaccination and Deworming 43
Socialization of Pups 44
Record Keeping 46
References 47
VETERINARY CARE
Procurement 52
Control of Infectious Diseases 53
Control of Parasitic Diseases 57
Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress 63
Surgery and Postsurgical Care 68
Euthanasia 70
References 72
6 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Protocol Review 76
Restraint 78
Special Care for Animal Models 78
Aging 79
Cardiovascular Diseases 81
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome 91
Endocrinologic Diseases 93
Hematologic Disorders 97
Immunologic Diseases 101
Lysosomal Storage Diseases 107
Muscular Dystrophy 110
Neurologic Disorders 112
Ophthalmologic Disorders 114
Orthopedic Disorders 116
Radiation Injury 117
Gene Therapy 119
References 122
APPENDIX: CROSS REFERENCE
INDEX
CONTENTS
35
51
76
131
133
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