Table 3a How Selling the Utilization of Products Rather than the Products Themselves Affects Liability of Economic Actors
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Alternative Utilization and Commercialization Opportunities
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Examples of Economic Actors
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Alternative Liability Carriers "product quality" and "utilization"
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Producer
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Fleet Manager
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User
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SALE
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Owner is user
Durable product is sold (cash or credit)
• cars
• white goods
• clothes
• computers
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Individuals
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Risk of warranty (6/12 months)
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—
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All risks for an unlimited time period (except warranty)
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RENTAL
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Owner is fleet manager
Product is rented
• cars
System is rented
• apartment
• hotel room
Service is rented
• taxi
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Companies and individuals offering service
• shops
• Hertz, Avis
• investors
• hotels
• taxi owners
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Risk of warranty
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All risks for the full utilization period (except warranty)
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none
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SELLING SYSTEM UTILIZATION
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Owner is fleet and maintenance manager
System utilization is sold
• transport
• telecom
• clothes
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Fleet managers
• railways
• airlines
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All risks for a period of time determined and negotiated between producer and fleet manager
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none
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Owner is producer, fleet and maintenance manager
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Manufacturers
• Aia-Geveert AG
• Xerox
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All risks for an unlimited period of time
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none
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System utilization (goods and services) is sold
• photocopies
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Producer is also fleet manager
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SOURCE: Börlin and Stahel (1987)
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