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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

Index

A

Abiotic processes

conservative tracers of, 79

in contaminant mass loss, 85-87

modeling, 8, 85-87

Adaptation

as evidence of bioremediation, 7, 73

by native organisms, 24

Aeration systems, 51-53

Aerobic respiration

modeling, 155

oxygen delivery for, 144-146

process, 18-20

Agricultural areas, 42

Air sparging, 57-59, 124-125, 126, 127

definition, 187

monitoring conservative tracers in, 79-80

monitoring electron acceptor uptake in, 79

oxygen delivery via, 144-145

Alcohols, 32

Alkylbenzenes, 161-162

Anaerobic respiration, 19, 20-21, 187

measuring byproducts of, 75-76

process innovations, 132

Aquifer

bioremediation systems for, 53-59

clogging, 28, 138-139

definition, 187

minerals in, 41

monitoring of, 137-140

permeability, 138-139

preparation for bioremediation, 140-141

Aromatic hydrocarbons, 187

B

Bacteria measurement

bacterial activity, rates of, 70-73

biogeography, 113-114

fatty acid analysis, 69-70

field evaluation, 67-70

metabolic adaptation, 73

microscopic counting, 68

oligonucleotide probes, 69

sample selection, 67-68, 89-90

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

Baseline conditions, 65-67

Benzene, 32

See also BTEX

Bioaugmentation, 17, 131, 188

Biocurtain, 23, 188

Biodiversity, 111-112

Biofilm kinetics, 154-155

Biological reaction rate models, 83-84

BIOPLUME model, 156-158

Biopolishing, 132

Bioremediation. See In situ bioremediation

BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes), 32, 70, 128, 188

conventional cleanup approaches, 105

engineered bioremediation of, case example, 71-72

estimate of oil/water partitioning, 164-166

estimating distribution of, 164

extent of problem with, 104-105

intrinsic bioremediation of, 105-106

levels of intrinsic attenuation of, 106-108

oily-phase residual, 170-171

practicality of bioremediation for, 104

remediation in ground water, case example, 174

remediation of subsurface material, case example, 175-178

research needs in bioremediation of, 108

C

Carbon-13/14 labeling, 70-72, 80, 149

Carbon isotopes, 7, 74-75

Carbon-nitrogen-phosphorous ratio, 117

Carbonates, in aquifer matrix, 41

Chlorocatechols, 27

Coal tar, remediation of, 149

Cometabolism, 20, 21-22, 188

dead-end products from, 27-28

in ecological perspective, 114, 115

principles of, 143

Commercial bioremediation

growth of, 13

standards of practice for, 61-62

status of, 129

Complexing agents, 26, 188-189

Conservative tracers, 79-80, 189

Contaminants

combined remediation strategies for, 126-127

designing bioremediation strategy for, 49-50

estimating distribution in ground water, 164

estimating mass of, 161-163

halogenated, 22, 33-34, 128-129

incomplete degradation of, 27-28

low concentrations of, 25-26

metals, 20-21, 23, 26, 34-35

microbial demobilization of, 22-23

microbial destruction of, 17-22, 48

mobilization of, 26

modeling subsurface behavior of, 81-88

multiple, 27, 128

nitroaromatics, 34

plume containment, 141

prevalence, 29

sequestering of, 25-26

source removal, 140

subsurface spreading of, 49

susceptibility to bioremediation, 2-3, 29-35

toxicity to microorganisms, 26-27

See also Petroleum products

Conventional cleanup technologies

for BTEX, 15

excavation-and-incineration, 13

integrated with bioremediation, 60-61, 126-127

limitations of, 12, 48

in preparation for bioremediation, 139

pump-and-treat methods, 12-13, 48, 61, 140, 193

Core samples, handling of, 163

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

Cost of remediation

of aromatic compounds, 104-105

time as factor in, 48

Creosote, 32

D

Dead-end products, 27-28

Demobilization of contaminants, 22-23

Demonstration projects, evaluation of, 64

Diauxy, 27, 189

Dichloroethylene, 78

E

Ecological perspective, 110-111

biogeography, 113-114

biological specificity in, 111-112

feasibility evaluation in, 116-119

microbial diversity, 112-113

microbial natural selection in, 114-115

successful bioremediation in, 119

Education/training, recommendations for, 10-11, 95

Electron acceptor, 18, 19, 189

air injection for, 57-59

in bioremediation mechanics, 142, 144

in ecological perspective, 119

measuring concentration of, 75

measuring uptake of, 79

nitrate as, 124

in water circulation systems, 41-42, 57

Electron donor

in bioremediation mechanics, 142, 144

definition, 18, 19, 189

inorganic compound as, 21

in reductive dehalogenation, 22

Engineered bioremediation

air injection systems in, 57-59

definition, 2, 20, 189

determining baseline conditions, 65-67

followed by intrinsic bioremediation, 61

indications for, 3-4, 50

process innovations, 4, 53

proving, in case example, 71-72

site conditions for, 3, 39-41

systems for, 4

for unsaturated soils, 50-53

vs. intrinsic bioremediation, 35

water circulation systems in, 53-57

Esters, 32

Ethers, 32

Ethylbenzene, 32

See also BTEX

Ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 26

Evaluation of bioremediation

of carbon-nitrogen-phosphorous ratio, 117

case examples, 66-67, 71-72, 77, 86, 148-150

difficulty in, 14, 148

ecological perspective in feasibility studies, 116-119

evidence for, 5-6

feasibility studies, 142

field experiments for, 7-8

field measurements for, 6-7

gas surveys in, 138

individual site differences and, 88

in intrinsic bioremediation, 59-60

limitations, 9, 88-90, 148

modeling techniques for, 8-9, 80-88, 153, 154

monitoring-well placement in, 138, 139, 181-182

as multidisciplinary activity, 89

principles of, 63-65, 139-140

protocols for, 94

of rate-limiting factors, 117-119

regulatory, 99-103

research needs in, 10, 131-132

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

of residual oily-phase hydrocarbons, 170-171

role of, 91, 93-94

See also Field evaluation;

Measurement

F

Fatty acid analysis, 69-70

Fermentation, 19, 21, 190

Field evaluation

of bacterial adaptation, 73

byproducts of anaerobic activity in, 75-76

carbon isotope ratios for, 74-75

of contaminant distribution, 164

of co-oxidation of trichloroethylene, 129

degradable/nondegradable substance ratio in, 76-78

difficulty of, 63-64, 161

of electron acceptor concentration, 75

electron acceptor uptake in, 79

establishing baseline conditions for, 65-67

evidence collection for, 6

handling core samples for, 163

of hydrocarbon concentration in ground water, 178

of inorganic carbon concentration, 73-74

intermediary metabolites in, 76

labeling contaminants in, 80

laboratory microcosms for, 70-73

monitoring conservative tracers in, 79-80

need for, 64-65

of number of bacteria, 67-70

of oil/water partitioning, 164-166

of polychlorinated biphenyls, 77

of postbioremediation processes, 178-181

of protozoa, 70

of rate of bacterial activity, 70-73

sample selection for, 67-68, 89-90

spatial heterogeneity in, 171-173

stimulating bacteria in subsites for, 78

techniques, 6-7, 148-150

of total contaminant mass, 161-163

See also Evaluation

Flow models, 8-9

estimating recirculated volume in, 164

multiphase, 82

saturated, 81-82

Free product recovery, 60, 190

G

Gas chromatography, 73, 190

Gasoline, 32, 143

Genetic engineering, 131, 190

Geochemical models, 82-83

Ground water

air injection systems for, 57-59

bacteriological samples from, 67-68

circulation systems, 53-57

engineered bioremediation for, 4

estimating contaminant concentration in, 164-166

estimating contaminant distribution in, 164

estimating recirculated volume in, 164

evaluating processes in, 88-89

in flow models, 81-84

in intrinsic bioremediation, 41-42

tracer tests for, 138

Growth substrates, 114-116

H

Halogenated aliphatics, 33

Halogenated aromatics, 34

Halogenated compounds, 22, 33-34, 128-129

Headspace analysis, 163, 182

Helium, as conservative tracer, 79

Hexachlorocyclohexane, 78

Hudson River, 77, 92

Hydraulic conductivity, 39, 190

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

Hydrocarbon. See Petroleum products

Hydrogen peroxide

in bioremediation mechanics, 145-146

in controlling bioremediation, 28

development of, in bioremediation, 123-124

limitations of, 145-146

in water circulation system, 53

I

In situ bioremediation

advantages of, 48-49

bacterial measures as evidence of, 65-78

biodiversity and, 112-113

chemical changes in ground water in, 23-24

as commercial industry, 13, 61-62, 129

complicating factors in, 25-28

contaminants susceptible to, 29-35

current status of, 11, 29, 47-48, 121-122, 125-127

defining success in, 14, 160, 169-170

determinants of success in, 49, 116-119, 136, 137, 150

ecological perspective of, 110-111

educational recommendations for, 10-11, 95-96

effect on native organisms, 24-25

engineered, 2, 3-4, 20, 35, 39-41, 50-59, 61, 65-67, 71-72, 189

environments amenable to, 35-43

evaluation of, 5-9, 63-90

evolution of, 122-125

first application of, 3, 47, 122

good practices in, 61-62

integrated with nonbiological technologies, 5, 60-61, 126-127

intrinsic, 2, 3, 4, 20, 35-39, 41-42, 59-60, 105-108, 191

limitations of, 29-32, 127-130, 153-154

measuring microbial action as evidence of, 78-80

multidisciplinary nature of, 9, 13-14, 44-46

natural selection and, 114-115, 119

preparation for, 140-141

principles of, 2-3, 49-50, 136-137

prospects for, 9-10, 95-96, 108, 127-133

proving, 63-65

regulatory assessment of proposal for, 99-103

research recommendations for, 10, 94-95

role of evaluation in, 91, 93-94

role of microbes in, 16-17

strategy selection, 49-50

technical developments in, 92-93

vs. other technologies, 12-13, 48-49

INT activity test, 68

Intrinsic bioremediation

of aromatic hydrocarbons, 105-106

of crude oil spill, case example, 37-38

definition of, 2, 20, 191

following engineered bioremediation, 61

indications for, 4

levels of attenuation in, 106-108

limitations of, 4, 59-60

requirements for, 35-39, 59-60

site conditions for, 3, 39, 41-42

vs. engineered bioremediation, 35

Intrinsic permeability, 39, 138-139, 191

Isotope fractionation, 74-75, 191

J

Jet fuel, evaluating bioremediation of, 149-150

K

Ketones, 32

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

L

Labeling of contaminants, 8, 80

Laboratory microcosms, 70-73

Ligands. See Complexing agents

M

Measurement

of anaerobic activity, 75-76

of bacterial activity, 70-73

of bacterial population, 67-70

of contaminant mass loss, 85-87

of degradable/nondegradable substance ratio, 76-78

establishing baseline conditions for, 65-67

interdisciplinary integration in, 89

of labeled contaminants, 80

of metabolic byproducts, 7

of microbiological field activity, 7-8, 23-24

of microbiological field samples, 6-7, 65-67

modeling techniques for, 8-9

of protozoa, 70

research needs in, 10

of subsurface hydrogeochemical properties, 42

See also Bacteria measurement

Metals, 34-35

in anaerobic respiration, 20-21

mobilization of, 26

precipitation of, microorganisms for, 23

Methanotrophs, 129

Microbial action

adaptation and, 7, 24, 73

advances in understanding of, 92

aerobic stimulation of, 144-146

air sparging for, 57-59

alternate substrates for, 143

aquifer clogging from, 28, 138-139

availability of contaminants for, 25-28

basic metabolism in, 17-20

biological specificity in, 111-112

biostimulation of, 79, 92-93, 141-147

changes in ground water chemistry from, 23-24

chemical indicators of, 23-25

in demobilizing contaminants, 22-23

description of, in bioremediation proposal, 101-102

in destroying contaminants, 17-22

determinants of, in bioremediation, 16, 147

in evaluating bioremediation, 5-6, 63, 64

evidence of, 67-70

field evaluation of, 6-8, 65, 78-80

genetic engineering for, 131

hydrogen peroxide as oxygen source for, 123-124

incomplete degradation of contaminant by, 27-28

inorganic nutrients for, 146-147

intermediate metabolite formation in, 76

intrinsic bioremediation requirements for, 59-60

intrinsic hydrocarbon biodegradation by, 105-106

laboratory breeding for, 131

limits to, 128-129

measuring rate of, 70-73

on metals, 34-35

in multiple-contaminant environment, 27, 128

nutrient delivery for, 144

nutrients in water circulation for, 54-57

nutritional requirements for, 22

predator growth from, 25

prevented by toxicity of contaminant, 26-27

principles of, in bioremediation, 142-143

reaction rate models of, 83-84

stability in, and biodiversity, 112-113

stimulants for, 92-93

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

See also Bacteria measurement

Modeling techniques

biodegradation effects in, 82

biofilm kinetics, 154-155

biological reaction rate models, 83-84

BIOPLUME model, 156-158

for bioremediation evaluation, 8-9, 80-81

combining, 84

direct methods, 87-88

evolution of, 154-155

geochemical models, 82-83

in intrinsic bioremediation, 59

limitations of, 88

measuring mass loss in, 85-87

multiphase flow models, 82

research needs for, 10, 94-95

role of, 80-81, 84-85

saturated flow models, 81-82

sorption effects in, 81-82

types of, 81-84, 154

Moffett Naval Air Station, 66-67

Most-probable-number measures, 69, 70

Multiphase flow models, 82

N

Natural gas, 86

Natural selection, 114-115, 119

Nitrate, 103

as electron acceptor, 118, 124

Nitroaromatic compounds, 34, 127

Nonaqueous-phase formation, 192

contaminants susceptible to, 29-32

flow characteristics and, 39-41

in multiphase flow models, 82

as obstacle to bioremediation, 25, 29-30

removal, before bioremediation, 140

strategies for overcoming, 26

Nutrients

in air sparging, 58

delivery of, 144

in water circulation, 54-57

O

Octadecane, 76-78

Oligonucleotide probes, 69, 192

Oxidation-reduction reaction, 18

P

Pentachlorophenol, 34

Perchloroethylene, 129

Pesticides, 34, 127

Petroleum products

degradable/nondegradable substances in bioremediation of, 76-78

estimating ground water concentration of, 178

first bioremediation application to, 3

intrinsic bioremediation of crude oil spill, 37-38

proving bioremediation of, 71-72

spatial heterogeneity in bioremediation of, 171-173

susceptibility to bioremediation, 2, 32

types of, 32

See also BTEX

Phosphates

in controlling hydrogen peroxide reactions, 145

effects of, on bioremediation rate, 146

Phytane, 76-78

Plume containment, 141

evaluation of, 170

levels of intrinsic attenuation in, 106-108

modeling of, 155

postbioremediation, 178-182

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 127

Polychlorinated biphenyls, 34, 70, 127

anaerobic dechlorination of, 76, 92

bioremediation of, case example, 77

dehalogenation of, 129

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 32, 157

Polynuclear aromatics, 149

Primary substrates, 18, 19, 142-143, 192

in cometabolism, 115

Protozoa

as evidence of bioremediation, 6

field evaluation of, 70

growth in bioremediation, 25

Pump-and-treat methods

integrated with bioremediation, 61

limitations of, 12-13, 48

in preparation for bioremediation, 140

process, 48, 193

Push/pull tests, 149

R

Reductive dehalogenation, 20, 22, 193

Regulatory assessment

information needed for, 99-100

proposed process description for, 101-102

site cleanup description for, 102-103

site description for, 100-101

Research

in development of bioremediation, 122-124

for evaluation protocol development, 94

for improving models, 94-95

on increasing microbe availability, 93

on microbial processes, 92, 128-129

needs, 108

in site characterization techniques, 94

on stimulating microbial action, 92-93

S

Saturated flow models, 81-82

Saturated zone, 81, 193

Secondary utilization/cometabolism, 21, 143, 193

Sequestering of contaminants, 25-26

Sewage contamination, 149

Site conditions

characterization of, 10, 94

in choosing bioremediation strategy, 49-50

contaminant concentrations, 25-27

determinants of bioremediation potential, 35, 126, 130, 137-138

electron receptor concentration, 41-42

for engineered bioremediation, 3-4, 39-41, 50

estimating total contaminant mass, 161-163

ground water behavior, 41-42

heterogeneity, 42-43, 138

indications for integrated cleanup approach, 5, 60-61, 126-127

individual differences in, 3, 35, 88

for intrinsic bioremediation, 3, 39, 41-42, 59-60

multiple contaminants, 27, 128

regulatory description of, 100-101

See also Soil conditions

Slurry wall, 141, 193

Soil conditions

aeration systems and, 51-53

in air sparging, 58

bioremediation contraindicated by, 126

hydraulic conductivity, 39

intrinsic attenuation of plume and, 107

permeability, 39, 138-139

unsaturated, 50-53

See also Site conditions

Solvents

dechlorination of, 76, 127, 143

halogenated compounds as, 33, 34

Stereoisomers, 78

Surfactants, 26, 128, 193-194

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

T

Tetrachloroethene, 33

Time factors

in bioremediation vs. conventional methods, 13, 48

in ecologically oriented bioremediation, 116

in engineered bioremediation, 3-4, 50

Toluene, 23, 32

See also BTEX

Tracer compounds, 8

Trichloroethane, 24

Trichloroethylene, 28, 129, 143

intermediary metabolites in transformation of, 76

Trinitrotoluene, 34

U

Unsaturated soils, 50-53, 194

oxygen delivery techniques for, 124-125

V

Vadose zone. See Unsaturated soils

Vapor recovery, 124, 194

integrated with bioremediation, 61, 126-127

Vinyl chloride, 28, 143

W

Water circulation systems, 53-57

X

Xylene, 32

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
×

Other Recent Reports of the Water Science and Technology Board

Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty (1993)

Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas (1993)

Sustaining Our Water Resources: Proceedings, WSTB Symposium (1993)

Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992)

Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy (1992)

Toward Sustainability: Soil and Water Research Priorities for Developing Countries (1991)

Preparing for the Twenty-first Century: A Report to the USGS Water Resources Division (1991)

Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences (1991)

A Review of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Pilot Program (1990)

Ground Water and Soil Contamination Remediation: Toward Compatible Science, Policy, and Public Perception (1990)

Managing Coastal Erosion (1990)

Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications (1990)

Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems: What Can Be Learned from the San Joaquin Valley Experience? (1989)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press

1-800-624-6242

202-334-3313

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2131.
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In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work? Get This Book
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In situ bioremediation—the use of microorganisms for on-site removal of contaminants—is potentially cheaper, faster, and safer than conventional cleanup methods. But in situ bioremediation is also clouded in uncertainty, controversy, and mistrust.

This volume from the National Research Council provides direction for decisionmakers and offers detailed and readable explanations of:

  • the processes involved in in situ bioremediation,
  • circumstances in which it is best used, and
  • methods of measurement, field testing, and modeling to evaluate the results of bioremediation projects.

Bioremediation experts representing academic research, field practice, regulation, and industry provide accessible information and case examples; they explore how in situ bioremediation works, how it has developed since its first commercial use in 1972, and what research and education efforts are recommended for the future. The volume includes a series of perspective papers.

The book will be immediately useful to policymakers, regulators, bioremediation practitioners and purchasers, environmental groups, concerned citizens, faculty, and students.

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