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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 1993. Alternative Technologies for the Destruction of Chemical Agents and Munitions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2218.
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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 292 References and Bibliography Adams, H.W. 1990. Processes for Destruction of Toxic Organic Chemicals and the Resultant Inert Polymer By-Product. U.S. Patent 4,921,936 (May 1). Anderson, R.S., H.D. Durst, and W.G. Landis. 1988. Organofluorophosphatehydrolyzing activity in an estuarine clam Rangia cuneata. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 91:575-578. Aune, J.A. 1991. Cost-Efficient Solutions To Solid Waste Treatment Through Metals Recovery Combined With Ultimate Thermal Destruction. Oslo, Norway: Elkem Technology. Attaway, H., J.O. Nelson, A.M. Baya, M.J. Voll, W.E. White, D.J. Grimes, and R.R. Colwell. 1987. Bacterial detoxification of diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1685-1689. Barner, H.E., C.Y. Huang, T. Johnson, G. Jacobs, M.A. Martech, and W.R. Killilea. 1991. Supercritical water oxidation: an emerging technology. Presented at ACHEME, June 9, 1991. J. Haz. Mat. In press. Baronian, C. 1992a. Information sent to Dr. John P. Longwell, Chairman (August 7). Letter. See Appendix C. Baronian, C. 1992b. Presentation to the National Research Council's Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Washington, D.C., October 9, 1992. Baronian, C., and P.E. Wojciechowski. 1992. Presentation to the committee at its meeting, Washington, D.C., March 9-10, 1992.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 293 Barrass, R.C. 1992. Information sent to Dr. Matthew Meselson, committee member (December 3). Letter. Bartlett, P.D., and C.G. Swain. 1949. Kinetics of hydrolysis and displacement reactions of β, β'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard gas) and of β- chloro-β'-hydroxydiethyl sulfide (mustard chlorohydrin). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71:1406-1415. Beaudry, W.T., J.H. Buchanan, D.K. Rohrbaugh, J.B. Samuel, L.L. Szafraniec, and J.R. Ward. 1992. Analysis of Decontaminated Solutions of G Agents to Detect Reformation of Agent. Report from the Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center (CRDEC), Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Berkey, E., and J. Hendricks. 1992. The Adams Process for conversion to a sulfur polymer. Presentation at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Information also available from Chemloop, L.P., Applied Research Center, University of Pittsburgh. Bronson, R. 1992. Personal communication with Mr. Gene H. Dyer, committee member. Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Chicago. Broomfield, C.A., J.S. Little, D.E. Lenz, and R. Ray. 1989. Organophosphorus acid anhydride hydrolases that lack chiral specificity. Pp. 79-89 in Enzymes Hydrolyzing Organophosphorus Compounds, E. Reiner, W.N. Aldridge, and F.C.G. Hoskin, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Elllis Horwood Ltd. Buckingham, J., ed. 1982. Dictionary of Organic Compounds. 5th ed. Vol. 2:2381. London: Chapman and Hall. Caldwell, S.R., and F.M. Raushel. 1991. Detoxification of organophosphate pesticides using a nylon based immobilized phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 31:59-73. Chettur, G., J.J. DeFrank, B.J. Gallo, F.C.G. Soskin, S. Mainer, F.M. Robbins, K.E. Steinmann, and J.E. Walker. 1988. Soman-hydrolyzing and-detoxifying properties of an enzyme from a thermophilic bacterium. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 11:373-380. Coale, E., and S. DePew. 1992. Presentation at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 294 Compton, J.A.F. 1987. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, N.J.: Telford. Conference on Disarmament. 1981. CD/173, Geneva (April 3). Conference on Disarmament. 1991. CD/CW/WP.367, Geneva (October 7). Conference on Disarmament. 1992. CD/CW/WP.374, Geneva. Cooper, J.F. 1992. Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agents by Oxidation Using Catalyzed Peroxydisulfate and Peroxide in a Closed System. Technical Memorandum. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. (December 21). Copa, W.M. 1992. Personal communication. Zimpro, Inc. Rothschild, Wisc. Copa, W.M., and W.B. Gitchel. 1989. Wet oxidation. Pp. 8.77-8.90 in Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, H.M. Freeman, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Copa, W.M., and R.W. Lehmann. 1992. Wet-air oxidation for the destruction of chemical agents. Presentation at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Crosby, D.G. 1990. Applications of photocatalysis to pesticide residues in the field. Paper presented to Symposium on Advanced Oxidation Processes, Toronto, June 4-5, 1990. Dave, K.L., C.F. Miller, and J.R. Wild. 1993. Characterization of the organophosphorus hycrolases and the genetic manipulation of the phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta. Chem. Biol. Interact. In press. DeFrank, J.J. 1991. Organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors: detoxification by microbial enzymes. In IUCCP Symposium on Bioremediation and Biotechnology. Texas A&M University, Bryant College Station, Tex. DeFrank, J.J., and T.C. Cheng. 1991. Purification and properties of an organophosphorus acid anhydrase from a halophilic bacterial isolate. J. Bacteriol. 173:1938-1943. de Jong, L.P.A., C.V. Dijik, and H.P. Benschop. 1989. Stereoselective hydrolysis of soman and other chiral organophosphates by mammalian

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 295 phosphrylphosphatases. Pp. 65-78 in Enzymes Hydrolysing Organophosphorns Compounds, E. Reiner, W.N. Aldridge, and F.C.G. Hoskin, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood Ltd. Department of Defense Authorization Act 1986, Public Law No. 99-145. Statute 99, Stat.583 (1985). Dumas, D.P., S.R. Caldwell, J.R. Wild, and F.M. Raushel. 1989a. Purification and properties of the phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta . J. Biol. Chem. 33:19659-19665. Dumas, D.P., J.R. Wild, and F.M. Raushel. 1989b. Diisopropylfluorophosphate hydrolysis by a phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 11:235-243. Dumas, D.P., H.D. Durst, W.G. Landis, F.M. Raushel, and J.R. Wild. 1990. Inactivation of organophosphorus nerve agents by the phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 227:155-159. Durst, H.D. 1992. Comments at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. Durst, H.D., E.W. Sarver, H.W. Yurow, W.T. Beaudry, P.A. D'Eramo, D.M. Jackson, H. Salem, J.B. Samuel, L.L. Szafraniec, F.P. Ward, and J.R. Ward. 1988. Support for the Delisting of Cecontaminated Liquid Chemical Surety Materials as Listed Hazardous Waste from Specific Sources (State) MD02 in COMAR 10.51.02.16-1. Report CRDEC-TR-009. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army Armament Munitions Chemical Command. Ember, L.R. June 29, 1992. Army's plans for destroying chemical weapons likely to be waylaid. Chemical and Engineering News. 19-20. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1991. The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles, Fourth Edition (November). EPA/540/5-91/008. Cincinnati: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. Enzminger, J.D., D. Robertson, R.C. Ahlert, and D.S. Kosson. 1987. Treatment of Leachates/Liquids from Land Disposal Sites. J. of Haz. Mat. 14(1):83-101.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 296 Epstein, J. 1992a. Briefing presented to the committee at its workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Epstein, J. 1992b. Telephone conversations with Dr. Joseph F. Bunnett, committee member (July 11 and August 30). Epstein, J., V.E. Bauer, M. Saxe, and M.M. Demek. 1956. The chlorine-catalyzed hydrolysis of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Sarin) in aqueous solution. J. Am. Chem Soc. 78:4068-4071. Epstein, J., G.T. Davis, L. Eng, and M.M. Demek. 1977. Potential hazards associated with spray drying operations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11:70-75. Evans, M. 1993. Information supplied by the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. Aberdeen, Md. Farrauto, R. 1992. Personal communication with Dr. Henry Shaw, committee member. Engelhard, Menlo Park, Edison, N.J. Flamm, K.J., Q. Kwan, and W.B. McNulty. 1987. Chemical Agent and Munition Disposal; Summary of the U.S. Army's Experience. Report SAPEO-CDE-IS-87005. Available from Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Fossey, R.D., D.A. Summers, J.G. Blaine, and L.J. Tyler. 1991. Son of wombat (lessons learned in the development of an automated explosive removal system). Pp. 479-485 (Chapter 33) in Jet Cutting Technology: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Froelich, E.M. 1990. The perox-pureTM oxidation system: a comparative study. Presented to Symposium on Advanced Oxidation Processes, Toronto, June 4-5, 1990. Froment, D. 1993. Briefing of the Task Force on Scientific Aspects of the Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agents of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Salisbury, U.K., February 23, 1993. Frye, G.C., S.J. Martin, R.W. Cernosek, and K.B. Pfeifer. Portable acoustic wave sensor systems for on-line monitoring of volatile organics. Int. J. of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing. In press.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 297 Furlong, C.E., R.J. Richter, C. Chaplin, and J.W. Crabb. 1991. Purification of rabbit and human serum paraoxonase. Biochemistry 30:101433-10140. Galloway, T.R. 1992. Personal communication with Dr. Walter May, committee member. Galloway, T.R. 1989. Thermolytica Detoxifier Performance. Final Report, California Hazardous Waste Reduction Grant Program, Contract No. 86-T0119 A-1. California State Department of Health Services, Alternative Technology Section (August 15). Gan, K.N., A. Smolen, H.W. Eckerson, and B.N. LaDu. 1991. Purification of human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase: evidence for one esterase catalyzing both activities. Drug. Metab. Disp. 19:100-106. General Atomics. 1982. Research and Development Services for Mechanical Process Development/Laboratory Studies in Support of the Munition/Agent Process Development Program. Phase I Final Report. No. GA-A16891, GACP 23-216. Vol. I. Books 1-4. Technical Report. San Diego: General Atomics Company. Goodman, A. and A. Gilman. 1985. The Pharmacological Basis for Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gordon, M.R. September 2, 1992. Negotiators agree on accord to ban chemical weapons. New York Times. Greenhalgh, R., and M.A. Weinberger. 1967. The selective phosphylation of ethanolamine. Can. J. Chem. 45:495-500. Harkhess, D.R. 1986. Bacterial growth on aminoalkylphosphonic acids. J. Bacteriol., 92:623-627. Harvey, S.P., and J.J. DeFrank. 1992. Biodegradation of chemical warfare agents: demilitarization applications. Proceedings of the 1992 Conference on Chemical Warfare Research. In press. Hassett, C., R.J. Richter, R. Humbert, C. Chaplin, J.W. Crabb, C.J. Omiecinski, and C.E. Furlong. 1991. Characterization of cDNA encoding rabbit and human serum paraoxonase: the mature protein retains its signal sequence. Biochemistry 30:10141-10149.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 298 Hedden, D. 1992. Hydrogenation processes. Presentation at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Helling, R.K. 1986. Oxidation Kinetics of Simple Compounds in Supercritical Water: Carbon Monoxide, Ammonia and Ethanol. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Helling, R.K., and J.W. Tester. 1987. Oxidation of simple compounds and mixtures in supercritical water. Energy Fuels 1:417. Helling, R.K., and J.W. Tester. 1988. Oxidation of simple compounds and mixtures in supercritical water: carbon monoxide, ammonia and ethanol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22:1319. Hickinbottom, W.J. 1957. Reactions of Organic Compounds. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Ho, M.-D. 1992. Personal letter to Mr. Gene H. Dyer, committee member, from ProxAir, Inc. (Linde), along with a set of brochures (October 20). Hoke, R.C., H. Shaw, and A. Skopp. 1972. A regenerative limestone process for fluidized bed coal combustion and desulfurization. Presented at the Third International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, College Comer, Ohio, October 29-November 1, 1972. Holgate, H.R., and J.W. Tester. 1991. Fundamental kinetics and mechanisms of hydrogen oxidation in supercritical water. Presentation at the Second International Conference on Supercritical Fluids, Boston, May 20-22, 1992. Cambridge Science Technology. Submitted. Hoskin, F.C.G. 1990. An organophosphorus detoxifying enzyme unique to squid. Pp. 469-480 in Squid as Experimental Animals, D.L. Gilbert, W.J. Adelman, Jr., and J.M. Arnold, eds. New York: Plenum Press. Hoskin, F.C.G., and A-H. Roush. 1982. Hydrolysis of nerve gas by squid-type diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate hydrolyzing enzyme on agarose resin. Science 215:1255-1257. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1975. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. Vol. 9, Some Aziridines, N-, S-and O-Mustards and Selenium. Lyon: IARC.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 299 Irvine, R.L., and L.H. Ketchum. 1989. Sequencing batch reactions for biological wastewater treatment. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 18:255-294. Jody, B.J., G. Chettur, R.J. Dihu, M. Schurger, and R.H. Snow. 1983. Development of Chemical Processes for Chemical Demilitarization- Phase I. Report to U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency. Chicago: IIT Research Institute. Kalfadelis, C.D. 1977. An environmental assessment of 638 MWe molten carbonate fuel cell power plant. Pp. 681-688 in Proceedings of the Twelfth Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, G. Ciprios, H.H. Horowitz, and H. Shaw, eds. Vol. 1. Kaplan, D.L. 1993. Biotechnology and bioremediation for organic energetic compounds. In Organic Energetic Compounds, P. Marinkas, ed. Nova Science. In press. Kalyon, D.M. 1992. Information submitted to the committee from the Highly Filled Materials Institute, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N.J. See Appendix E. Keairns, D.L., D.F. McLaughlin, and S.V. Dighe. 1992. Westinghouse Plasma System for Chemical Demilitarization. Presentation at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Kearney, P.C., J.S. Karns, M.T. Muldoon, and J.M. Ruth. 1986. Coumaphos disposal by combined microbial and UV-ozonation reactions. Agric. Biol. Chem. 34:702-706. Landis, W.G. 1991. Distribution and nature of the aquatic organophosphorus acid anhydrases: enzymes for organophosphate detoxification. Rev. Aquatic Sci. 5:267-285. Landis, W.G., and J.J. DeFrank. 1991. Enzymatic hydrolysis of toxic organo fluorophosphate compounds. Pp. 183-201 in Biotechnology and Biodegradation: Methods and Applications in Biodegradation, D. Kamely, A. Chakrabarty, and G.S. Omenn, eds. The Woodslands, Tex.: Portfolio Publishing. Landis, W.G., D.M. Haley, M.V. Haley, D.W. Johnson, H.D. Durst, and R.E. Savage. 1987. Discovery of multiple organofluorophosphate hydrolyzing

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 300 activities in the protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila. J. Appl. Toxicol. 7:35-71. Lee, C.C. 1989. Plasma systems. Pp. 8.169-8.177 in Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, H. M. Freeman, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Leonov, G.S. 1991. Complex for the destruction of faulty chemical munitions (KUASI). Report presented to a United Nations committee on chemical demilitarization; also presented to Dr. Joseph F. Bunnett, committee member, Moscow (December). Lepore, J.V., R.C. Ahlert, and D.S. Kosson. 1990a. Migration and treatment of a dense aqueous contaminant source and plume. Haztech International Conference, Houston, May, 1990. Lepore, J.V., L.H. Turner, and D.S. Kosson. 1990b. Process development for in-situ remediation of a highly contaminated groundwater plume. J. Haz. Mat. 25:289-307. Lepore, J.V., R.C. Ahlert, and D.S. Kosson. 1991. Migration and treatment of a dense aqueous contaminant source and plume. J. Env. Sci. Health, Part A, 26(1). Lepore, J.V., R.C. Ahlert, and D.S. Kosson. 1989. Migration and treatment of a dense aqueous contaminant source and plume. American Chemical Society 199th National Meeting, Dallas, April, 1989. Lester, G. 1992. Personal communication with Dr. Henry Shaw, committee member. Allied-Signal Inc., Des Plains, Ill. Lewis, V.E., W.J. Donarski, J.R. Wild, and F.M. Raushel. 1988. The mechanism and stereochemical course at phosphorus of the reaction catalyzed by a bacterial phosphotriesterase. Biochemistry. 27:1591-1597. Liljegren, R. 1992. Personal communication with Mr. Gene H. Dyer, committee member. Brown Minneapolis Company, Minneapolis. Liota, R., and J. Santos. 1978. Fluidized-Bed Incinerator for Disposal of Propellants and Explosives. U.S Army Research and Development Command. Large Caliber Weapon Systems Laboratory. Technical Report ARLCD-TR-78032 (October). Dover, N.J.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 301 Little, J. S., C.A. Broomfield, M. K. Fox-Talbot, L. J. Boucher, B. MacIver, and D.E. Lenz. 1989. Partial characterization of an enzyme that hydrolyzes sarin, soman, tabun, and diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP). Biochem. Pharmacol. 38:23-29. Mackness, M.I., and C.H. Walker. 1981. A-esterase activity in the lipoprotein fraction of sheep serum. Biochem. Pharmacol. 30:903-906. Magee, E.M., C.E. Jahnig, and H. Shaw. 1974. Evaluation of Pollution Control in Fossil Fuel Conversion Process; Gasification; Section 1: Koppers-Totzek Process. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, PB #231,675, 53 p. (Also EPA-650/2-74-009a and EXXON/GRU.3DJ.74). Main, A.R. 1960. The differentiation of the A-esterases in sheep serum. Biochem. J. 75:188-195. Manley, R. 1992a. Briefing presented to the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Manley R. 1992b. Information sent to Mr. Donald L. Siebenaler, Senior Staff Officer, Board on Army Science and Technology, National Research Council (October 16). Letter. Martens, H. 1992. Information sent to Dr. Matthew Meselson, committee member (October 27). Letter. Matthews, S.M. 1992. Briefing to the committee on activities at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Mazur, A. 1946. An enzyme in animal tissues capable of hydrolysing the phosphorus fluorine bond of alkyl fluorophosphates. J. Biol. Chem. 164:271-289. McAndless, J. 1992a. Briefing presented at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. McAndless, J. 1992b. Information sent to Mr. Donald L. Siebenaler, Senior Staff Officer, Board on Army Science and Technology, National Research Council (October 14).

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 302 McDaniel, C.S., LL Harper, and J.R. Wild. 1988. Cloning and sequencing of a plasmid-borne gene (opd) encoding a phosphotriesterase . J. Bacteriol. 170:2306-2311. Menger, F.M., and A.R. Elrington. 1991. Organic reactivity in microemulsion systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113:9621-9624. Menke, J.L., H.M. Carlson, M.H. Flinn; S.R. MacRae, D.M. Medville, and D.J. Triplet. 1991. Evaluation of the GB Rocket Campaign: Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System Operational Verification Testing (June). MTR-91W00039. McLean, Va.: MITRE Corporation. MITRE Corporation. 1993. Preliminary Draft: Summary Evaluation of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System: Operational Verification Testing. (April 13). McLean, Va.: MITRE Corporation. MODAR, Inc. 1992. Unpublished data. Natick, Mass. Modell, M. 1985. Processing Methods for the Oxidation of Organics in Supercritical Water. U.S. Patent 4,543,190 (September 24). Modell, M. 1989. Supercritical water oxidation. Pp. 8.153-8.168 in Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Diposal, H.M. Freeman, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Moss, R.A., K.W. Alwis, and J.-S. Shin. 1984. Catalytic cleavage of active phosphate and ester substrates by iodoso-and iodoxybenzoates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:2651-2655. Mounter, L.A., R.F. Baxter, and A. Chanutin. 1955. Dialkylfluorophosphatases of microorganisms. J. Biol. Chem. 215:699-704. MRK, Inc. 1992. Information submitted to the committee on the MRK Potential Closed Loop Incineration System (CLIS). See Appendix E. Mulbry, W.W., and J.S. Karns. 1989a. Parathion hydrolase specified by the Flavobacterium opd gene: relationship between the gene and protein. J. Bacteriol. 171:6740-6746. Mulbry, W.W., and J.S. Karns. 19891. Purification and characterization of three parathion hydrolases from Gram-negative bacterial strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:289-293.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 303 Munnecke, D.M. 1976. Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:7-13. Nagel, C.J. 1992. Molten metal applications via the catalytic extraction process. Presented at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Information also available from Molten Metal Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Namba, T. 1971. Cholinesterase inhibition by organophosphorus compounds and its clinical effects. Bull. World Health Organ. 44:289-307. National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 1969. Report of the Disposal Hazards of Certain Chemical Warfare Agents and Munitions. Ad Hoc Advisory Committee of the National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Defense Authorization Act Fiscal Year 1989. Public Law No. 100-456. Statute 102, Stat. 1918 (1988). National Defense Authorization Act Fiscal Year 1991. H.R. 4739, Public Law No. 101-510 (1990). National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993. S. 3114. Congressional Record, Vol. 138. No. 129 (September 21, 1992). National Research Council (NRC). 1984. Disposal of Chemical Munitions and Agents. Committee on Demilitarizing Chemical Munitions and Agents. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 1991. Demilitarization of Chemical Weapons by Cryofracture: A Technical Assessment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 1993. Review of Monitoring Activities within the Chemical Demilitarization Program. Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), U.S. Congress. 1992. Disposal of Chemical Weapons: An Analysis of Alternatives to Incineration. Background Paper. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 304 PEIS. 1988. See U.S. Department of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Final PEIS, 1988. Picardi, A., P. Johnston, and R. Stringer. 1991. Alternative Technologies for the Detoxification of Chemical Weapons: An Information Document. Prepared for Greenpeace International, Washington, D.C. (May 24). Reichert, C. 1975. Study of Mustard Destruction by Hydrolysis. Report DRES-TN-329. Defence Research Establishment, Suffield Ralston, Canada. Schlienger, M.P. 1992. Plasma Centrifugal Furnace, Retech, Inc. Presentation at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Schowanek, D., and W. Verstraete. 1990a. Phosphonate utilization by bacterial cultures and enrichments from environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56:895-903. Schowanek, D., and W. Verstraete. 1990b. Phosphonate utilization by bacteria in the presence of alternative phosphorus sources. Biodegradation 1:43-53. Schulz, H.W. 1992. Materials submitted to the committee. Dynecology, Inc., Harrison, N.Y. See Appendix E. Scientists Against Nuclear Arms (SANA). 1991. The Destruction of Chemical Weapons. Report. N.S.W., Australia. Serdar, C.M., D.C. Murdock, and M.F. Rohde. 1989. Parthion hydrolase gene from Pseudomonas diminuta MG: subcloning, complete nucleotide sequence, and expression of the mature portion of the enzyme in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology 7:1151-1155. SFIL-CMT. 1992. Information sent to Mr. Donald L. Siebenaler, Senior Staff Officer, Board on Army Science and Technology, National Research Council (October 4). Letter. Shaw, H., and E.M. Magee. 1974a. Evaluation of Pollution Control in Fossil Fuel Conversion Processes; Gasification; Section 1: Lurgi Dry Ash Process, EPA-650/2-74-009c, 70 p. (NTIS PB-237, 694).

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 305 Shaw, H., and E.M. Magee. 1974b. Technology needs for pollution abatement in fossil fuel conversion processes. Pp. 309-313 in Symposium Proceedings: Environmental Aspects of Fuel Conversion Technology. St. Louis, 1974. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Protection Technology Series, Report EPA-650/2-74-118. Shaw, H., Y. Wang, T.C. Yu, and A.E. Cerkanowicz. 1992. Catalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene and methylene chloride with noble metals. Pp. 358-379 in American Chemical Society (ACS) Advances in Chemistry Series No. 518: Emerging Technologies for Hazardous Waste Management III, D.W. Tedder and F.G. Pohland, eds. ACS symposium, Atlanta, October 1-3, 1991. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Smolen, A., H.W. Eckerson, K.N. Gan, N. Hailat, and B.N. LaDu. 1991. Characteristics of the genetically determined allozymic forms of human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase. Drug. Metab. Disp. 19:107-112. Snow, R. 1992. Personal communication with Dr. Walter G. May, committee member. Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, Chicago. Southwest Research Institute (SRI). 1992. Results of the RCRA Trial Burn with VX Feed for the Liquid Incinerator at the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System. Final Report prepared for the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization Environmental and Monitoring Division. (June 23). SRI-APC-92-384-7530. 11. 1-I-R3, Birmingham. Sun, Y., and J.J. Pignatello. 1993. Photochemical reactions involved in the total mineralization of 2, 4-D by Fe3+/H2O2/UV. Eniviron. Sci. Technol. 27,2:304-310. Taylor, L. 1992. Molten salt technologies: destruction of chemical warfare agents, propellants, and munitions. Presentation at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Tester, J.W. 1992. Supercritical-water oxidation. Presentation at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Tester, J.W., H.R. Holgate, F.J. Armellini, P.A. Webley, W.R. Killilea, G.T. Hong, and H.E. Barrier. 1991. Supercritical water oxidation technology: a review of process development and fundamental research. Pp. 35-76 in the American Chemical Society (ACS) Symposium Series No. 518:

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 306 Emerging Technologies for Hazardous Waste Management III, D.W. Tedder and F.G. Pohland, eds. ACS symposium, Atlanta, October 1-3, 1991. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Thomason, T.B., G.T. Hong, K.C. Swallow, and W.R. Killilea. 1990. The MODAR supercritical water oxidation process. Pp. 3142 in Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment Technology Series, Vol. 1: Thermal Process, H.M. Freeman, ed. Lancaster, Pa.: Technomic. Thomason, T.B., and M. Modell. 1984. Supercritical water destruction of aqueous wastes. Haz. Waste 1:453. Tires, C.H. 1992. A graphite electrode DC arc furnace system for disposal of chemical munitions. Presentation at the committee's workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5 1992. See Appendix F. Toler, I.J. 1990. War gases in the Second World War. British Army Rev. August: 67-72. Upadhye, R.S., M.G. Adamson, J.F. Cooper, and A.K. Lee. 1992. An investigation of the need for the hold, test and release (HT&R) option for the Rocky Flats Fluidized Bed Unit (FBU). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, June. USATHAMA. 1982. Long Range Chemical Demilitarization Concept Study-Revised. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency. USATHAMA. 1983. Final Demilitarization Plan for Operation of the Chemical Agent Munitions System (CAMDS) at Tooele Army Depot, Ut. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1987. Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Process Criteria Development for Tooele Army Depot Onsite Option. Proposal for Program Manager for Chemical Munitions. Contract No. DACA87-86-C0084, Huntsville, Ala. U.S. Department of the Army. 1974. Chemical Agent Data Sheets, Vol. 1. Technical Report, EO-SR-74001 (Edgewood Arsenal Special Report). Alexandria, Va.: Defense Technical Information Center.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 307 U.S. Department of the Army. 1988. Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Final Programatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS). Available from Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. U.S. Departments of the Army and Air Force. 1975. Military Chemistry and Chemical Compounds. Field Manual No. 3-9, Air Force Regulation No. 355-7. (October 30) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Army Headquarters. U.S. Department of the Army. 1989. SAIL-PMT-E, 5X Decontamination Review (March 27). Available from the Process Development Branch. See Appendix H. U.S. Department of the Army. 1991. Annual Status Report on the Disposal of the Lethal Chemical Stockpile (December 15). Available from the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Vogel, G.A. 1989. Hazardous-waste management capacity. Pp. 2.21-2.31 in Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, H.M. Freeman, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Wang, Y., H. Shaw, and R. J. Farrauto. 1992. Catalytic oxidation of trace concentrations of trichloroethylene over 1.5% platinum on γ- alumina. Pp. 125-140 in American Chemical Society Symposium Series No. 495: Catalytic Control of Air Pollution: Mobil and Stationary Sources, R.G. Silver, J.E. Sawyer, and J.C. Summers, eds. Fourth Chemical Congress of North America, New York, August 25-30, 1991. Washington D.C.: American Chemical Society. Ward, F.P. 1991. Military applications of biodegradation. Pp. 147-154 in Biotechnology and Biodegradation: Methods and Applications in Biodegradation, D. Kamely, A. Chakrabarty, and G.S. Omenn, eds. The Woodlands, Tex.: Portfolio Publishing. Ward, J.R., and R.P. Seiders. 1984. On the activation energy for the hydrolysis of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide. Thermochim. Acta 81:343-348. Ward, R. 1992. Personal telephone communication with Mr. Gene H. Dyer, committee member (November 12). U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Center, Edgewood, Md.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 308 Whitehouse, L.W., and D.J. Ecobichon. 1975. Paraoxon formation and hydrolysis by mammalian liver . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 5:314-322. Wojciechowski, P.E. 1992. Presentation to the committee at its meeting, Washington, D.C., March 9-10, 1992. Yang, Y.-C. 1992a. Personal communication to Dr. Joseph F. Bunnett, committee member (December 11). Yang, Y.-C. 1992b. Personal communication to Dr. Joseph F. Bunnett, committee member (October 16). Yang, Y.-C. 1992c. Briefing presented at a meeting of a subgroup of the committee, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., October 1, 1992. Yang, Y.-C. 1992d. Comments to the committee at its workshop, Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1992. See Appendix F. Yang, Y.-C., J.A. Baker, and J.R. Ward. 1992. Decontamination of chemical warfare agents. Chem. Rev. 92:1729-1743. Yang, Y.-C., L.L. Szafraniec, W.T. Beaudry, and D.K. Rohrbaugh. 1990a. Oxidative detoxification of phosphonothiolates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:6621-6627. Yang, Y.-C., L.L. Szafraniec, W.T. Beaudry, and J.R. Ward. 1990b. Nucleophile-Assisted Hydrolysis of Mustard. Report DRDEC-TR-216. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army Armament Munitions Chemical Command. Yang, Y.-C., J.R. Ward, R.B. Wilson, W. Burrows, and J.S. Winterle. 1987. On the activation energy for the hydrolysis of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide II. Thermochim. Acta 114:313-317. Chem Abst. 107:38979. Yu, T.C., H. Shaw, and R.J. Farrauto. 1992. Catalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene over PdO catalyst on γ-Al2O3. Pp. 141-152 in American Chemical Society Symposium Series No. 495: Catalytic Control of Air Pollution: Mobil and Stationary Sources, R.G. Silver, J.E. Sawyer, and J.C. Summers, eds. Fourth Chemical Congress of North America, New York, August 25-30, 1991. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 309 Zech, R., and K.D. Wigand. 1975. Organophosphate-detoxicating enzymes in E. coli. gelfitration and isoelectirc focusing of DFPase, paraoxonase and unspecific phosphohydrolases. Experientia 31:157-158. Zimmerman, F.J. 1958. New waste disposal process. Chem. Engineering August: 117-120. Zimmerman, J.K., and T.M. Brown. 1986. Partial purification of rabbit serum arylesterhydrolase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34:515-520.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 310

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The U.S. Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program was established with the goal of destroying the nation's stockpile of lethal unitary chemical weapons. Since 1990 the U.S. Army has been testing a baseline incineration technology on Johnston Island in the southern Pacific Ocean. Under the planned disposal program, this baseline technology will be imported in the mid to late 1990s to continental United States disposal facilities; construction will include eight stockpile storage sites.

In early 1992 the Committee on Alternative Chemical Demilitarization Technologies was formed by the National Research Council to investigate potential alternatives to the baseline technology. This book, the result of its investigation, addresses the use of alternative destruction technologies to replace, partly or wholly, or to be used in addition to the baseline technology. The book considers principal technologies that might be applied to the disposal program, strategies that might be used to manage the stockpile, and combinations of technologies that might be employed.

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