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ZENJI NISHIYAMA
1 901-1 991
BY M. MESHII AND MORRIS FINE
ZENIT NISHTYAMA the world's foremost researcher in martensi-
tic transformations, died on March 12,1991. He was eighty-nine.
His research studies on the martensite transformation, which
served as the basis for heat treatment of steels, revolutionized
understanding of this important crystallographic structure in
steels. The spectacular success of the Japanese steel industries in
developing dual-phase, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels is
greatly due to Professor Nishiyama. His research and that of his
students directly contributed to the development of the steels,
and his former students are in practically every major academic
department, research institution, and research laboratory of
steel companies. His legacy is the immeasurable contribution of
his leadership in organizing and mobilizing physical metallur-
gists in Japan in research on thermomechanical treatments of
steels and other alloys in Japan as well as in other countries.
Professor Nishiyama was born in Nagasaki, Japan, in 1901 and
received his B.S. and D.Sc. degrees, both in physics, from
Tohoku University (Tohoku Imperial University then) in 1927
and 1934, respectively. From 1927 to 1936 he was a research
assistant in the Research Institute for Iron, Steel, and Other
Metals at Tohoku University, and it was then that he served as a
research associate with Kotaro Honda. From 1936 to 1939 he was
an assistant professor at Tohoku University, and then from 1939
to 1941 an assistant professor at the Institute of Scientific and
149
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MEMORIAL TRIBUTES
Industrial Research at Osaka University. In 1941 he was pro-
moted to full professor there, where he stayed until 1965. He
then took a position as special staff member, Fundamental
Research Labs, with Nippon Steel Corporation, where he stayed
until 1978.
Early in his career, shortly after he began working on analysis
of crystal structure of martensites, he discovered the carbon
concentration dependence of the c/a ratio in tetragonal mar-
tensite. The report ~ Kinzoku-no-Kenkyu 10 ~1932 1: 1 ) coauthored
with Professor Honda is still cited regularly in the literature
published in this field. The mostwell-known discoverybyProfes-
sor Nishiyama is the Nishiyama relations that established the
crystallographic relation between matrix crystals and martensite
crystals ~ ScienceReports Tohoku University 23 F 19344: 637) . For this
discovery and various other contributions, he is called Mr.
Martensite along with Ge orgy V. Kur~jumov, the discoverer of
another martensite crystallographic relation, the KurOjumov-
Sachs relation.
His research of martensite was started with steels and devel-
opec3 furtherwithvarious nonferrous alloys. ProfessorNishiyama
led the research on martensite in this new area, determining
crystal structure and substructure of various martensite phases.
His comprehensive text, Martensitic Transformations, was trans-
lated into English and is still a much-used source book. Many
important and interesting phenomena such as the shape memory
effect (SME) were found in direct connection with the
thermoplastic martensite transformation. The SME alloys were
in the limelight because of their functional abilities: they were
used as fasteners, couplings, thermoplastic devices, and heat
engines, among other applications.
The impacts of Professor Nishiyama's accomplishments over
the span of his career were felt particularly in three very impor-
tant and dramatic technological advances in metallurgy follow-
ing World War II. These were thermomechnical treatment of
steel (ausforming, TRIP steels, controlled-rolled HSLA steels,
etc.), dual-phase steels (a key factor in the present technological
superiority of Japanese automobiles), and shape-memory alloys.
For his unprecedented contributions to the field of metal-
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ZENJI NISHIYAMA
151
lurgy, Professor Nishiyamawas recognized with numerous awards
and honors. These included the Meritorious Honor, Best Paper
Awards, and Society Medal of the Japan Institute of Metals; the
Hattori Prize from the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1936; the
Seto Award from the Japan SocietyofElectron Microscopy, 1962;
the Toyo Rayon Science ant] Technology Award, Toray Science
Foundation, 1965; the Gold Medal of the Japan Institute of
Metals; the Honda Medal of the Honda Memorial Foundation,
1972; the Japan Academy Prize (Nippon Gakushiin Sho) from
the Japan Academy, 1973; ant! the Science and Technology Prize
from the Toray Science Foundation. He is a recipient of the
Third Order of Meritwith the Cordon of the Rising Sun from the
Japanese government. Commemorating his eminent past per-
formance, the first International Symposium on "NewAspects of
Martensitic Transformation" was held under the auspices of the
Japan Institute of Metals in 1976.
He was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of
Engineering in 1982, and he was also a member of the Japan
Academy of Engineers. Nishiyama was an honorary member of
the Japan Institute of Metals and served as its vice-president in
1962 and also on its Governing Board and Board of Trustees. He
was a life member of the Physical Society of {apan and a member
of the Governing Board and the Board of Trustees of the
Crystallographical Society of Japan. He also served on the
Governing Board of the Honda Memorial Foundation. He was
the author or coauthor of more than two hundred publications.
He retired from professorship at Osaka Universityin 1965 and
worked for Nippon Steel as a special staffmember until 1978. He
enthusiastically attended scientific conferences in his field and
was vigorously involved in discussion even up to a few months
before his death.
Nishiyama was unquestionably the leading and most respected
metallurgist in Japan. Not only was he well known around! the
world, but his research contributions on martensitic transforma-
tion became a part of the educational core of physical metal-
Jurgy. Starting from his very early work of orientation relation-
ships, he contributed continually to the detailed examination of
this area. The development of the electron microscope made it
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MEMORIAL TRIBUTES
possible for him to extend these studies not only in steels but also
in other materials. He was, in the true sense of the word, a scholar
who could not rest until he felt completely comfortable with his
understanding of the problem.
It should also be recognized that Nishiyama's students and
their students were, in considerable measure, responsible for
much of the modern intellectual approach to Japanese metal-
lurgy, particularly in the iron and steed industry. It was a remark-
able tradition that he fostered. While this great metallurgist has
gone from the scene, he lives on in his publications and in the
generation of students he trained.
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