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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
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Index

A

Acceptable daily intake (ADI), 132, 315, 324-326

Accidental poisoning, 313

Acephate, 244

Acetaminophen, 57

Acetylcholinesterase, 54, 310, 341

inhibitions by organophosphates, 347

Acrodynia, 347

Acute exposure and effects, 50-53, 103, 104, 271

of aldicarb, 287-288

and daily intakes, 6, 11, 315, 317

of neurotoxins, 63-64

pharmaceutical studies, 54-60

testing of, 130, 133, 136

and tolerances, 8, 18

see also Cholinesterase inhibition

Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL), and parental exposure, 307

Additive background model, cancer risk 328-330

Adolescence, see Age-related differences

Adults, see Age-related differences

Adverse effect, definition, 327

Age groups, in data analyses, 5, 6, 315

Age-related differences, 2-7, 11-12, 19, 105-107

carcinogenesis, 75, 351

cholinesterase inhibition, 53-54

dermal absorption, 77-78

dietary composition, 4, 38, 103, 181-187, 193-194, 196

gastrointestinal absorption, 82

metabolism, 38-39, 55-57

pharmacokinetics, 55-59, 106

physiology, 3, 36, 37, 39-43

protein binding, 85-86

pulmonary exposure, 79-80

risk assessment, 7, 11-12, 344-345

Agricultural application, see Application rates and methods;

Field trials

Agricultural Marketing Service, 216

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 209-210, 216

Airborne exposure

indoor, 309-311

outdoor, 308-309

Alachlor, 246

in water, 228-229, 230, 232

Albumin, 86-87

Alcohol exposure, 61, 77

Aldicarb, 227, 246, 270, 287

cholinesterase inhibition, 53, 287-288

dietary exposure, 288-296

immunotoxicity, 66-67, 69

testing for, 253

in water, 226

Aldrin, 14.

See also Dieldrin

Alveolar epithelium, 79

Aminocarb, 67

Amphetamines, pesticide interactions, 348

Androgens, 28

Anemia

animal studies, 29-30

aplastic, 311

and poverty, 343

Anesthetics, 56

Animal models and studies, 107, 360, 362

acute effects, 50-53, 130, 133, 136, 334-335, 344

brain development, 25, 26, 60

carcinogenesis, 34, 41-42, 70-75, 145-146, 334-338, 344-345

chronic effects, 145-146, 154

developmental toxicity, 4, 9, 29-32, 43-44, 146-147

end points, 52, 153

extrapolation of, 20, 25, 43, 76-77, 96-102, 110, 324-328, 335-338, 360, 361

guidelines, 109, 129-131, 152-156

immunotoxicity, 9, 66-68

LD50 studies, 50-53, 334-335, 344

metabolism, 150-151, 153

mutagenicity, 128, 150

neurotoxicity, 9, 65-66, 128, 151-152, 155-156

reproductive toxicity, 9, 128, 147-149, 155

scaling, 96-102, 97-99, 110, 337

subchronic effects, 130, 137, 144-145

TD50 studies, 334-335

uncertainty factors, 9, 325-328, 360, 361

Anticancer drugs, 57-59, 75

Anticonvulsants, 56-57

Antihistamines, pesticide interaction, 348

Aplastic anemia, and chlordane, 311

Apples, 248, 254, 256

juices, 249, 353-357

pesticide use, 273, 275

processed products, 259

Application rates and methods, 13, 14-16, 203-204

aerial, 308-309

and exposure estimates, 317, 318

geographic variations, 204-206, 228, 317

and sampling variation, 224, 226-227

see also Field trials

Arsenicals, 14

Arylesterase, 54, 346

Atherosclerosis, 344

Atrazine, 246

in water, 228, 229, 230, 232

Autocrine mechanisms, 28

Average daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317

Azidothymidine (AZT), 59-60

Azinphos, 273

B

Bananas, aldicarb residues, 289-296

Behavioral function, 24, 32, 62

low-level exposure and effects, 63-64, 65

Benchmark dose, 338, 362

Benomyl, 244, 246, 269, 277

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

dietary exposure, 278-287

in infant foods, 254

testing for, 253

Benzenehexachloride (BHC), 14

Bilirubin, 94-95

neurotoxicity, 24, 37, 50, 61

Bioaccumulation, of chlorinated hydrocarbons, 15

Bioassay protocols, 12

Birth defects, and parental exposure, 307-308

Blood-brain barrier, 89-90

Blood formation, 34

Blood vessels, age-related sensitivity, 39-40

Body composition, 24-27, 35-36.

See also Extracellular fluid volume

Body size and proportions, 28

and scaling, 97-99, 337

Bone, 35, 76

Brain

blood-brain barrier, 89-90

cancer, 76

development, 25, 26, 28, 32, 34, 60

water composition, 36

see also Neurotoxicity

Breast cancer, 30-31

Breastfeeding, 182, 188-192, 340-341, 358-359

and lanolin, 313

residue levels in milk, 239-244, 261

Bronchitis, and chlordane, 311

Butyl mercapatan, 309

C

Caffeine, 91, 92

California

residue monitoring program, 219-220

Telone ban, 308

Captan, 246, 274

immunotoxicity, 67

in infant foods, 248, 254

potency factors, 335

Carbamates, 15, 16, 246

cholinesterase inhibition, 52-53, 298, 309-310

in home-use products, 309-310, 313

neurotoxicity, 63-64, 341

see also Aldicarb

Carbaryl, 257

Carcinogenesis and neoplasms, 70, 76, 333, 349-351

age-related differences, 75, 351

animal studies, 34, 41-42, 70-75, 128, 129, 137, 145-146, 334-338, 344-345

benomyl, 277

and cell proliferation, 29, 30-32, 71, 75, 352-353

and functional development, 34, 41-42

lifetime risk, 351-357

and metabolism, 71, 75

and parental exposure, 307-308

risk assessment, 11-12, 323-324, 325, 328-338, 344-345, 349-357, 362

Telone, 308

Cell proliferation, 29, 34

and carcinogenesis, 29, 30-32, 71, 75, 352-353

Cell size, 29, 36, 352

Central nervous system, see Brain;

Neurotoxicity

Cereals, 259-260

Certification

of field in inspectors, 21

of labs, 222

Cervical cancer, 31

Chloramphenicol, 3, 50, 55

Chlordane

home use, 310-311

in human milk, 242

Chlordimeform, 335

Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, 14-15

in ambient air, 309

in human milk, 239-241

Chlorpyrifos

and arylesterase, 346

home use of, 310, 311

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

in infant formula, 234

as reference standard, 301-304

Cholesterol intake, 344

Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, 52-54, 108

by aldicarb, 53, 287-288

and asthmatics, 347

by carbamates, 52-53, 298, 309-310

and drug interactions, 347, 348-349

and genetic polymorphism, 346

and multiresidue exposure, 316

and neurotoxicity, 301, 341

by organophosphates, 52-53, 297, 298-302, 309-310, 347

as residue test, 212

uncertainty factors, 325-326

Chronic exposure and effects, 4, 7, 104, 270-271

and daily intakes, 6, 11, 315, 317

risk assessment, 6, 11-12, 315

testing, 12, 145-146, 154

and tolerances, 8, 18

see also Carcinogenesis and neoplasms;

Low-level chronic exposure;

Neurotoxicity

Cisplatin, 34

Clonal expansion model, 362

Cognitive function, 24, 39, 62

Congenital rubella, 29

Consumption, see Daily intakes;

Dietary composition;

Dietary exposure;

Food consumption surveys;

Milk;

Water consumption

Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes of Individuals (CFSII), 160, 164 164, 167, 170, 172

Convolution, see Statistical convolution

Cooperative State Research Service (CSRS), 209, 216

Corn, 15

Cotton, 15, 309

Crops, see Application rates and methods;

Field trials

Cyanazine, in water, 228, 229, 232

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 40

Cyclodienes, in human milk, 242-243

Cyclophosphamide, 59

Cytochrome P-450, 345, 347-348

D

Daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317

acceptable, 132, 315, 324-326

and surveys, 161-162, 166-168, 271-272

Data bases

of residue tests, 10, 217, 222, 223, 261

statistical convolution of, 5-6, 268, 275-277

Data collection and reporting, 4, 5, 7, 11, 107, 224-227, 260-261, 268, 314.

See also Data bases;

Field trials;

Food consumption surveys;

Laboratory analyses;

Risk assessment;

Samples and sampling methods;

Testing methods and protocols;

Uncertainty factors

Daunomycin, 58

DDT, 14-15

in human milk, 240-241

Deet, 312, 346

DEF, 309

Definitions

of adverse effect, 327

of developmental toxicology, 49

of pesticides, 14

Degradation products, 10, 206-207

Dental enamel dysplasia, 3

Dermal exposure, 77-79, 307

age-related differences, 77-78

and drug interactions, 349

playground equipment, 312

topical treatment, 312-313

Detection limits, see Limit of detection

Development, see Age-related differences;

Behavioral function;

Body composition;

Developmental toxicity;

Emotional development;

Fetal development;

Functional development;

Physical growth

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

Developmental toxicity, 3-4, 9, 19, 24-25, 49

animal studies, 4, 9, 29-32, 43-44, 146-147

and organs, 34, 36

Diary surveys, 163

Diazepam, 55, 87, 88

Diazinon, 313

Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), in water, 228

Dibutyl disulfite, 309

Dicarboximide fungicides, 15

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 15, 230

1,2-Dichloropropane (1,2-D), 228

1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D) (Telone), 227, 308

Dichlorvos, 310

Dicrotophos, 244

Dieldrin, 14, 52

in human milk, 241

immunotoxicity, 67

Dietary composition, 10

age-related differences, 4, 38, 103, 181-187, 193-194, 196

infantile, 192-193, 246-247

intra-age group variation, 195

see also Food consumption surveys

Dietary exposure, 19, 267-270, 275-277, 314-315, 317-319

aldicarb, 288-296

benomyl, 278-287

of infants, 248-260 passim

organophosphates, 302-307

peak levels, 6, 272, 317

see also Breast-feeding;

Daily intakes;

Dietary composition;

Food consumption surveys;

Gastrointestinal absorption;

Infant formula;

Water consumption

Dietary Residue Evaluation System (DRES), 178-180

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet), 312, 346

Diethylstilbestrol, 37

Digoxin, pesticide interactions, 348

Dimethoate, 248

Distribution factors, 85-90

Disulfiram, drug interactions, 348

DNA damage, see Mutagenicity

Dose-response curves and models of carcinogenesis, 329-332, 33, 338

Drugs

acute effects, 55-60, 344

pediatric use, 54-55

pesticide interactions, 347-349

Dursban, 310

Dust, as exposure source, 307

E

Economic Research Service (ERS), 204

Emotional development, 24

Encephalopathy, of Deet, 346

Endocrine mechanisms, 28

Environmental factors, and functional development, 37

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 15, 216

cancer risk estimation, 328, 335-336

and dose calculations, 326-327

inert ingredient regulation, 342-343

nondietary exposure study, 307

registration of pesticides, 16, 17-18, 127-128

residue testing data, 217

testing criteria and guidelines, 9, 127-156

and tolerances, 1, 5, 8, 18, 216

well water survey, 229

Enzymes, 92-94.

See also Cholinesterase inhibition

Estrogens, 28-29

Ethoprop, 309

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs), 15, 17, 246

in foods, 244, 248, 255

testing for, 253

Ethylene dibromide (EDB), 348

in water, 228

O-Ethyl O-p-nitrophenyphenylphosphonothioate (EPN), 342

ETU, 246, 248, 253

Excretion, 95-96, 330

Exposure, see Acute exposure and effects;

Airborne exposure;

Chronic exposure and effects;

Dermal exposure;

Dietary exposure;

Low-level chronic exposure;

Nondietary exposure;

Pulmonary exposure

Extracellular fluid volume, 35, 36

and chemical distribution, 87-89

and sensitivity, 41

F

Fat, body composition, 24, 27, 35

Fat intake, 344

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 1, 13, 17

tolerances under, 5, 8, 18

Federal Government, see Environmental Protection Agency;

Food and Drug Administration;

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 1, 13 , 14, 17, 127, 208

Females

body composition, 35

water consumption, 173, 177

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 61

Fetal development and effects, 20, 23, 61, 360, 361

pharmacokinetic models, 12, 339-341

Field trials, 10, 208, 269, 315-316, 317

benomyl 280-281

and tolerances, 2, 8, 18

Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 216-217

Fish-eye disease, 346

Flea control products, 309, 311

Florida, residue monitoring program, 220

Flour, in infant foods, 259-260

Foggers, 309, 311

Food, see Daily intakes;

Dietary composition;

Dietary exposure;

Food consumption surveys;

Infant formula;

Milk;

Processed foods;

Raw agricultural commodities;

Water consumption

Food additives, 65

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 216

benomyl monitoring, 283

Dietary Residue Evaluation System, 178-180

drug approval, 54-55

maximal permitted intake, 326

monitoring programs, 5, 10, 161, 212, 216, 217-219, 244-254, 262

Food consumption surveys, 4-5, 10, 159-161, 197

analysis, 167-168

design, 164-167

limitations of, 5, 11, 169-170

methodology, 161-164

sampling methods, 165-167

validation, 168-169

Food Contam, 221

Food processing, see Processed food

Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), 216, 219

Fruit, 15, 194, 195

residue levels, 249, 250, 254, 255, 256, 258

Functional development, 23, 24, 36-38, 43

and carcinogenesis, 34, 41-42

metabolism, 28, 35, 36-38

organs, 34, 39-41

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

Fungicides, 14, 15, 16-17, 204-206.

See also specific compounds

G

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), 25

γ-Benzene hexachloride, 78

γ-Globulin, 86

Gas chromatography, 212, 215, 218

Gastrointestinal absorption, 80-85

age-related differences, 82

of heavy metals, 82-84

Genetic susceptibility, 345-347

Genotoxicity, see Mutagenicity

Geographic variations

food consumption survey results, 165, 166

in pesticide use, 204-206, 228, 317

in water consumption, 177

Gerber Products Company, 161, 170-172

Glomerular filtration, 95-96

Glyphosate, 335

Gonads, 28

Good laboratory practices (GLPs), 223

Gray baby syndrome, 3, 55

Groundwater residue levels, 228-230, 359

Growth, see Physical growth

Growth hormone (GH), 28

Guidelines, testing methods, 109, 127, 129-131, 152-156

H

H1 antagonists

interactions with pesticides, 348

Head lice treatment, 312-313

Heart, 28

medications interactions with pesticides, 348-349

Heavy metals

and blood-brain barrier, 89

gastrointestinal absorption, 82-84

see also Lead

Hematopoietic system, 34

Hepatotoxicity

acetaminophen, 57

benomyl, 277

and drug interactions, 349

Heptachlor

in human milk, 242-243

Herbicides, 15, 16, 204, 205

in water, 228-232

Hexachlorobenzene, 241-242

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), 241

Hexachlorophene, 55

dermal absorption, 77, 78

Hodgkin's disease, 76

Home-use insecticides, 309-311

accidental poisoning, 313

Hormones, 28-29

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 59-60

Human Nutrition Information Service (HNIS), 160

Hyperactivity, 65

Hyperplasia, see Cell proliferation

Hypersensitivity, 68, 70

Hypertrophy, 29, 36, 352

Hypothalamus, 28

I

Illegal pesticide use, 7

Immunoassays, 212

Immunotoxicity, 66, 108, 110

aldicarb, 66-67, 69

hypersensitivity, 68, 70

TCCD, 68, 69

testing, 9, 66-68, 155

Indicine N-oxide, 59

Individual daily intakes, 6, 11, 316, 317

Indoor pesticide use, 309-311

Inert ingredients, 342-343

Infant formula, 173, 180-181, 192

residue levels, 232-239, 261

soy-based, 236-239

Infant Nutrition Survey, 170

Infants, 3, 26, 28, 29, 37, 106, 108

body composition, 24, 27, 35-36

chemical distribution factors, 87-88

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

chlorpyrifos exposure, 310

dermal absorption, 77-79

dietary composition, 192-193, 246-247

and dietary surveys, 170-172

diethylstilbestrol exposure, 37

drug toxicity, 55-56

hematopoietic system, 34

kidney development, 39, 95-96

metabolism, 38, 55, 90-94

neurotoxicity, 61, 89, 108

oral exposure, 80-96 passim

pulmonary exposure, 79

residues in food, 248-260 passim

water consumption, 173, 177

see also Age-related differences;

Breastfeeding;

Infant formula

Inhalation, see Pulmonary exposure

Insect bioassays, 212

Insecticides, 14-15, 16, 205, 212

home-use products, 309-311

see also Carbamates;

Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides;

Organophosphates;

specific compounds

Insect repellants, 312-313

Integrated pest management, 15, 227

Interregional Project Number 4 (IR-4), 209, 212

Intestinal tract, see Gastrointestinal absorption

Iron deficiency, and lead poisoning, 84

Isoproterenol, 40

J

Juices, 194, 350-351

residue levels, 249

K

Kidneys, 24, 28, 32, 36, 39, 95-96

cancer, 30, 76

infantile, 39, 95-96

L

Labeling, 17

drugs, 54-55

Laboratory analyses, 211-215

and certification programs, 222

quality control, 223-224, 262

of samples, 5, 211-215, 223-226, 318

standardized reporting of, 10, 261-262

variations among, 5, 212, 214, 223-224, 226-227

see also Animal models and studies;

Testing methods and protocols

Lanolin, 313

Latency periods, 4, 7

LD50 studies, 50-53, 334-335, 344

Lead

gastrointestinal absorption, 82-84

neurotoxicity, 3, 37, 62-63, 89

Leukemia, 75, 76

and chlordane, 311

and parental exposure, 307, 308

Lice treatment, 312-313

Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), 351-356

Lifetime equivalent constant dose (LECD), 351

Limit dose, 131

Limit of detection (LOD), 207, 213-214

Limit of quantification (LOQ), 213-214, 225, 273-274, 316, 318

Lindane

in human milk, 241

immunotoxicity, 67

neurotoxicity, 312-313

in topical applications, 312-313

Linear extrapolation, 328-330, 331-332

Lipid solubility

and human milk, 239, 358-359

and pulmonary absorption, 80

and tissue distribution, 88, 89

Liquid chromatography, 212, 218

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

Liver, 28, 34, 36, 39, 94-95

and metabolism, 91, 101-102

see also Hepatotoxicity

Log homes, PCP treatment, 311

Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), 327

Low-level chronic exposure

carcinogens, 328-330, 331-332

neurotoxins, 63-65, 109

M

Malaria, 14-15

Malathion, 51, 52

on apples, 273

immunotoxicity, 67-68

in processed foods and formulas, 235, 237-238, 257

synergistic interactions, 342, 348

in topical applications, 313

Males

body composition, 35

water consumption, 173, 177

Mammary tumors, 30-31

Manufacturers

field trials, 2, 8, 10, 18, 208, 269, 315-316, 317

toxicity testing, 4, 127-128, 207-209, 211-212, 316

Market basket surveys, 10, 161, 218-219, 262, 273

benomyl, 281, 283

Mass spectrometry, 215

Maturation, see Age-related differences;

Behavioral function;

Functional development;

Physical growth

Maximal permitted intake (MPI), 326

Maximum tolerated dose (MTD), 57-59, 107, 130,1 45, 330, 334-335, 338

Mechanism of action, 3-4, 11-12, 19, 105-107

and multiple residue exposure, 7, 11, 316, 318-319

Mercury poisoning, 347

Metabolism, 19, 41, 51-52, 76-77, 151, 153

age-related differences, 38-39, 55-57, 105

and carcinogenesis, 71, 75

and cholinesterase inhibition, 53

development, 28, 35, 36-38

of drugs, 36, 55-57, 59, 91

genetic polymorphism, 345-346

infantile, 38, 55, 90-94

and scaling, 98, 99, 101-102, 337

Metabolites, testing of, 10, 128, 150-151

Methodology, see Animals models and studies;

End points;

Food consumption surveys;

Limit of detection;

Limit of quantification;

Models;

Multiresidue methods;

Probability distribution;

Reference doses;

Risk assessment;

Samples and sampling methods;

Scaling;

Statistical convolution;

Testing methods and protocols;

Uncertainty factors

Methylmercury, 84

Methylphenidate, pesticide interactions, 348.

See also Ritalin

Metolachlor, in water, 228, 229, 230, 232

Migraine, and chlordane, 311

Milk, 173, 182, 193, 194

and heavy metal absorption, 83-84

residue levels, 249, 250, 253

water content, 180-181

see also Breastfeeding;

Infant formula

Model-free procedures, 332

Models

additive background, 328-330

dose-response, 329-332, 338

multistage, 328-330, 332-334, 345

pharmacokinetic, 12, 330-331, 339-340, 361

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

see also Animal models and studies

Modifying factor (MF), 326-328

Molecular dosimetry, carcinogens, 331

Monitoring and surveillance programs, 215, 268, 272-273, 315-316, 317-318

Federal, 215-219

food processors, 221-222

private labs, 222

state, 219-221

testing and analysis, 212, 273-274

see also Samples and sampling methods

Monsato Company, 228

Monte Carlo procedure, 276-277

Motor development, 24

Multiple pesticide exposure, 7, 316, 361

mechanism of action, 7, 11, 316, 318-319

risk assessment, 6-7, 11, 316, 318-319, 341-342

Multiresidue methods (MRMs), 209, 212-213, 318

FDA, 217-218, 253

quality assurance, 223-224

Multistage models, cancer risk, 328-330, 332-334, 345

Multistage samples, food consumption surveys, 165

Muscle, 28, 36

Mutagenicity, 37-38, 70, 330, 331, 333-334

testing, 128, 150

see also Carcinogenesis and neoplasms

MVK model, 333-334

Myelination, 28, 34-35

N

National Alachlor Well Water Survey, 228-229

National Cancer Institute (NCI), 172-173

National Center for Health Statistics, 160

National Food Processors Association (NFPA), 221-222, 223

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 160, 161

National Residue Program, 219

National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water Weels, 229

Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys (NFCS), 160, 161, 164, 165, 167, 169-170

use in dietary exposure assessment, 177-179

Neoplasms, see Carcinogenesis and neoplasms

Neuroblastoma, and chlordane, 311

Neuronal tissue, 28, 34

Neurotoxicity, 39, 60-61, 63-64, 89, 108, 341

bilirubin, 24, 37, 50, 61

and blood-brain barrier, 89-90

and cholineterase inhibition, 54, 301, 341

Deet, 312, 346

dose levels and duration, 63-65

of lead, 3, 37, 62-63, 89

of lindane, 312-313

and neuronal development, 34-35

testing, 9, 61-62, 63, 65-66, 128, 151-152, 155-156

Newborns, see Infants

N-Nitrosomethylurea (NMU), 30, 42

No-effect level (NEL), 326

Nondietary exposure, 17, 77, 307-313, 314, 316, 319, 358,

see also Airborne exposure;

Pulmonary exposure

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 76

Nonlinear dose-response, 330-331

Nonoccupational Pesticide Exposure Study (NOPES), 307, 310

Nonstochastic processes, 323-324

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), 132, 338

No-observed-effect level (NOEL), 9, 103, 132, 325

chlorpyrifos, 310

O

Occupational exposure, 313

of parents, 307-308, 316

Oral exposure, see Dietary exposure;

Gastrointestinal absorption

Organochlorines, see Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides

Organophosphates, 7, 15, 16, 52, 246, 297-298

in ambient air, 309

cholinesterase inhibition, 52-53, 297, 298-302, 309-310, 347

drug interactions, 347

and genetic polymorphism, 346

in home-use products, 309-310, 313

neurotoxicity, 63-64, 341

Organs

functional development, 34, 39-41

physical growth, 32-35

water composition, 36

see also specific organs and effects

Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) deficiency, 346

Outdoor air, exposure from, 308-309

Ovaries, 32

Oxidant stress, 38

Oxychlordane, in human milk, 242

P

Paracrine mechanisms, 28

Paraoxon, 345, 346

Parathion

cholinesterase inhibition, 52-53

metabolic polymorphism, 346

in processed foods, 257

Parental occupational exposure, 307-308, 316

Peanuts, 15

Pediculocides, 312-313

Pentachlorophenol (PCP), 311, 312

Pesticide Analytical Manual, Volume II (PAM-II), 208-209, 211-212, 217

Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, 127

Pet flea control products, 311

Pharmacokinetics, 3, 76-77, 107, 110

acute toxicity studies, 54-60

age-related differences, 55-59, 106

distribution factors, 85-90

models, 12, 330-331, 339-340, 361

nonlinear dose-response, 330-331

physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, 339-340, 361

pregnancy, 339-341

see also Gastrointestinal absorption;

Metabolism

Phenobarbital, pesticide interactions, 347-348, 349

Phenotype, 37

Phenoxy herbicides, 15.

See also specific compounds

Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), 29-30

Phenylmercuric acetate, 347

Phenytoin, 86-87, 91-92

pesticide interactions, 347-348

Physical growth, 23-29, 35

organs, 32-35

and timing of toxic exposure, 29-32

Pica, 358

Pinocytosis, 82

Pituitary glands, 28

Plasma cholinesterase, see Cholinesterase inhibition

Plasma protein binding, 85-87

Playground equipment, wood preservatives use, 311, 312

Poisoning, see Cholinesteraseinhibition

Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), 64

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 64-65

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

Polymorphism in metabolism, 345-346

Potassium, 35

Potatoes, 204, 206, 309

aldicarb residues, 289, 290, 294-296

Potency factors, carcinogens, 334-336

Poverty, and exposure, 343-344

Pregnancy, pharmacokinetics, 339-341

Premature infants

body composition, 35-36

dermal absorption, 78

metabolism, 91-92

Prenatal effects, see Fetal development and effects

Probability distributions, 11, 317.

See also Statistical convolution

Processed foods, 5, 7, 10, 196

conversion to raw commodities, 178, 196-197

effects on residues, 238-239, 255, 257-259, 261, 316

monitoring programs, 221-222

tolerances, 8, 18, 19, 221

Propranolol, pesticide interactions, 348, 349

Prospective survey methods, 163-164

Protein, body composition, 35

Protein binding, 85-87

Pseudocholinesterase, 54

Puberty, growth during, 28-29

Pulmonary exposure, 79-80, 309

Pyrethroids, see Synthetic pyrethroid compounds

Q

q1 potency factor, 335-336

Quality assurance and control, lab protocols, 223-224, 262

Quantification limits, see Limit of quantification

Quantitation, 212

Questionnaires, 162-163

R

Radiation, 30, 39

Raw agricultural commodities (RACs), 5, 207

conversion from processed foods, 178, 196-197

in dietary exposure assessment, 178-180

tolerances, 8, 18, 19

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)

as intake data reference, 167-168

Reference doses (RfDs), 8, 9, 18, 132, 315, 357-358, 361

calculation of, 326-327, 338

Regional differences, see Geographic variations

Registration of pesticides, 10, 15, 16, 17-18, 208

testing requirements, 127-128, 208

see also Field trials

Regression analysis, 102-105

Regulation, 1-2, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 17-18

of drugs, 54-55

of inert ingredients, 342-343

see also Registration of pesticides;

Tolerances

Renal system, see Kidneys

Repellants, 312-313

Reproductive toxicity

diethylstilbestrol, 37

testing, 9, 128, 147-149, 155

Residues, see Dietary exposure;

Monitoring and surveillance programs;

Samples and sampling methods;

Testing methods and protocols;

Tolerances

Resistance, to chlorinated pesticides, 15

Respiratory exposure, see Pulmonary exposure

Retinoblastoma, 75-76

Retrospective survey methods, 161-164

Risk assessment, 6-7, 12, 20, 323-328, 359-363

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

acute exposure and effects, 6, 11, 315

and age differences, 7, 11-12, 344-345

carcinogenesis, 11-12, 323-324, 325, 328-338, 344-345, 349-357, 362

chronic effects, 6, 11-12, 315

daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317

multiple pesticide exposure, 6-7, 11, 316, 318-319, 341-342

neurotoxicity, 341

nondietary sources, 11

pharmacokinetics, 12, 330-331, 339-340, 361

and regression analysis, 102-103

water consumption, 11

Ritalin, pesticide interactions, 348.

See also Methylphenidate

Ross Laboratories, 161

Rural areas, and airborne exposure, 309

S

Safe levels, see Acceptable daily intake;

Tolerances

Safety factor (SF), 325, 326.

See also Uncertainty factors

Salicylates, 344

Samples and sampling methods, 210-211, 315-316

analysis, 211-215, 223-224, 318

food consumption surveys, 165-167

variation and bias in, 5, 224-225, 226

Scaling, 96-102, 110, 337

Schools, pesticide use, 310

Sensitivity factors, 41

end points, 52, 108, 109

Simazine, in water, 228, 229, 230

Single residue methods (SRMs), 211-212, 213, 253

Sinusitis, and chlordane, 311

Skin, see Dermal exposure

Social development, 24

Socioeconomic status

and breastfeeding, 190

and exposure, 343-344

Somatomedins, 28

Soy-based infant formula, 236-239

Soybeans, 15

Spleen, 32, 34

State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES), 209

State monitoring programs, 219-221

Statistical convolution, of distributions, 5-6, 268, 275-277, 314-315, 362-363

Steroids, and metabolism, 94

Stochastic processes, 323-324

Stratified samples, food consumption surveys, 165

Subchronic studies, 130, 137, 144-145

Suburbs, and airborne exposure, 309

Sulfur compounds, 14

Surface contamination, 311-312

Surface water, residue levels, 230-232

Surveillance, see Monitoring and surveillance programs

Surveys, see Food consumption surveys

Synergistic interactions, 341-342

with drugs, 347-349

Synthetic organic compounds, 14-15

Synthetic pyrethroid compounds, 15, 16

T

Tangier's disease, 346

TD50 studies, 334-335

Telone (1,3-D), 227, 308

Teratogenicity, 49, 103.

See also Developmental toxicity

Termiticides, 310-311

Testes, 32

Testing methods and protocols, 19-20

carcinogenesis, 128, 129, 137, 145-146

guidelines, 127, 129, 152-156

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
×

manufacturers, 4, 127-128, 207-209, 211-212, 316

neurotoxicity, 61-62, 63

statistical analysis, 132

see also Animal models and studies;

Bioassay protocols;

Field trials;

Multiresidue methods;

Samples and sampling methods;

Single residue methods

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (DCPA), 229

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 68, 69

Theophylline, 92, 93

Theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRCs), 8, 18, 357-358

processed foods, 238-239

Therapeutic orphan problem, 54

Thiourea, 50

Thiram, drug interactions, 348

Thresholds, see Acceptable daily intake

Thymus, 32

Thyroid, 154-155

Tolerances, 1-2, 5, 18, 19, 208, 214

calculation of, 177-179

Total Diet Study (TDS), 161, 218-219

Toxaphene, 14

Triadimefon, 78

Triazine herbicides, 228

Tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), 309

Trichloroethylene, 340-341

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 15

Trihalomethanes (THMs), 233

Tumors, see Carcinogenesis and neoplasms

U

Uncertainty factors (UF), 9, 325-328, 360, 361

Urban areas

and airborne exposure, 309

pollution, 343-344

U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA)

food consumption surveys, 160, 164

monitoring programs, 216, 219

pesticide use and testing data, 204, 209-210

Uterus, 32

cancer, 30-31

V

Vaginal cancer, 30-31

Validation

of food consumption survey data, 168-169

of residue analyses, 215

Vegetables, 15, 194, 195

residue levels, 249-252

Vincristine, 59

Vinyl chloride, 31

Visual system studies, 152, 156

W

Water, body, 24, 27, 35-36.

See also Extracellular fluid volume

Water consumption, 4, 35, 173, 176-182 passim, 196

calculation, 172-173

and residue levels, 227-232, 261, 307, 359

sources, 173, 174-175, 194

Watermelons, aldicarb poisoning outbreak, 53, 268

Weight, 97, 325, 337

Weighting factors, food consumption surveys, 167

Well water residue levels, 228-230

Wheat, 15

Wood preservatives, 311, 312

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2126.
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Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children Get This Book
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Many of the pesticides applied to food crops in this country are present in foods and may pose risks to human health. Current regulations are intended to protect the health of the general population by controlling pesticide use. This book explores whether the present regulatory approaches adequately protect infants and children, who may differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues.

The committee focuses on four major areas:

  • Susceptibility: Are children more susceptible or less susceptible than adults to the effects of dietary exposure to pesticides?
  • Exposure: What foods do infants and children eat, and which pesticides and how much of them are present in those foods? Is the current information on consumption and residues adequate to estimate exposure?
  • Toxicity: Are toxicity tests in laboratory animals adequate to predict toxicity in human infants and children? Do the extent and type of toxicity of some chemicals vary by species and by age?
  • Assessing risk: How is dietary exposure to pesticide residues associated with response? How can laboratory data on lifetime exposures of animals be used to derive meaningful estimates of risk to children? Does risk accumulate more rapidly during the early years of life?

This book will be of interest to policymakers, administrators of research in the public and private sectors, toxicologists, pediatricians and other health professionals, and the pesticide industry.

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