Index
A
Accountability, see Democratic accountability
Ad Hoc Committee on Privacy and Confidentiality, 50, 65-66, 104, 105, 209.
See also Committee on Privacy and Confidentiality
Ad Hoc Committee on Professional Ethics, 66, 209
Administrative agencies, 2, 18, 30, 40
Administrative procedures, 2, 18-19, 141
data protection, 3, 4, 12, 203-205
for disclosure limitation, 10-11, 86-87, 152, 154, 155
informed consent, 9, 69-71, 75, 219
nongovernment data access, 7, 97, 99-100, 221
public information activities, 10, 88, 220
see also Restricted access
Administrative records, 1, 4-5, 17, 24, 27-28, 34, 40-41, 47, 48, 67, 68, 74, 172, 173, 178
and notification, 63, 65, 70, 71-75, 77-80, 220
public views on statistical uses, 61, 83-85
risk of privacy violations, 9, 88
statutes on, 50, 110, 114-115, 135
see also Continuous Work History Sample;
Interagency data sharing;
Linkages of records;
Lists of respondents;
Tax records;
Vital statistics
Advisory agency, 13, 50-51, 79, 214-215, 217, 227.
See also Review boards and mechanisms
and privacy violations, 10, 86-87, 89, 221
Agencies, see Administrative agencies;
Administrative procedures;
Interagency data sharing;
names of specific agencies
Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 78
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 86-87
American Society for Access Professionals, 209
American Statistical Association (ASA), 46, 50, 65-66, 87, 97, 104 , 105, 206, 209-210
Analysis, see Policy and program analysis; Statistical disclosure limitation
Archiving procedures, 174-176, 177, 225
Association for Public Data Users, 17, 97, 210
Attribute disclosure, 23-24, 143-144
Australia, 194
Authorization, see Informed consent and notification
Autonomy, see Individual autonomy
B
Baldridge v. Shapiro, 119-120
Behavioral Sciences Research Group, BLS, 82
Blurring, 146.
See also Statistical disclosure limitation
Boskin initiative, 49, 181, 196
Burden on data providers, 32, 36, 75, 219
and barriers to interagency data sharing, 6, 98-99, 221
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 21, 128, 164, 170, 171, 191, 192, 194
Bureau of Environmental Statistics, 132, 188
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 15, 20, 39, 40, 137
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2, 15, 20, 21, 29, 40, 165
and Current Population Survey, 94, 159
data policies and statutes, 183, 188
organizational data, 129-131, 191, 192-193, 194, 198
Bureau of the Census, 1-2, 4, 20, 21, 41, 109, 113, 118-121, 136, 183
address lists, 37, 95-96, 119-120, 134, 191
administrative data use, 96, 140n, 162-163
archived material, 175-176
confidentiality statutes, 37, 41
Current Population Survey, 94, 159, 160-162, 175, 181
disclosure limitation procedures, 86-87, 98, 146, 148, 205, 206
Exact Match Study, 160-162
external user access, 38, 39, 165
microdata releases, 120-121
organizational data, 183, 191-194, 198
and public opinion, 35, 83, 86-87
reimbursable surveys, 120-121
special sworn employees, 38, 101, 119, 159, 164, 166
waiver use, 68-69, 73, 198, 199
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 20, 131-132, 140n, 188
Businesses, see Organizations
C
Canada, 46, 194-195, 211, 213-214
CD-ROM data releases, 87, 92, 102
encrypted formats, 7, 94, 123, 167-168, 200
Cell suppression, 98, 144, 148.
See also Statistical disclosure limitation
Census Bureau, see Bureau of the Census
nonstatistical uses, 5-6, 8-9, 33-34, 71
see also Decennial censuses
Center for Economic Studies, 200-201
Central state planning board, 31
Certificates of research, 215
Child support data, 159-160
Cognitive research, 9, 30, 52, 55, 82, 85-86, 220
Committee on Privacy and Confidentiality, 87, 209
Communications technology advances, 52, 150
Computer-assisted surveys, 70
Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 17
Computer technology, 15, 17, 52, 93, 149-151
data base access, 56, 144-145, 150-151
See also Statistical disclosure limitation
Conferences, for data users, 35, 36, 54
Confidentiality
definition of, 22-23
historical overview, 47, 48-49
violations of, 7, 38, 100, 101, 119, 138, 223
Congressional Budget Office, 21
Constitutional Convention of 1787, 45
Constitutional empowerment, 2, 3, 18, 26-27, 29, 33, 78
Consumer Expenditure Survey, 21
Consumer Price Index, 30
Continuous Work History Sample, 95, 128, 169-171, 173, 191, 200
Cooperation, see Voluntary survey participation
Costs of data collection, 29-30, 32
and data linkage, 41
Cotton gin reports, 198
Council of Economic Advisers, 21, 48, 49
Council of Professional Associations on Federal Statistics, 97-98
Criminal records, 74
Current Industrial Reports, 198, 199
Current Population Survey (CPS), 94, 159, 160-162, 175, 181
D
Data protection, definition of, 23
staff training for 12, 215-216, 226
Death information, 68, 172, 178n
Decennial censuses, 29, 30, 36, 72, 87-88, 98
address lists, 119-120
use of administrative data, 40, 83, 84, 96, 162-163
Declaration on Professional Ethics, 66, 210
Definitions, 22-24
Democratic accountability, 2, 3, 18, 25-26, 29, 31-33, 36, 78
Denials of user requests, 95, 98, 158, 169-173
monitoring of patterns, 7-8, 96, 100, 222
Department of Agriculture, 48
Department of Defense, 159-160
Department of Health and Human Services, 112, 114, 159-160
Department of Justice, dispute with Energy Information Administration , 34, 129, 185-188
Department of the Treasury, 128, 164
Disclosure risk, 88, 136-137, 223.
See also Attribute disclosure;
Identity disclosure;
Inferential disclosure;
Restricted access;
Restricted data;
Statistical disclosure limitation
definition, 23-24
notification of, 8, 66, 76, 136, 156, 220
Dissemination, see Disclosure risk;
Microdata files;
Restricted access;
Restricted data;
Statistical disclosure limitation;
Tabulations;
Users of federal data
E
Economic Policy Working Group, 49
Economic Research Service, 21, 201
Economics of data and data collection, 26-27, 29-30, 43n, 184
Education statistics, see National Center for Education Statistics
Electronic data formats, 92
archiving of, 175-176, 177, 225
see also CD-ROM data releases;
Microdata files;
On-line data access
Encryption, 143
CD-ROMs, 7, 94, 123, 167-168, 200
End uses of data, 92
Energy Information Administration (EIA), 20, 38
data policies and statutes, 205, 206
dispute with Justice Department, 34, 129, 185-188
proprietary data collection, 34, 129, 185, 191, 193
Environmental Protection Agency, 43n
Epidemiology, 40, 95, 128, 171-173
Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice, 66
Ethical principles
for agencies, 2-3, 18-19, 25-29
Exact Match Study, 160-162
Experimental research, 1, 17-18, 63, 107
Export data, 183
F
Face-to-face interviews, 62, 80-81
False statements, to data providers, 8, 76, 220.
See also Informed consent and notification
Farm Costs and Returns Survey, 201
Federal Aviation Administration, 2, 18
Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, 11, 143
Federal-state cooperative arrangements, 18
Federal Trade Commission, 33-34
Fellowship programs, 94, 96, 101, 165-166, 200
Financial data, 76, 116-117, 182, 184
Fish and Wildlife Service, 20-21
Follow-up interviews, 8, 76, 220
Food and Drug Administration, 116
Food Security Act, 135
Food Stamp program, 4-5, 78, 149
Foreign trade data, 183
Framework for Planning U.S. Federal Statistics for the 1980's, 51, 72-73
Freedom of Information Act, 4, 27, 37, 98, 109, 111, 112-113, 115-117
and organizations, 116-117, 130, 182-183
Functional separation, 4-6, 34-35, 50, 53-54, 73, 134, 135, 223
advisory body promotion of, 13, 217-218, 227
and organizational data, 189, 225
Future use of data, notification on, 9, 76, 220.
See also Informed consent and notification
G
General Accounting Office, 113
General Education Provisions Act, 121, 122
General-purpose data sets, 1-2, 17
Grantees, statistical activities, 18
Great Depression, 48
Great Society programs, 48
Guidelines for Federal Statistical Activities, 208, 217, 227
H
Hawkins-Stafford amendments, 121, 122, 137
Health and Retirement Study, 69
Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), 18
How the Census Bureau Keeps Your Information Strictly Confidential , 86
I
Identity disclosure, 23, 143-144, 145, 153.
See also Statistical disclosure limitation
Illegal behavior, 76
Income tax, 47
Income Tax Act, 47
Independent advisory agency, 13, 50-51, 79, 214-215, 217, 227.
See also Review boards and mechanisms
Individual autonomy, 2, 3, 18, 27-29, 33, 46-47, 58, 78
Individually identifiable data, see Administrative records;
Disclosure risk;
Interagency data sharing;
Statistical disclosure limitation;
Tax records
Individual Master File, 162
Infant formula data, 115
Inference channel, 150-151
Inferential disclosure, 24, 144, 145, 151
Informational privacy, 22
Informed consent and notification, 8-9, 113, 115, 134, 135, 204, 223
administrative data, 36, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71-75, 74, 77-80, 220
guidelines, 63-69, 75-77, 219-220
and interagency data sharing, 6, 99, 112, 221
methods of data collection, 62
for nonstatistical uses, 5-6, 8-9, 76-77, 133, 220
routine-use exemption, 113-115, 133
survey participants, 8-9, 52, 56-57, 65
see also Waivers
Institutional Brokers Estimate System (IBES), 44n
Institutional review boards, 107
Interagency data sharing, 6, 21, 40-41, 58, 74, 92, 93, 94, 98-99, 101, 111-112, 113, 158-165, 176, 203, 221, 224
administrative records, 6, 48, 58, 73, 74, 83-84, 94, 98-99, 159-163, 221
barriers, 6, 37, 98-99, 100, 111-112, 134, 158, 221
business lists, 191, 195-196, 225-226
Interagency technical cooperation, 10, 11, 216-217
Intercensal surveys, 96, 162-163, 191, 198
Intermediate uses of data, 92, 93, 101
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, 131, 188
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 2, 18, 21
data policies and statutes, 41, 94, 117, 127-128
organizational data, 191-193
and public opinion, 35, 55, 82, 83-85
taxpayer lists, 161-163, 164, 172
International Statistical Institute (ISI), 65, 66-67, 210
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 39
J
Japan, 194
Jefferson, Thomas, 45
Joint Economic Committee, 48
L
Lawyers, 16-17
Legislation, 4-6, 36-38, 50, 51, 98, 109-111, 135.
See also Freedom of Information Act;
Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act ;
Income Tax Act;
Paperwork Reduction Act;
Privacy Act;
Public Health Service Act;
Tax Reform Act
agency-specific, 117-136
on data sharing, 6, 98, 99, 192
on organizational data, 182-183, 189, 196, 225, 226
Licensing agreements, 7, 38-39, 94, 96, 100, 101, 102-104, 123, 200
microdata, 168-169
Linkages of records, 8, 40-41, 52, 53-55, 74, 111, 159-163
and informed consent, 9, 65, 67, 70-71, 76, 220
in microdata files, 94
Lists of respondents, 37, 95-96, 119-120, 171-173
business, 6, 95, 128, 190-196, 203, 225-226
Local government, 21, 182, 183
Longitudinal Research Database, 38, 154
Longitudinal Retirement History Survey (LRHS), 68-69, 73, 96, 206
Lotus Marketplace: Households, 87
M
Management, see Administrative procedures
Mandatory disclosure, 4-5, 33-34, 36
Mandatory participation, 23, 28-29, 56-57, 61, 62
and notification, 63, 67, 71-75
by organizations, 184
Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, 38
Maryland Motor Vehicles Administration, 27-28
Masking of data, see Statistical disclosure limitation
Matching, see Linkages of records
Matrix masking, 152
Medical records, 40
Microdata files, 48, 52, 64, 92, 94, 97, 107, 119, 124-125, 157, 203, 222
denied use of, 95
disclosure limitation, 7, 10, 11, 12, 101-102, 104, 141-142, 144-146, 148-149
and informed consent, 65, 68-69
licensing agreements, 168-169
Luxembourg Income Study, 166-167
organizational data, 184, 200-201
Microdata Review Panel, Census Bureau, 48, 97, 148, 205
Misleading statements, to data providers, 8, 76, 220.
See also Informed consent and notification
Multiple imputation, 153
Multipurpose statistical programs, 1-2, 18, 29-30
N
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), 20, 21, 94, 164
data policies and statutes, 41, 110, 134, 135, 164, 165-166
organizational data, 191, 194, 197-199, 201
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 113, 174-176, 177, 225
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 121
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 2, 15, 20, 21, 31 , 40, 110, 121-123
CD-ROM encryption, 94, 167, 201
data policies and statutes, 136, 137, 205, 206
restricted access, 38-39, 102, 165, 168-169
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 15, 20, 21, 30-31, 43n, 70, 95-96, 172
data policies and statutes, 4, 28, 110, 123-127, 204-205
informed consent procedures, 70
National Educational Longitudinal Study, 40
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 95-96
National income accounts, 29, 170
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 128, 164, 172
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 165
National Institute on Aging (NIA), 68-69, 96, 206
National Institutes of Health, 43n, 107
National Justice Data Archive, 39
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 102
National Science Foundation (NSF), 38-39, 206
fellowships, 94, 101, 165-166, 200
Needs-tested entitlement programs, 74, 78
New Zealand, 194
Noise introduction, 144, 152, 178n.
See also Statistical disclosure limitation
North, S.N.D., 46
Notification, see Informed consent and notification
O
Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards (OFPS), 49, 51, 73
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 8, 21, 32, 111, 192-193, 196 , 207-209, 211, 217, 227
confidentiality rulings, 69, 73, 96, 198, 199
disclosure limitation research, 11, 155, 224
Off-site data access, 96, 100, 102, 123, 168-169
Oil company data, 34, 129, 185-188
On-line data access, 7, 92, 166-167, 200
On-site data access, 7, 96, 101, 173
Organizations, 16, 21, 52, 54, 62, 181-182
access to data on, 7, 51, 57, 116-117, 199-202, 226
and confidentiality, 2, 5, 18, 23, 51, 57, 62, 64, 75, 182, 188-190, 219, 225
as data collectors, 15
informed consent of, 8, 184, 197
lists of, 6, 95, 128, 190-196, 203, 225-226
proprietary data, 57, 116-117, 182-183, 184
related legislation, 182-183, 189, 196, 225, 226
P
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 102
Paperwork Reduction Act, 4, 109, 111
Passive consent, 77, 78, 80, 81, 203
Permanent Census Act, 46
Personal Privacy in an Information Society, 50
Personal records, see Administrative records
Pledges of confidentiality, 5, 10, 34, 37, 40, 55, 66
interpretation of, 80-82
Policy and program analysis, 3, 15-16, 25-27, 32, 92, 96, 99
and data quality, 26-27, 31, 56
historical overview, 48
by outside researchers, 52, 53, 97, 99
and subject notification, 74, 78, 79-80
President's Reorganization Project for the Federal Statistical System , 48, 140n
Privacy, definition of, 22
Privacy Act, 4, 24, 35, 37, 41, 48, 62, 109, 111-115, 132-133, 135 , 137, 139n, 211
informed consent under, 8, 64-65, 69-70, 75, 219
and organizations, 122, 135, 182
Privacy Protection Study Commission, 5, 35, 49, 50-51, 140n
Private sector data collection, 15, 29-30, 31, 35
government maintenance of, 115-116
risk of privacy violations, 9, 87-88
use of government data, 87-88
Professional organizations, 17, 65-67, 97-98, 105, 107, 209-210, 222
Project Metropolitan, 54-55, 212-213
Proprietary data, 57, 116-117, 182-183, 184
EIA collection of, 34, 129, 185, 191, 193
Providers of data, 9, 16, 20-21, 22, 28-29, 35, 35-36, 46, 56-57, 57, 61-62, 62-63
See also Cognitive research;
Informed consent and notification;
Mandatory participation;
Organization;
Pledges of confidentiality;
Proxy respondents;
Voluntary survey participation;
Waivers
Proxy respondents, 22, 74, 203
Public Health Data, 43-44n
Public Health Service Act, 28, 124
Public information activities, 36, 56, 88, 220
about privacy violations, 10, 86-89, 221
Public opinion on data activities, 35, 55, 61, 82-86, 206, 220
Public-use microdata files, see Microdata files
Q
Quality improvement initiative, 49, 181, 196
Questionnaires, notification statements, 70
R
Race and ethnicity, 9, 86-87, 96, 163
Random digit dialing, 15
Randomized responses, 82
Records, see Administrative records;
Definitions of records;
Linkages of records ;
Tax records
Reidentification problem, 162, 168
Reimbursable surveys, 120-121
Respondents, see Providers of data
Response modification, 151
Restricted access, 7, 32, 38-39, 92-93, 94-97, 99-102, 141, 142, 165-169, 177, 221, 224-225
archived materials, 174-176, 177-178
conditions of, 100-101, 104, 106, 157-158, 222
Restricted data, 141-142.
See also Statistical disclosure limitation
Retention of survey data
Revenue Act, 47
Review boards and mechanisms, 36, 73, 78-79, 107, 214-215, 216, 217 , 227
for disclosure limitation, 10-11, 97, 148-149, 205-206
foreign, 211-214
Routine-use exemption, 113-115, 133
S
Sampling frames, 6, 40, 92, 95-96, 99, 221
business, 190-191
Scope of Federal statistical system, 1-2, 17-18
Security classification, 150-151
Sensitive data items
and disclosure-avoidance policies, 12, 156
and notification, 8, 75-76, 80-81, 219
Signature requirements, 80, 81
Sixteenth Amendment, 47
Small Business Administration (SBA), 191, 193
Social Security Administration (SSA), 96, 205
administrative lists, 68, 172, 173
see also Continuous Work History Sample;
Exact Match Study
Social Security data, 6, 30, 71-72, 74, 78, 84, 88
Social Security numbers, 9, 67, 69, 70, 76, 96, 161-162, 163, 169, 220
Special sworn employees, 38, 101, 119, 121, 159, 164, 166
St. Regis Paper Company, 33-34
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), 190, 191, 193
Standard Statistical Establishment List (SSEL), 37, 191-192, 193
State governments, 21, 182, 183
cooperation with federal government, 6, 18, 96, 164, 196, 198, 225
vital statistics data collection, 46, 125, 126-127
Statistical disclosure limitation, 10-12, 39, 66, 147-149, 178n, 209
techniques, 144-149, 151-153, 179n
user impacts, 11, 12, 99, 155-157, 209
Statistical Policy Office, OMB, 21, 196, 207-209
disclosure limitation research, 11, 155, 225
Statistical records, definition, 24, 113, 139n
Statistics Canada, 46, 194-195, 213-214
Statistics of Income Division, IRS, 82, 94, 127
Statutes, see Legislation
Summary tape files, 98
Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife Related Recreation, 20-21
Survey of Income and Program Participation, 149
Surveys and Privacy, 87
Swapping techniques, 146, 153.
See also Statistical disclosure limitations
T
Tabulations
disclosure limitation, 7, 10, 12, 48, 144, 146-147, 148
organizational data, 197-198
Tax-exempt organizations, 57
Taxpayer Opinion Survey, 83-85
Tax records, 40, 47, 48, 62, 71, 83-85, 95, 127-128, 161, 164
and notification, 70
Tax Reform Act, 48, 95, 110, 117, 127-128, 164, 170-171, 172
Telemarketing, 15
Telephone surveys, 37, 62, 70, 81, 204
Training of researchers, 105, 107, 222
U
United Kingdom, 194
Unlawful disclosure, see Violations of confidentiality
Users of federal data, 7-8, 16, 21, 35, 46, 91-93
denials, 7-8, 95, 96, 98, 100, 222
government interaction with, 35-36, 51, 52, 53, 58, 91, 97-98
legal and ethical responsibilities, 100-107, 222
sanctions against for misuse, 7, 57, 100, 101, 104
and statistical disclosure limitation, 11, 12, 39, 98, 99, 101, 155 -157, 209, 224
V
Violations of confidentiality
penalties, 4, 7, 38-39, 57, 100, 102, 104, 112, 135, 137-139, 157, 223
and public opinion, 8, 9-10, 87, 88, 138, 221
Vital statistics, 46, 96, 125-127, 172, 181
Voluntary survey participation, 28, 50, 52, 54-55, 57, 61, 62
and informed consent, 8-9, 36-37, 56, 63, 67, 71
Voting records, 71
W
Waivers, 37, 68-69, 77-80, 96, 196, 197, 203, 220
by organizations, 197-199, 226
Watergate scandal, 48
World Almanac, 21