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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×

Index

A

A-Horizon, 105

Adaptation, ecosystem

elements of, 7

vs. succession, 90-91

Area sampling, 147

Assessment methodology

classification of rangeland condition, 75-81

climax community concept, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 63, 66-67, 75-76, 77, 80-81, 86, 88, 89, 127

current practices for rangelands, 2-3, 27-28, 62-63, 123

defining ecosystem health, 4-5, 34-35

developments in, 51-58, 145

elements of, 6-11

evaluation process, 8, 29, 97-98, 126-127

field evaluation, 129-132

implementing standardized program, 14-16, 132-133, 153-156

multiple ecological indicators, 8, 15-16, 92-93, 154

national inventorying and monitoring system, 12-14, 151-152

National Resources Inventor, 147-148

need for consistency in, 4, 13, 34, 85

problems in current practice, 3, 4, 11, 12, 26-27, 30-34, 82-91, 119-120

site classification, 13, 66-75, 84-85

site comparisons, 88-89

social values implicit in, 3-4, 29

soil-vegetation inventory, 143-144

successional stage model, 59-62, 75-76, 86-92

three-phase matrix, 129

trend and apparent trend, 26, 81-82, 96

At-risk rangeland

definition, 6, 36

early warning of transition to, 43-46, 48

identifying boundaries of, 7-8, 36-38, 123

nutrient distribution in, 125

recovery mechanisms in, 126

soil stability in, 124

B

Black grama grassland, 32-33

BLM. See Bureau of Land Management

Boundaries of healthy/unhealthy ecosystems

defining, 7-8, 36-38, 132

health criteria in identifying, 123

nutrient distribution in assessment of, 119-120, 125-126

soil conditions in assessment of, 123-124

   

Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×

See also Threshold of rangeland health

Bureau of the Census, 135

Bureau of Land Management, 58, 138, 156

assessment practices, 13, 15, 31, 61-62, 63, 66, 74-75, 80-81, 85, 87, 104, 143-144, 154

current rangeland assessments, 24-25

inventorying and monitoring activities of, 36, 43, 146

National Environmental Policy Act compliance, 139

role of, 6, 14, 18, 23, 30, 63, 109, 110, 136, 140, 143, 148-149

in transition to standardized assessment, 16, 156

C

Change processes

black grama grassland to desert shrubland, 32-33

boundary identification, 7-8, 36-37

climax community concept, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 63, 66-67, 75-76, 77, 80-81, 86, 88, 89

ecological status evaluation, 80-81

episodic events, 42

initial conditions in determining, 91

irreversibility, 8, 37, 38, 39, 42-43, 47

models of, 46-47, 127-128

monitoring system for, 14, 153

multifactorial model 92-93

perennial grassland to woody vegetation, 39, 44-45

perennial to annual grassland, 40-41

range condition evaluation, 75-80

recovery mechanism activities, 42, 120-121

recovery mechanism indicators, 11

soil degradation, 93, 97, 98-99

succession-retrogression model, 61-62, 75-76, 89-92

succession stages model, 38-39, 42, 59-61, 86-88

trend identification, 26, 81-82, 96

See also Threshold of rangeland health

Clean Water Act, 139

Climatic conditions

in climax community development, 59, 60

in defining range sites, 67

in ecosystem change, 38, 42

extreme environments, 49-50

extreme events, 42

in grazing effects, 38

monitoring of, 48

Climax community

in current assessment practices, 63, 75-76, 77, 80-81

as management goal, 94

objections to, in assessment, 83-84, 86, 88, 127

in rangeland assessment, 59-62

in site classification, 66-67

site comparisons, 89

theoretical development, 58-59

D

Data collection

area sampling technique, 147

Bureau of Land Management, 148-149, 150

development of, for rangeland assessment, 58-63

General Accounting Office, 150

independent review of, 15-16, 154-155

legislatively-mandated efforts, 138-146

National Resources Inventory, 147-148

needs, 3, 26, 27-28

nutrient cycling indicators, 118-119

sampling system, 13-14, 153

social values in decisions regarding, 3-4, 29

soil condition surveys, 110

in transition to standardized assessment, 14-16

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×

USFS, 149-150

See also Inventorying/monitoring

Department of Agriculture, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 119, 123, 127, 128, 134, 135-136, 142, 152, 153

Department of the Interior, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 119, 123, 127, 128, 152, 153

Desert shrubland, grassland transition to, 32-33

Diversity, 1, 18

E

Early warning line, 8, 37, 43-46

Ecological integrity, 35

Ecological site, 74, 84

See also Site classification

Ecological status assessment, 2, 13, 16, 26, 31, 63, 80-81

See also Assessment methodology

Endangered species, 19

Endangered Species Act, 139

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), 13, 30, 142 , 152

Environmental Protection Agency, 13, 26, 30, 142, 152, 153

Erosion

current trends, 24-25

data collection, 15-16, 154

deposition processes, 108

pedestaling, 104, 108

as rangeland health criterion, 97-98, 132

rills and gullies in assessing, 24, 104, 105

sheet and scour, 24, 104, 105-108

in soil degradation process, 8-9, 39, 98-99, 102-103

as soil stability indicator, 9, 104-105

in transition from perennial to annual grassland, 40, 41

F

Federal Land Policy and Management Act, 23, 143

Field evaluation, 129-132

Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act, 140-141

Forest Service, U.S., 22, 143, 156

assessment practices, 13, 15, 31, 61-62, 63, 66, 74, 80-81, 85, 87 , 154

current rangeland assessments, 24-25

in development of assessment theory, 51, 135-136

inventorying and monitoring activities of, 36, 43, 144-145, 146

role of, 6, 14, 18, 30, 63, 109, 110, 140, 144, 149-150

in transition to standardized assessment, 16, 156

G

General Accounting Office, 25, 150

Grasslands

transition from perennial to annual, 40-41

transition to woody vegetation, 39, 44-45

Grazing, 12

climatic factors in effects of, 38

controversy, 30-31

extent of, on rangelands, 19-20

historic development, 20-22, 51

legislation, 136, 139, 145-146

in range condition assessment, 76

in soil degradation, 100-101

in transition from grassland to woody vegetation, 39, 44-45

in transition from perennial to annual grassland, 40-41

I

Idaho, 88-89, 90-91

Inventorying / monitoring

current practice, 146-151

development of, 51-58, 134-138

early warning line in, 43-46

role of, 5-6, 36, 48-49

See also National inventorying and monitoring system

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×

J

Jornada Experimental Range, 32-33

L

Legislation

environmental, 23, 138-139

inventorying/monitoring, 146

national resource management, 140-146

rangeland management 22-23, 136, 139, 145-146

M

Mesquite, 32-33, 44-45

Minimum data set, 12, 13

Minimum ecological standard, 5, 95, 96

Models

erosion, 9, 104-105

research needs, 9, 11, 127-128

succession-retrogression, 90-92

Multifactorial assessment, 8, 15-16, 92-93, 154

Multiple use, 94

Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act, 23

N

National Environmental Policy Act, 138-139

National Forest Management Act, 144-145

National inventorying and monitoring system

implementation of, 14, 152

minimum data set, 12, 13

role of, 12, 146, 151-152

sampling system, 13-14, 153

standards for, 12-13, 151, 152

transition to, 14-16, 153-156

See also Inventorying/monitoring

National Range Handbook,63, 66, 94

National Resources Inventory, 13, 15, 24, 26, 142, 147

National Wildlife Federation, 150

Natural Resources Defense Council, 150

Nevada, 87-88

Non-native species, 74, 84

Nutrient cycling

in assessing rangeland health boundaries, 125-126

effectiveness in, 112-115

energy flow and, 9-10, 115-117

plant community structure in measurement of, 118-119

as rangeland health criterion, 8, 9-10, 98, 117-119

research needs, 11, 119-120

soil degradation and, 100

O

Ownership of rangelands, 1, 18

federal lands, 18-19, 22-23, 148-149

historical development, 135

nonfederal lands, 18, 21, 147-148

recreational use fees, 21

P

Perennial grassland

transition to annual grassland, 40-41

transition to woody shrubland, 44-45

Plant biology

age-class distribution, 11, 120-121

in assessment of range condition, 75-77, 83-84, 87-88

climax community concept, 7, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 66-67, 75-76, 80-81, 89

community structure, 118-119

distribution as health indicator, 119

in early assessment methodology, 57-58, 59-61

in ecosystem sustainability, 34

energy flow, 9-10, 115-117

in multifactorial approach to assessment, 15, 92-93, 154

non-successional model, 90-91

nutrient cycling, 9-10, 112-115

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×

plant vigor, 11, 96, 121-122

rainfall in threshold changes of, 42

in rangeland change states, 36-37, 38-39, 46-47

rangeland diversity, 18-19

in rangeland management goals, 94-95

recovery mechanism assessments, 11, 120-121

seed development, 11, 42, 96, 122

in site classification, 66-69, 74-75, 84-85

soil degradation effects on, 100, 129

succession-retrogression model, 61-62, 75-76, 89-92

successional stage model, 59-61, 86-89

topography as factor in, 69-74

transition from grassland to woody vegetation, 39, 44-45

transition from perennial to annual grassland, 40-41

Potential natural community, 66, 74-75, 80-81, 83-84, 86, 88

See also Climax community

Primary succession, 38

Productivity of rangelands, 1, 19-21, 28, 29-30, 48-49, 95-96

Public Land Law Review Commission, 138

Public Rangelands Improvement Act, 145-146

R

Rainfall

pathways, 101-102

in threshold change, 42

in transition from grassland to woody shrubland, 44-45

Range condition assessment, 2, 13, 16, 26, 31, 63, 75-80

See also Assessment methodology,

Range site, 66, 84

See also Site classification

Rangeland diversity, 18-19

Rangeland health

boundaries of, 7-8, 36-38, 123-127

categories of, 6, 35-36

concern for, historical development of, 21-23, 27, 30-31

criteria, 8-11, 97-98, 132

current conditions, 24-26, 28

definition, 4-5, 34-35, 48

in extreme environments, 49-50

human interactions and, 20-22

nutrient cycling in, 8, 9-10, 97-98, 115, 117-119

nutrient distribution in, 119-120, 125-126

plant community characteristics, 121-122

plant distribution as indicator of, 119, 120, 121

in rangeland management, 5, 16-17, 47-50, 95-96

recent legislation, 138-146

recovery mechanisms, 8, 10-11, 42, 98, 120-121, 123

resource value rating, 94-96

responsibility for assessment of, 4, 63

role of assessment, 3-4, 5-6, 12, 16-17, 27-28, 29-30, 35, 47-49

role of watersheds in, 20

sampling system, 13-14, 153

soil properties and, 11-12, 128-129

soil surface indicators in, 9, 14-15, 99, 104-108, 153-154

stage of succession in, 86-88, 90-92

standards for, 4-5, 30-34

terminology, 1, 63-66, 75, 87

threats to, 1, 28, 30

trends, 24, 26, 81-82, 96

see also Assessment methodology

Rangeland management

federal, 22-23

goals, 16-17, 94-95

legislation, 145-146

minimum standard for, 5, 47-48, 95-96

public concern over, 27, 30-31

rangeland health in, 5, 16-17, 47-50, 95-96

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×

responsibility for, 18, 31, 63

uses of rangeland, 19-21

watershed management, 20

Recovery mechanisms

assessment criteria, 120-121, 123

as criteria of rangeland health, 8, 97-98

research needs, 11, 123, 133

role of, 10-11, 120

seeding, 42

Recreational value of rangelands, 19, 21

Research needs

data collection, 3, 26, 27-28

models of rangeland change, 11, 127-128

nutrient cycling, 11, 119-120, 133

recovery mechanism indicators, 11, 123, 133

sampling system, 13

soil properties in rangeland health, 11-12, 128-129

soil surface assessment, 14-15, 108-109, 132-133

soil surveys, 110

Resource value rating, 94-96

Resources Conservation Act, 15, 23, 154

Resources Planning Act, 15, 23, 140, 149, 154

Rio Grande Plains, 44-45

Riparian areas

current status, 25-26

definition, 18-19

S

Sampling systems, 13-14, 147, 153

SCS. See Soil Conservation Service

Secondary succession, 38-39

Site classification

alternatives to, 84-85

methodology, 13, 66-75

problems in current practices, 82-84

sampling systems, 13-14, 147, 153

Site comparison, 88-89

Social values, 3-4, 29

Society for Range Management, 24, 26, 48, 62, 84, 94-95, 99, 150

Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act, 23, 141-142, 147

Soil conditions

A-horizon, 105

in assessing rangeland health boundaries, 37, 123-124

as criteria of rangeland health, 4-5, 6, 8-9, 34-35, 97-98, 132

current assessment of, 24-25

in identifying trends, 81-82

linked to stage of succession, 86-87

in multifactorial approach to assessment, 15-16, 92-93, 154-155

in rangeland health, research needed in, 11-12, 128-129

in site classification, 66, 67-69, 85

soil stability, 8-9, 82, 97-98, 103-105, 123-124, 132

soil surface assessment, 9, 14-15, 99, 104-105, 108-109, 132-133, 153-154

survey needs, 110

topography, 69-74

See also Erosion;

Soil degradation

Soil Conservation Service, 156

assessment practices, 13, 15, 31, 61-62, 63, 66, 74, 75-80, 85, 154

current rangeland assessments, 24-25

inventorying and monitoring activities of, 36, 43, 141, 146, 147

role of, 6, 14, 18, 23, 30, 63, 109, 110, 136-137, 140

in transition to standardized assessment, 16, 156

Soil degradation

cause of, 30

effects of, 8-9, 39, 99-100

environmental factors in, 100-101

processes, 93, 98-99

watershed function and, 101-103

Soil tolerance level, 24

Soil-vegetation inventory method, 143-144

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×

South African grassveld, 40-41

Succession-retrogression model, 61-62, 75-76

limitations of, 89-91

modifications needed, 91-92

Succession stages of rangelands, 38-39, 59-62

alternative models, need for, 127-128

environmental determinants, 42

objections to model, 83-84, 86-89

Sustainability

in definition of rangeland health, 4-5, 34-35

determinants of, 29-30

T

Taylor Grazing Act, 22, 23, 136

Threshold of rangeland health

assessing nutrient distribution in, 125-126

assessing recovery mechanisms in, 126

climatic conditions in, 42

definition, 8, 37-38, 42

destructive change processes, 39

difficulty of crossing, 42-43

grass to woody vegetation, 39

modeling of, 11, 127-128

monitoring of, 43-46

soil conditions as indicators of, 99

stable to degraded soil, 39

in succession-retrogression models, 91-92

See also Boundaries of healthy/unhealthy ecosystems

Topography, in site classification, 69-74

U

Unhealthy rangeland

definition, 6, 36

identifying boundaries of, 7-8, 36-38, 123

naturally-occurring, 49-50

nutrient distribution in, 125-126

recovery mechanisms in, 126

soil stability/watershed function in, 124, 132

USFS. See Forest Service, U.S.

Utah, 50, 67, 77-80

W

Watershed function

in assessing rangeland health boundaries, 123-124

indicators of, 9, 103-104

as rangeland health criterion, 8-9, 97-98, 132

in rangelands, 20

soil degradation and, 101-103

Wilderness Act of 1964, 138

Wildlife management, 18, 19, 20

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×

Recent Publications of The Board On Agriculture

Policy and Resources

Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture (1993), 510 pp., ISBN 0-309-04933-4

Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies (1993), 450 pp., ISBN 0-309-04430-8

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993), 408 pp., ISBN 0-309-04875-3

Managing Global Genetic Resources: Livestock (1993), 294 pp., ISBN 0-309-04394-8

Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993), 720 pp., ISBN 0-309-04749-8

Agriculture and the Undergraduate: Proceedings (1992), 296 pp., ISBN 0-309-04682-3

Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992), 320 pp., ISBN 0-309-04528-2

Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees (1991), 244 pp., ISBN 0-309-04034-5

Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991), 198 pp., ISBN 0-309-04390-5

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field: A Proceedings (1991), 448 pp., ISBN 0-309-04578-9

Toward Sustainability: A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (1991), 164 pp., ISBN 0-309-04540-1

Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04127-9

Alternative Agriculture (1989), 464 pp., ISBN 0-309-03985-1

Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988), 80 pp., ISBN 0-309-03936-3

Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988), 394 pp., ISBN 0-309-03798-0; ISBN 0-309-03795-6 (pbk)

Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987), 224 pp., ISBN 0-309-03745-X

Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987), 288 pp., ISBN 0-309-03746-8

Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986), 480 pp., ISBN 0-309-03627-5

Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986), 136 pp., ISBN 0-309-03676-3

Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986), 134 pp., ISBN 0-309-03649-9; Volume 2 (1986), 314 pp., ISBN 0-309-03675-5

New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities (1985), 122 pp., ISBN 0-309-03542-2

Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03434-5

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×

Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles

Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993), 108 pp., ISBN 0-309-04891-5

Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-03989-4; diskette included

Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (1989), 168 pp., ISBN 0-309-03826-X; diskette included

Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Revised Edition (1988), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03779-4

Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-03728-X

Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1986), 95 pp., ISBN 0-309-03695-X

Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986), 87 pp., ISBN 0-309-03682-8

Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985), 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5

Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985), 106 pp., ISBN 0-309-03596-1

Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition (1984), 90 pp., ISBN 0-309-03447-7

Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Eighth Revised Edition (1984), 71 pp., ISBN 0-309-03486-8

Further information, additional titles (prior to 1984), and prices are available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418, 202/334-3313 (information only); 800/624-6242 (orders only); 202/334-2451 (fax).

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
×
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2212.
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Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands Get This Book
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Rangelands comprise between 40 and 50 percent of all U.S. land and serve the nation both as productive areas for wildlife, recreational use, and livestock grazing and as watersheds. The health and management of rangelands have been matters for scientific inquiry and public debate since the 1880s, when reports of widespread range degradation and livestock losses led to the first attempts to inventory and classify rangelands.

Scientists are now questioning the utility of current methods of rangeland classification and inventory, as well as the data available to determine whether rangelands are being degraded. These experts, who are using the same methods and data, have come to different conclusions.

This book examines the scientific basis of methods used by federal agencies to inventory, classify, and monitor rangelands; it assesses the success of these methods; and it recommends improvements. The book's findings and recommendations are of interest to the public; scientists; ranchers; and local, state, and federal policymakers.

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