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Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands
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Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands
Index
A
A-Horizon, 105
Adaptation, ecosystem
elements of, 7
vs. succession, 90-91
Area sampling, 147
Assessment methodology
classification of rangeland condition, 75-81
climax community concept, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 63, 66-67, 75-76, 77, 80-81, 86, 88, 89, 127
current practices for rangelands, 2-3, 27-28, 62-63, 123
defining ecosystem health, 4-5, 34-35
developments in, 51-58, 145
elements of, 6-11
evaluation process, 8, 29, 97-98, 126-127
field evaluation, 129-132
implementing standardized program, 14-16, 132-133, 153-156
multiple ecological indicators, 8, 15-16, 92-93, 154
national inventorying and monitoring system, 12-14, 151-152
National Resources Inventor, 147-148
need for consistency in, 4, 13, 34, 85
problems in current practice, 3, 4, 11, 12, 26-27, 30-34, 82-91, 119-120
site classification, 13, 66-75, 84-85
site comparisons, 88-89
social values implicit in, 3-4, 29
soil-vegetation inventory, 143-144
successional stage model, 59-62, 75-76, 86-92
three-phase matrix, 129
trend and apparent trend, 26, 81-82, 96
At-risk rangeland
definition, 6, 36
early warning of transition to, 43-46, 48
identifying boundaries of, 7-8, 36-38, 123
nutrient distribution in, 125
recovery mechanisms in, 126
soil stability in, 124
B
Black grama grassland, 32-33
BLM. See Bureau of Land Management
Boundaries of healthy/unhealthy ecosystems
defining, 7-8, 36-38, 132
health criteria in identifying, 123
nutrient distribution in assessment of, 119-120, 125-126
soil conditions in assessment of, 123-124
Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)
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See also Threshold of rangeland health
Bureau of the Census, 135
Bureau of Land Management, 58, 138, 156
assessment practices, 13, 15, 31, 61-62, 63, 66, 74-75, 80-81, 85, 87, 104, 143-144, 154
current rangeland assessments, 24-25
inventorying and monitoring activities of, 36, 43, 146
National Environmental Policy Act compliance, 139
role of, 6, 14, 18, 23, 30, 63, 109, 110, 136, 140, 143, 148-149
in transition to standardized assessment, 16, 156
C
Change processes
black grama grassland to desert shrubland, 32-33
boundary identification, 7-8, 36-37
climax community concept, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 63, 66-67, 75-76, 77, 80-81, 86, 88, 89
ecological status evaluation, 80-81
episodic events, 42
initial conditions in determining, 91
irreversibility, 8, 37, 38, 39, 42-43, 47
models of, 46-47, 127-128
monitoring system for, 14, 153
multifactorial model 92-93
perennial grassland to woody vegetation, 39, 44-45
perennial to annual grassland, 40-41
range condition evaluation, 75-80
recovery mechanism activities, 42, 120-121
recovery mechanism indicators, 11
soil degradation, 93, 97, 98-99
succession-retrogression model, 61-62, 75-76, 89-92
succession stages model, 38-39, 42, 59-61, 86-88
trend identification, 26, 81-82, 96
See also Threshold of rangeland health
Clean Water Act, 139
Climatic conditions
in climax community development, 59, 60
in defining range sites, 67
in ecosystem change, 38, 42
extreme environments, 49-50
extreme events, 42
in grazing effects, 38
monitoring of, 48
Climax community
in current assessment practices, 63, 75-76, 77, 80-81
as management goal, 94
objections to, in assessment, 83-84, 86, 88, 127
in rangeland assessment, 59-62
in site classification, 66-67
site comparisons, 89
theoretical development, 58-59
D
Data collection
area sampling technique, 147
Bureau of Land Management, 148-149, 150
development of, for rangeland assessment, 58-63
General Accounting Office, 150
independent review of, 15-16, 154-155
legislatively-mandated efforts, 138-146
National Resources Inventory, 147-148
needs, 3, 26, 27-28
nutrient cycling indicators, 118-119
sampling system, 13-14, 153
social values in decisions regarding, 3-4, 29
soil condition surveys, 110
in transition to standardized assessment, 14-16
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Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands
USFS, 149-150
See also Inventorying/monitoring
Department of Agriculture, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 119, 123, 127, 128, 134, 135-136, 142, 152, 153
Department of the Interior, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 119, 123, 127, 128, 152, 153
Desert shrubland, grassland transition to, 32-33
Diversity, 1, 18
E
Early warning line, 8, 37, 43-46
Ecological integrity, 35
Ecological site, 74, 84
See also Site classification
Ecological status assessment, 2, 13, 16, 26, 31, 63, 80-81
See also Assessment methodology
Endangered species, 19
Endangered Species Act, 139
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), 13, 30, 142 , 152
Environmental Protection Agency, 13, 26, 30, 142, 152, 153
Erosion
current trends, 24-25
data collection, 15-16, 154
deposition processes, 108
pedestaling, 104, 108
as rangeland health criterion, 97-98, 132
rills and gullies in assessing, 24, 104, 105
sheet and scour, 24, 104, 105-108
in soil degradation process, 8-9, 39, 98-99, 102-103
as soil stability indicator, 9, 104-105
in transition from perennial to annual grassland, 40, 41
F
Federal Land Policy and Management Act, 23, 143
Field evaluation, 129-132
Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act, 140-141
Forest Service, U.S., 22, 143, 156
assessment practices, 13, 15, 31, 61-62, 63, 66, 74, 80-81, 85, 87 , 154
current rangeland assessments, 24-25
in development of assessment theory, 51, 135-136
inventorying and monitoring activities of, 36, 43, 144-145, 146
role of, 6, 14, 18, 30, 63, 109, 110, 140, 144, 149-150
in transition to standardized assessment, 16, 156
G
General Accounting Office, 25, 150
Grasslands
transition from perennial to annual, 40-41
transition to woody vegetation, 39, 44-45
Grazing, 12
climatic factors in effects of, 38
controversy, 30-31
extent of, on rangelands, 19-20
historic development, 20-22, 51
legislation, 136, 139, 145-146
in range condition assessment, 76
in soil degradation, 100-101
in transition from grassland to woody vegetation, 39, 44-45
in transition from perennial to annual grassland, 40-41
I
Idaho, 88-89, 90-91
Inventorying / monitoring
current practice, 146-151
development of, 51-58, 134-138
early warning line in, 43-46
role of, 5-6, 36, 48-49
See also National inventorying and monitoring system
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J
Jornada Experimental Range, 32-33
L
Legislation
environmental, 23, 138-139
inventorying/monitoring, 146
national resource management, 140-146
rangeland management 22-23, 136, 139, 145-146
M
Mesquite, 32-33, 44-45
Minimum data set, 12, 13
Minimum ecological standard, 5, 95, 96
Models
erosion, 9, 104-105
research needs, 9, 11, 127-128
succession-retrogression, 90-92
Multifactorial assessment, 8, 15-16, 92-93, 154
Multiple use, 94
Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act, 23
N
National Environmental Policy Act, 138-139
National Forest Management Act, 144-145
National inventorying and monitoring system
implementation of, 14, 152
minimum data set, 12, 13
role of, 12, 146, 151-152
sampling system, 13-14, 153
standards for, 12-13, 151, 152
transition to, 14-16, 153-156
See also Inventorying/monitoring
National Range Handbook,63, 66, 94
National Resources Inventory, 13, 15, 24, 26, 142, 147
National Wildlife Federation, 150
Natural Resources Defense Council, 150
Nevada, 87-88
Non-native species, 74, 84
Nutrient cycling
in assessing rangeland health boundaries, 125-126
effectiveness in, 112-115
energy flow and, 9-10, 115-117
plant community structure in measurement of, 118-119
as rangeland health criterion, 8, 9-10, 98, 117-119
research needs, 11, 119-120
soil degradation and, 100
O
Ownership of rangelands, 1, 18
federal lands, 18-19, 22-23, 148-149
historical development, 135
nonfederal lands, 18, 21, 147-148
recreational use fees, 21
P
Perennial grassland
transition to annual grassland, 40-41
transition to woody shrubland, 44-45
Plant biology
age-class distribution, 11, 120-121
in assessment of range condition, 75-77, 83-84, 87-88
climax community concept, 7, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 66-67, 75-76, 80-81, 89
community structure, 118-119
distribution as health indicator, 119
in early assessment methodology, 57-58, 59-61
in ecosystem sustainability, 34
energy flow, 9-10, 115-117
in multifactorial approach to assessment, 15, 92-93, 154
non-successional model, 90-91
nutrient cycling, 9-10, 112-115
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plant vigor, 11, 96, 121-122
rainfall in threshold changes of, 42
in rangeland change states, 36-37, 38-39, 46-47
rangeland diversity, 18-19
in rangeland management goals, 94-95
recovery mechanism assessments, 11, 120-121
seed development, 11, 42, 96, 122
in site classification, 66-69, 74-75, 84-85
soil degradation effects on, 100, 129
succession-retrogression model, 61-62, 75-76, 89-92
successional stage model, 59-61, 86-89
topography as factor in, 69-74
transition from grassland to woody vegetation, 39, 44-45
transition from perennial to annual grassland, 40-41
Potential natural community, 66, 74-75, 80-81, 83-84, 86, 88
See also Climax community
Primary succession, 38
Productivity of rangelands, 1, 19-21, 28, 29-30, 48-49, 95-96
Public Land Law Review Commission, 138
Public Rangelands Improvement Act, 145-146
R
Rainfall
pathways, 101-102
in threshold change, 42
in transition from grassland to woody shrubland, 44-45
Range condition assessment, 2, 13, 16, 26, 31, 63, 75-80
See also Assessment methodology,
Range site, 66, 84
See also Site classification
Rangeland diversity, 18-19
Rangeland health
boundaries of, 7-8, 36-38, 123-127
categories of, 6, 35-36
concern for, historical development of, 21-23, 27, 30-31
criteria, 8-11, 97-98, 132
current conditions, 24-26, 28
definition, 4-5, 34-35, 48
in extreme environments, 49-50
human interactions and, 20-22
nutrient cycling in, 8, 9-10, 97-98, 115, 117-119
nutrient distribution in, 119-120, 125-126
plant community characteristics, 121-122
plant distribution as indicator of, 119, 120, 121
in rangeland management, 5, 16-17, 47-50, 95-96
recent legislation, 138-146
recovery mechanisms, 8, 10-11, 42, 98, 120-121, 123
resource value rating, 94-96
responsibility for assessment of, 4, 63
role of assessment, 3-4, 5-6, 12, 16-17, 27-28, 29-30, 35, 47-49
role of watersheds in, 20
sampling system, 13-14, 153
soil properties and, 11-12, 128-129
soil surface indicators in, 9, 14-15, 99, 104-108, 153-154
stage of succession in, 86-88, 90-92
standards for, 4-5, 30-34
terminology, 1, 63-66, 75, 87
threats to, 1, 28, 30
trends, 24, 26, 81-82, 96
see also Assessment methodology
Rangeland management
federal, 22-23
goals, 16-17, 94-95
legislation, 145-146
minimum standard for, 5, 47-48, 95-96
public concern over, 27, 30-31
rangeland health in, 5, 16-17, 47-50, 95-96
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responsibility for, 18, 31, 63
uses of rangeland, 19-21
watershed management, 20
Recovery mechanisms
assessment criteria, 120-121, 123
as criteria of rangeland health, 8, 97-98
research needs, 11, 123, 133
role of, 10-11, 120
seeding, 42
Recreational value of rangelands, 19, 21
Research needs
data collection, 3, 26, 27-28
models of rangeland change, 11, 127-128
nutrient cycling, 11, 119-120, 133
recovery mechanism indicators, 11, 123, 133
sampling system, 13
soil properties in rangeland health, 11-12, 128-129
soil surface assessment, 14-15, 108-109, 132-133
soil surveys, 110
Resource value rating, 94-96
Resources Conservation Act, 15, 23, 154
Resources Planning Act, 15, 23, 140, 149, 154
Rio Grande Plains, 44-45
Riparian areas
current status, 25-26
definition, 18-19
S
Sampling systems, 13-14, 147, 153
SCS. See Soil Conservation Service
Secondary succession, 38-39
Site classification
alternatives to, 84-85
methodology, 13, 66-75
problems in current practices, 82-84
sampling systems, 13-14, 147, 153
Site comparison, 88-89
Social values, 3-4, 29
Society for Range Management, 24, 26, 48, 62, 84, 94-95, 99, 150
Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act, 23, 141-142, 147
Soil conditions
A-horizon, 105
in assessing rangeland health boundaries, 37, 123-124
as criteria of rangeland health, 4-5, 6, 8-9, 34-35, 97-98, 132
current assessment of, 24-25
in identifying trends, 81-82
linked to stage of succession, 86-87
in multifactorial approach to assessment, 15-16, 92-93, 154-155
in rangeland health, research needed in, 11-12, 128-129
in site classification, 66, 67-69, 85
soil stability, 8-9, 82, 97-98, 103-105, 123-124, 132
soil surface assessment, 9, 14-15, 99, 104-105, 108-109, 132-133, 153-154
survey needs, 110
topography, 69-74
See also Erosion;
Soil degradation
Soil Conservation Service, 156
assessment practices, 13, 15, 31, 61-62, 63, 66, 74, 75-80, 85, 154
current rangeland assessments, 24-25
inventorying and monitoring activities of, 36, 43, 141, 146, 147
role of, 6, 14, 18, 23, 30, 63, 109, 110, 136-137, 140
in transition to standardized assessment, 16, 156
Soil degradation
cause of, 30
effects of, 8-9, 39, 99-100
environmental factors in, 100-101
processes, 93, 98-99
watershed function and, 101-103
Soil tolerance level, 24
Soil-vegetation inventory method, 143-144
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South African grassveld, 40-41
Succession-retrogression model, 61-62, 75-76
limitations of, 89-91
modifications needed, 91-92
Succession stages of rangelands, 38-39, 59-62
alternative models, need for, 127-128
environmental determinants, 42
objections to model, 83-84, 86-89
Sustainability
in definition of rangeland health, 4-5, 34-35
determinants of, 29-30
T
Taylor Grazing Act, 22, 23, 136
Threshold of rangeland health
assessing nutrient distribution in, 125-126
assessing recovery mechanisms in, 126
climatic conditions in, 42
definition, 8, 37-38, 42
destructive change processes, 39
difficulty of crossing, 42-43
grass to woody vegetation, 39
modeling of, 11, 127-128
monitoring of, 43-46
soil conditions as indicators of, 99
stable to degraded soil, 39
in succession-retrogression models, 91-92
See also Boundaries of healthy/unhealthy ecosystems
Topography, in site classification, 69-74
U
Unhealthy rangeland
definition, 6, 36
identifying boundaries of, 7-8, 36-38, 123
naturally-occurring, 49-50
nutrient distribution in, 125-126
recovery mechanisms in, 126
soil stability/watershed function in, 124, 132
USFS. See Forest Service, U.S.
Utah, 50, 67, 77-80
W
Watershed function
in assessing rangeland health boundaries, 123-124
indicators of, 9, 103-104
as rangeland health criterion, 8-9, 97-98, 132
in rangelands, 20
soil degradation and, 101-103
Wilderness Act of 1964, 138
Wildlife management, 18, 19, 20
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Recent Publications of The Board On Agriculture
Policy and Resources
Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture (1993), 510 pp., ISBN 0-309-04933-4
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies (1993), 450 pp., ISBN 0-309-04430-8
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993), 408 pp., ISBN 0-309-04875-3
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Livestock (1993), 294 pp., ISBN 0-309-04394-8
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993), 720 pp., ISBN 0-309-04749-8
Agriculture and the Undergraduate: Proceedings (1992), 296 pp., ISBN 0-309-04682-3
Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992), 320 pp., ISBN 0-309-04528-2
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees (1991), 244 pp., ISBN 0-309-04034-5
Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991), 198 pp., ISBN 0-309-04390-5
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field: A Proceedings (1991), 448 pp., ISBN 0-309-04578-9
Toward Sustainability: A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (1991), 164 pp., ISBN 0-309-04540-1
Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04127-9
Alternative Agriculture (1989), 464 pp., ISBN 0-309-03985-1
Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988), 80 pp., ISBN 0-309-03936-3
Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988), 394 pp., ISBN 0-309-03798-0; ISBN 0-309-03795-6 (pbk)
Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987), 224 pp., ISBN 0-309-03745-X
Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987), 288 pp., ISBN 0-309-03746-8
Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986), 480 pp., ISBN 0-309-03627-5
Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986), 136 pp., ISBN 0-309-03676-3
Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986), 134 pp., ISBN 0-309-03649-9; Volume 2 (1986), 314 pp., ISBN 0-309-03675-5
New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities (1985), 122 pp., ISBN 0-309-03542-2
Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03434-5
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Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands
Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles
Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993), 108 pp., ISBN 0-309-04891-5
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-03989-4; diskette included
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (1989), 168 pp., ISBN 0-309-03826-X; diskette included
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Revised Edition (1988), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03779-4
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-03728-X
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Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986), 87 pp., ISBN 0-309-03682-8
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985), 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985), 106 pp., ISBN 0-309-03596-1
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition (1984), 90 pp., ISBN 0-309-03447-7
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Eighth Revised Edition (1984), 71 pp., ISBN 0-309-03486-8
Further information, additional titles (prior to 1984), and prices are available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418, 202/334-3313 (information only); 800/624-6242 (orders only); 202/334-2451 (fax).
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