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OCR for page 170
6
Regional Analysis of Contraceptive Use
The preceding three chapters describe the main factors affecting contra-
ceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa. In Chapter 3, several socioeconomic
factors are shown to be associated with high fertility: low levels of female
education and income per capita, rural residence, and high infant and child
mortality. Although the associations between fertility and these socioeco-
nomic characteristics are not always as strong as in other regions of the
world, they do suggest that changes in these characteristics would have
some effect on fertility, as in Botswana, Kenya, and Zimbabwe. We also
suggest that changes in costs of living, due to economic reversals, may
increase the acceptability of smaller family sizes in certain population sub-
groups, but the response to such changes is very much a country-specific
matter.
In Chapter 4, we identify the aspects of African social structure that
support high fertility norms, specifically, the importance attached to per-
petuating the lineage, the linkage between number of children and access to
resources, the use of child fostering to spread the costs and benefits of
having numerous children, and the weak conjugal bond. Although these
social characteristics are changing, it is clear that they have exerted consid-
erable positive influence on historical fertility levels and have not disap-
peared today. In addition, the penetration of major religions (Christianity
and Islam) has affected contraceptive use, primarily through female educa-
tion and social organization, such as marriage patterns.
The contribution of family planning policies and programs to changes
170
OCR for page 171
REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE
171
in contraceptive use is discussed in Chapter 5. The changes in policy to
promote family planning, as well as expansion of programs, have increased
access to modern methods of contraception, fulfilling latent demand and
possibly creating additional demand.
This chapter uses statistical analysis to examine the relative importance
of those factors that can be measured by using World Fertility Survey (WFS)
and Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data. Whereas Chapter 2 high-
lights bivariate relationships based on individual-level data, this chapter
examines these relationships using multivar~ate analysis and regional-level
data. The factors described in earlier chapters-socioeconomic develop-
ment, patterns of social organization, the influence of major religions (Christianity,
Islam), and access to family planning services clearly differ among re-
gions within a given country.
Our analysis is based on the WFS and DHS data sets described in
Chapter 2. The countries included are shown on a map in Figure 6-1, and a
list of the weighted and unweighted sample sizes for each country is pro-
vided in Appendix B. The sample consists of 37 regions in the WFS data
set, 55 regions in the DHS set, and 92 regions in the pooled (WFS and
DHS) set. The full set of WFS and DHS data considered are shown in the
appendices to this chapter.
We are limited by the variables collected under the two survey pro-
grams.i Accordingly, we focus on four variables that were shown to have a
marked effect on patterns of reproduction in an earlier analysis by Lesthaeghe
(1989b): two socioeconomic variables-the level of female schooling and
the degree of urbanization and two variables that reflect social organiza-
tion the extent of polygynous marriage and the proportion Muslim. Al-
though by no means exhaustive measures of socioeconomic development
and community/kinship relations, these four variables nonetheless capture
important dimensions of the contextual variables discussed in earlier chap-
ters. This current analysis confirms the relationships documented in the
earlier analysis (Lesthaeghe, 1989b), which used a smaller, less diverse data
set based primarily on the WFS. The WFS data were collected mainly in
countries in West Afnca.
Notably lacking in this analysis is a measure of the strength of the
family planning supply environment.2 Although national-level indicators
1It should be stressed that socioeconomic variables for which data was not collected under
the WFS and DHS, such as income, are plausibly of importance in explaining differentials in
contraceptive use.
2In addition, infant and child mortality were not included in the analysis. Because mortality
may be influenced by high fertility or vice versa, we decided that it was not statistically sound
to include mortality as an explanatory variable. We did explore this option, however, and
found that mortality showed no significant independent effect on fertility, possibly because
OCR for page 172
72
Mali )=
n I
-
~
/ ~=
~_
/ \
FA CTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE
~ Sudan
~ a_ ~ ~ ~
=
| ~ 2N Ugan\~~ J
Ghana
Togo I
-
Benin
_ _ .....
Nigeria
· WFS REGIONS
° DHS REGIONS
~ WFS + DHS
x5' Kenya
~ Burundi
Zimbabwe I
f$~
l
IJ opt ~
Botswana
/ Lesotho
FIGURE 6-1 Location of countries and regions that participated in the World
Fertility Survey and Demographic and Health Survey programs.
are available to measure this dimension, there are no analogous measures at
the regional level that would reflect local differences in political commit-
ment, access to services, variety of methods available, and related aspects
of the family planning supply environment. This major shortcoming should
be addressed in future research, especially in light of the evidence presented
in Chapter 5 on the progress in improving family planning services in Af-
nca.3
female education influenced both contraceptive use and mortality. Although we highlight the
important positive association between mortality and fertility in Chapter 3, we cannot defini-
tively test mortality's relative effects on contraceptive use in this statistical analysis.
3The multivariate model described below was also tested with a national measure of family
planning effort (using scores developed by Mauldin and Ross, 1991). The t-statistic for the
positive coefficient was 1.93. There is too little variation in national-level scores to make this
an effective measure to explain regional differences. By introducing family planning effort
measured at the national level, we are probably underestimating its true effect. There is a great
likelihood that family planning has had a significant role to play in increasing contraceptive
use in sub-Saharan Africa, but its contribution is impossible to assess precisely.
OCR for page 173
REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE
173
In anticipation of the results of the multivariate analysis, which indicate
the overriding importance of female education with respect to contraceptive
use, we begin our regional analysis by focusing on the bivanate association
of education with contraceptive practice.
FEMALE EDUCATION AND CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE
As we demonstrate in Chapters 2 and 3, education is positively associ-
ated with contraceptive use at the individual level and negatively associated
with fertility at the national level. In our consideration of the relationship
between female education and contraceptive practice, we examine not only
modern contraceptive use, but also its precursors: ideal family size and
knowledge of contraceptive use.
Ideal Family Size
Figure 6-2 depicts the relationship between the average length of schooling
in the WFS and DHS regions and the percentage of married women with
ideal family sizes not exceeding four children. One measure of association
between two variables, the Pearson correlation coefficient, r, indicates the
expected positive relationship (r = .73~.4 The percentage stating a prefer-
ence for four or fewer children, here called "small ideal family size," com-
monly rises above 30 for regions with schooling averages of four years or
more, and above 50 for several regions in Kenya and in urban centers of
Botswana and Zimbabwe. By contrast, very few (about one-fifth) of the
low-education regions reach the level of 30 percent stating small ideal fam-
ily sizes. Furthermore, these tend to be national capitals Khartoum, Lome,
Cotonou, Bamako indicative perhaps of an effect of urban residence.
Areas with fewer than 10 percent of women stating small ideal family
sizes have been concentrated predominantly in West Africa. Analysis of
the WFS showed that such low percentages were observed in most of Cute
d'Ivoire, Nigeria, and Cameroon. In Ghana and Benin, such low percent-
ages were found in the northern regions. Also the WFS data for Senegal
show percentages around 10 for regions other than Dakar and Thies. The
DHS data confirm the persistence of these low percentages of women with
small ideal family size in West Africa. The 15 percent level is not ex
4The Pearson correlation coefficient, r, is often used to measure the extent of a linear
relationship between two variables. A positive r indicates that the slope of a regression line fit
using data on the two variables is positive. (A negative r indicates that as one variable
increases, the other decreases.) When r is statistically different from zero, it is determined that
there is an association between the two variables.
/
OCR for page 174
174
He
. .
90
B0
70 ~
60
a)
.,.
En
~40 ~
., -
A)
H
50
30
20
10
O -
FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE
o
o
o
o o o
o
of
o
o o
o
o ~
:~
o ~ a o° o
o o o
o o ~
o o Wo
/°o ° o
o
o o
oo
o
/ o
o
o o
l
6 7 ~9
I 1 1 1 1
0 ~2 3 4 5
Education: years
FIGURE 6-2 Relationship between percentage of currently married women ages 15-
49 with ideal family sizes of four or fewer children and mean number of years of
female education WFS and DHS regions (~--.73~. SOURCE: Demographic and
Health Survey and World Fertility Survey reports.
ceeded in Northern and Upper Ghana; the Since and Grand Gedeh regions
of Liberia; the Mopti, Gao and Tombouctou, Kayes, and Koulikoro regions
of Mali; in most of Senegal; in Ondo State (Nigeria); and in the Savanna
region of Togo. The only regions outside West Africa with such low per-
centages are the Kordofan and Darfur provinces of Sudan.
Knowledge and Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods
Knowledge of modern methods of contraception is also strongly related
to average female schooling levels in the ' pooled data set, as shown in
Figure 6-3 (r = .77~. At an educational average of less than four years,
knowledge of at least one modern method among women in a union varies
widely from close to 0 to almost 90 percent. Regions with schooling aver-
ages of more than four years generally exhibit knowledge levels of 50
percent or better.5
SScatter plots relating average female schooling levels to urbanity (positive effect) and to the
OCR for page 175
REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE
100
90
~0
. .
to
A)
lo:
c
Go
~0
A
70
60
50
40
20
10
O
175
o
o
o CD
oO °
° / o
a/
o/° o o
~o
on o
oo oo
Oo io°
o
o~ o
o o~
o V o
o
° o°
oo
o
oo 69
-
ko ° °
no ° ° 8 Oo ° O ~
a
o
o
a
I I ~I 1 1 '
4 5 6 7 ~9
1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3
Education: years
FIGURE 6-3 Relationship between percentage of married women ages 15-49 who
know at least one method of contraception and mean number of years of female
education WFS and DHS regions (r = .77~. SOURCE: Demographic and Health
Survey and World Fertility Survey reports.
Figure 6-4 displays the relationship, in the pooled data set, between the
use of modern methods and the knowledge of such methods. The relation-
ship is strong (r= .80), but its pattern deviates markedly from linearity.
Where the regional knowledge level is less than 80 percent, the use of
modern methods remains less than 10 percent among women currently in a
union. Only at very high levels of contraceptive knowledge is there a sharp
increase in the use of such methods.
As indicated in Figure 6-3, knowledge levels of 90 percent or better
emerge only in regions with female schooling averages of four years or
more. As a consequence, one should expect levels of current use of modern
contraception in excess of 15 percent to emerge only in regions with both
high knowledge levels (80 percent or more) and high female educational
levels (schooling averages of more than four years).
proportion Muslim or adhering to traditional religions (negative effect) also show strong rela-
tionships.
OCR for page 176
176
50
45
40 ~
. .
o
a'
~25
Q'
o
~5
30
20
a' 15-
10
O -
FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE
of
1 o
/ o
lo (;D
/o °
o
o
9 o
used,,, ~ ~0 ~ 0w ~ O ~
O /
TOO o
V O oOO
oO O o O
o
o
o
~I I I I I I I ~~~-r--~- rl
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100
Know One Method: %
FIGURE 6-4 Relationship between percentage of married women ages 15-49 using
modern methods of contraception and percentage of married women knowing of at
least on modern method WFS and DHS regions (r = .80~. SOURCE: Demograph-
ic and Health Survey and World Fertility Survey reports.
This expectation is borne out in Figure 6-5, which shows the link be-
tween the percentage of users of modern methods and the regional female
schooling averages in the WFS and DHS regions. Contraceptive prevalence
greater than 10 percent is virtually never reached in regions with mean
female education durations of less than four years. Beyond this schooling
level, the scatter widens considerably and the average percentage of users
rises much more rapidly.
An early inkling of increases in contraceptive use in the regions with
more female education can be found among the WFS data for the late 1970s
and early 1980s, as indicated by the circles in Figure 6-5. The additional
information gathered by the DHS in the late 1980s, shown as triangles,
further confirms this relationship.
It should be stressed, however, that the regions that score highly on
both modern method use and female education stem largely from Zimbabwe
and Botswana (see Figure 6-6, which graphs the same data points as Figure
6-5, but in this case, the circles represent regions of Zimbabwe and Botswana).
Conversely, Islamic regions (more than 75 percent Islamic or traditional
religions) contribute disproportionately to the set of WFS and DHS regions
OCR for page 177
REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE 177
o WFS ~ DHS
50
45
40
. .
~35
o
a' 30
C 25
a'
o 20
C 15
. -
10
5 -
O -
2
l\
An
:///'a
0~ ~ 0 no
A ^~ at 0
o
/ 0
o
1 1 1 1 1
6 7 ~
0 1 2 3 4 5
Education: years
FIGURE 6-5 Relationship between percentage of married women ages 15-49 using
modern methods of contraception and mean number of years of female education-
WFS and DHS regions (r = .80~. SOURCE: Demographic and Health Survey and
World Fertility Survey reports.
characterized by the combination of low female schooling and low modern
method usage (see Figure 6-7, circles).
The change in ideal family size and contraceptive knowledge and use
can be demonstrated for the 1980s in countries that participated in both the
WFS and the DHS, as shown in Table 6-1. In Kenya, knowledge levels
were very high in 1978 (greater than 80 percent), and this knowledge base
in combination with a rapid rise in the percentage of women preferring four
or fewer children is reflected in substantial increases in users of modern
methods between the two surveys. Knowledge levels in 1979-1980 were
much more heterogeneous across regions in Ghana than in Kenya, and the
increase in proportions with small ideal family sizes during the 1980s is
more modest as well. Between the two surveys there was no change or
even a decline in modern contraceptive use in Ghana. Hence, these two
countries, both of which started after their independence with relatively
high educational levels for women, have followed divergent paths with re-
spect to family planning success.
Senegal and Northern Sudan are typical examples of Sahelian Islamic
OCR for page 178
178 FA CTORS AFFECTING CONT^CEPTI VE USE
o Zimbabwe and Botswana ~ Other regions
50
45
a ~40
. .
35
an 30
25
Q)
to
Cal
.,.
~10
20
15
_
O
o
o o
o
~To
/
A ~A A
O ~
O O
O /
o
a
/o
/ ~a
~ d~ ~ ~ ~ .tys ~^
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Education: years
l
7 ~9
FIGURE 6-6 Relationship between percentage of married women ages 15-49 using
modern methods and mean number of years of female education (r = .80~. SOURCE:
Demographic and Health Survey and World Fertility Survey reports.
societies with lower levels of female education. In both countries there was
a noticeable increase during the 1980s in the knowledge of modern methods
of contraception. Several areas, other than the capitals, now reach knowl-
edge levels between 70 and 80 percent. Yet the proportion of women with
small ideal family sizes has hardly changed, and the increase of modern
contraceptive use remains insignificant. In the regions of northern Sudan, a
decline in current use of modern methods may have occurred as well.
In summary, we find that:
· there is a strong relationship between the regional levels of female
schooling and the proportion of women who have small ideal family sizes,
who have knowledge of modern contraception, or who use a modern method
(refer to Chapter 2 for individual-level confirmation);
· current use of modern methods increases above the 10-percent level
only in regions that have a mean length of female schooling of four years or
more; and
· these conditions have been met in Zimbabwe and Botswana, as
well as several regions of Kenya. In these areas, there has been a corre
OCR for page 179
REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE 179
o Regions >75% Islamic ~ Other regions
50
45
40
. .
to
o
rat
a)
o
en
c
.,'
~10
35
30
25
20
15
5 -
O -
ret
,\
l\
/
/ ~
o ^^ /
ran
o
~c~ a I, ~
I ~ ~ ~1 1 1 1
01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ~
Education: years
FIGURE 6-7 Relationship between percentage of married women ages 15-49 using
modern mettods and mean number of years of education WFS and DHS regions (r
= .80~. SOURCE: Demographic and Health Survey and World Fertility Survey
reports.
spending rise in actual contraceptive use. However, there are several areas
in other countries with a mean length of female schooling of four years or
more (e.g., Imbo province in Burundi, all regions in Ghana except the two
northern ones, Montserrado in Liberia, Ondo State, Khartoum, and Kampala)
in which current use has remained low or may have decreased in the last
decade (Ghana and Sudan). This diversity of experience within regions
with relatively high female schooling levels suggests that other variables
may be equally or more important in influencing contraceptive use. All of
the regions that would be expected to have a prevalence of modern methods
of at least 10 percent and did not were located in countries with weak
family planning programs, which suggests that contraceptive supply may be
a factor.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF
MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE
We now consider the relationship between female education and con-
traceptive practice at the regional level in a multivariate model. We present
OCR for page 180
180
FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE
TABLE 6-1 Comparison of Ideal Family Size, Modern Contraceptive
Knowledge, and Modern Contraceptive Use for Women Currently in
Union in Sub-Saharan Regions Included in Both WFS and DHS Surveys
(percent)
Ideal Family Know at Least One Use Modern
Size ~ 4 Modern Method Method
Region and Date WFS DHS WFS DHS WFS DHS
Kenya (1977-1978, 1988-1989)
Nairobi 32 79 93 95 19 28
Central, Eastern 16 68 92 94 9 25
Rift Valley 12 50 81 85 5 18
Coast 15 36 83 92 5 15
Western, Nyanza 17 49 88 92 3 10
Ghana (1979-1980, 1988)
Central, Western 27 33 76 79 5 4
Greater Accra, Eastern 37 51 81 90 11 8
Volta 35 46 62 78 6 4
Ashanti? Brong Ahafo 30 45 59 80 9 6
Northern, Upper ~7 13 40 1 1
Senegal (1978, 1986)
Central 11 11 13 70 0 1
Northeast 12 11 16 39 0 1
South 7 13 14 54 0 2
West (Dakar, Thies ) 14 26 38 86 2 6
Sudan (Northern,
1978-1979, 1989-1990)
Central 37 20 63 80 7 4
Khartoum 41 41 82 96 1 ~16
Kordofan, Darfur 21 11 27 45 2 1
North, East 28 21 50 74 3 4
the results of multiple regressions applied first to the DHS data alone and
then to the pooled VVFS and DHS data (see Tables 6A-1 and 6A-2~.
The least squares regression model for the pooled data is presented in
Figure 6-8. (The results for the DHS data alone are similar to the results for
the pooled data set.) In these models we consider four independent vari-
ables:
.
the average length of schooling for women ages 15-49,
· the presence of a large and dominant urban area in a region (dummy
variable),
· the percentage of married women ages 15-49 that are in a polygy-
nous union, and
the proportion of respondents that are Muslim or subscribe to traditonal
.
. · .
religions.
OCR for page 186
186
FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE
TABLE 6A-1 WFS Regional File Part A (continued)
Married Married
Use Contraceptive Who Know Who Want
Modern Use- at Least 1 c 4
Method Effectiveness Modern Children
Region (%) Index Method (%) (%)
Nigeria
Northeast 0.0 0 8.9 11.7
Northwest 0.3 0 7.3 7.7
Southeast 1.4 1.2 32.9 3.0
Southwest 1.5 1.5 34.6 7.9
Senegal
Central 0.4 0 12.7 10.7
Fleuve, Oriental 0.0 0 16.1 11.7
Casamance 0.0 0 14.3 7.0
Dakar, Thies 2.3 2 37.9 14.3
Sudan (northern)
Khartoum 17.6 13 82.7 41.1
North, east 2.9 3 49.8 28.2
Central 7.1 7 63.3 36.7
Kordofan, Darfur 1.5 2 26.5 20.9
OCR for page 187
REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE
187
Average Dummy
Duration Variable
of Illiterate (1 = major Married in Religion (%)
Education or Koranic urban, 0 = Polygamous
(years) Only (%) not urban) Union (%) Muslim Christian Traditional
0.6 86.8 0 42.3 69 23 8
0.3 94.5 0 49.3 93 1 6
3.8 52.0 0 39.3 0 84 16
4.0 52.5 1 35.5 36 57 7
0.4 93 0 50.0 98 1 1
0.5 91 0 45.0 98 1 1
0.6 89 0 54.4 87 13 0
2.0 71 1 45.1 93 7 0
2.7 57 1 9.8 96 4 0
1.0 79 0 12.6 98 1 1
0.9 79 0 13.3 98 1 1
0.6 89 0 27.2 98 0 2
OCR for page 188
188
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OCR for page 189
189
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OCR for page 190
190
TABLE 6A-2 DHS Regional File Part A
FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE
Married Married
Use Contraceptive Who Know Who Want
Modern Use- at Least 1 < 4
Method Effectiveness Modern Children
Region (%) Index Method (%) (%)
Botswana
Urban 40.8 40.1 99.7 54.1
Rural 27.5 27.2 91.9 34.1
Burundib
Central plateau 0.8 4.3 67.8 31.9
Imbo 6.1 10.4 75.4 43.4
Lowlands 0.0 2.0 52.0 25.6
Mumirwa 2.3 5.4 52.7 33.7
Mugamba 0.9 4.4 63.5 36.0
Ghana
Central, Western 4.1 7.0 79.0 32./
Greater Accra, 7.9 14.0 89.7 51.1
Eastern
Volta 3.9 10.2 77.5 45.6
Ashanti, Brong Ahafo 6.0 8.8 79.5 44.9
Northern, Upper 0.7 6.7 40.4 6.7
(East, Upper West)
Kenya
Nairobi 27.9 30.4 94.8 78.8
Central, Eastern 24.5 33.1 94.1 68.2
Rift Valley 18.1 24.4 84.6 50.1
Coast 14.8 16.3 92.3 35.7
Western, Nyanza 10.1 12.0 92.1 49.3
Liberia
Grand Gedeh 2.9 2.9 64.1 11.1
Montserrado 9.7 10.8 77.3 29.9
Since 3.9 4.1 87.2 8.8
Rest of country 4.4 4.6 64.4 20.
Mali
Bamako 6.1 11.4 74.3 33.E
Kayes, Koulikoro 0.8 1.6 28.0 12.E
Mopti, Gao, 0.9 1.4 15.0 7.S
Tombouctou
Sikasso, Segou 0.8 1.6 26.0 22.4
Nigeria
Ondo State 3.8 5.1 50.0 10.2
Senegal
Central 0.5 1.8 70.2 11.2
Northeast 0.6 1.1 38.9 11.1
(Fleuve, Oriental)
South (Casamance) 2.4 2.6 53.5 13.0
West (Dakar, Thies ) 5.5 7.6 85.5 25.5
OCR for page 191
REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE
19
Average Dummy
Duration Variable
of Illiterate (1 = major Married in Religion (%)
Education or Koranic urban, 0 = Polygamous
(years) Only (%) not urban) Union (%) Muslim Christian Traditional
6.72 10.2 1 a 0.O 36.6 63.4
4.94 25.5 0 - a 0.O 29.2 70.8
0.91 62.4 0 8.2 b b b
4.12 46.5 1 24.5 b b b
0.52 73.1 0 20.7 b b b
0.69 70.1 0 12.1 b b b
1.01 65.3 0 6.8 b b b
4.26 58.3 0 27.0 7.3 82.9 9.7
6.25 39.4 1 27.0 8.1 80.5 11.5
4.80 50.6 0 43.8 4.4 59.4 36.2
5.47 46.2 0 30.2 8.4 75.6 16.0
1.27 87.6 0 48.3 28.3 18.7 52.9
7.57 9.3 1 15.5 6.6 88.4 4.9
5.64 21.3 0 14.5 0.3 98.5 1.2
4.60 34.0 0 19.8 0.7 91.4 8.0
3.87 41.5 0 34.1 34.7 46.0 19.3
4.97 31.8 0 33.2 1.1 97.7 1.3
1.49 73.8 0 55.5 6.4 66.5 27.0
4.47 47.5 1 25.8 16.6 61.5 22.0
2.04 68.2 0 35.6 1.2 82.9 15.9
1.88 70.7 0 40.7 14.8 48.7 36.6
2.76 58.2 1 32.7 95.8 4.2 0.0
0.76 88.7 0 50.4 92.0 2.8 5.2
0.56 89.7 0 42.4 94.3 3.9 1.9
0.61 89.6 0 45.4 91.7 0.9 7.5
5.17 40.5 0 46.1 13.4 84.7 1.9
0.54 92.5 0 49.1 98.2 1.8 0.0
0.83 88.3 0 47.1 98.6 1.4 0.0
1.22 82.7 0 51.7 91.1 7.9 1.0
2.79 65.2 1 41.1 93.3 6.6 0.1
OCR for page 192
Togo
92
FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE
TABLE 6A-2 DHS Regional File Part A (continued)
Married Married
Use Contraceptive Who Know Who Want
Modern Use- at Least 1 ~ 4
Method Effectiveness Modern Children
Region (%) Index Method (%) (%)
Sudan (northern)
Khartoum 15.8 18.8 96.3 41.4
North, east 4.4 5.7 74.2 20.8
Central 4.1 5.5 80.2 19.8
Kordofan, Darfur 0.8 1.3 45.3 10.8
Central 1.9 4.1 73.6 25.7
Coastal (including 4.6 11.5 88.8 57.2
Lome)
Kara 3.3 9.6 74.4 38.7
Plateau 2.4 8.6 86.8 48.4
Savanna 0.3 0.7 62.1 13.3
Uganda
West Nile 0.0 0.5 17.8 18.0
East 2.0 2.8 84.8 24.2
Central 2.4 3.7 78.7 22.4
West 3.4 5.3 61.0 27.1
Southwest 5.9 2.5 83.3 17.4
Kampala 17.9 21.4 96.3 46.0
Zimbabwe
Bulawayo 41.2 41.5 99.5 66.3
Harare/Chitungwiza 48.0 48.6 99.0 57.6
Manicaland 25.6 28.7 97.7 29.0
Mashonaland Central 40.1 43.3 95.4 34.6
Mashonaland East . 43.1 44.6 98.2 33.7
(except
Harare/Chitungwiza)
Mashonaland West 43.2 45.0 98.8 38.1
Masvingo 35.3 41.7 96.8 29.8
Matabeleland North 18.0 23.1 96.9 35.2
(except Bulawayo)
Matabeleland South 21.2 24.8 98.7 42.3
Midlands 35.2 39.8 97.2 41.5
aNot asked.
bReligion not asked.
OCR for page 193
REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE
193
Average Dummy
Duration Variable
of Illiterate (1 = major Marned in Religion (%)
Education or Koranic urban, 0 = Polygamous
(years) Only (%) not urban ) Union (%) Muslim Christian Traditional
5.18 33.4 1 13.5 94.5 5.5 0.0
2.36 61.3 0 14.0 97.5 2.5 0.0
2.49 62.7 0 15.1 99.2 0.7 0.1
1.31 78.9 0 32.1 99.7 0.3 0.0
1.78 77.8 0 60.9 46.4 20.5 33.0
2.71 62.3 1 52.5 5.7 40.1 54.1
2.41 66.0 0 52.8 12.0 32.2 55.7
2.69 58.0 0 46.8 6.6 59.8 33.5
0.42 94.9 0 53.9 14.9 4.8 80.4
1.50 77.6 0 33.1 24.2 75.8 0.0
2.99 58.0 0 42.0 17.2 81.8 1.0
3.95 39.0 0 31.3 13.6 86.1 0.3
3.13 45.5 0 39.0 1.2 98.1 0.7
2.62 44.4 0 27.4 3.8 95.3 0.9
7.00 13.1 1 34.3 14.2 85.4 0.4
8.05 6.6 1 7.5 0.0 77.6 22.4
8.00 4.9 1 12.7 0.0 84.6 15.4
5.48 19.0 0 20.2 0.0 66.0 34.0
4.55 32.6 0 22.1 0.0 67.0 33.0
5.81 19.5 0 14.1 0.0 64.1 35.9
5.13 25.9 0 12.2 0.0 64.3 35.7
5.81 15.3 0 18.3 0.0 56.9 43.1
4.76 30.7 0 28.1 0.0 65.1 34.9
6.16 11.0 0 11.5 0.0 56.9 43.1
6.37 14.9 0 20.4 0.0 70.4 29.6
OCR for page 194
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
female education
