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Jones, E.E., L. Rock, K.G. Shaver, G.R. Goethals, and L.M. Ward
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Reed, G.
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Richardson-Klavehn, A., and R.A. Bjork
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The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings:  Distortions in the attribution process. Pp. 173-220 in L. Berkowitz, ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 10. New York: Academic Press.

Ross, L., D. Greene, and A. House
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The "false consensus effect": An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13:279-301.

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When predictions create reality:  Judgments of learning may alter what they are intended to assess. Psychological Science 3:315-316.

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The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 12:419-428.

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The effects of a prior presentation on temporal judgments in a perceptual identification task. Memory and Cognition 13:101-111.

CHAPTER 5

Aronson, E.
1978  
The Jigsaw Classroom. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.

Astin, A.W.
1985  
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Baker, L., and A.L. Brown
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Bandura, A.
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Bansangue, M.
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Barnes, C.P.
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Bloom, B.S.
1956  
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Bossert, S.T.
1988  
Cooperative activities in the classroom. Review of Research in Education 15:225252.

Brooks, J.E.
1987  
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1987  
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Broome, B.J., and M. Chen
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Brown, A.L., and A.S. Palinscsar
1989  
Guided cooperative learning and individual knowledge acquisition. Pp. 173-223 in L. Resnick, ed., Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Carpenter, J.L.
1986  
The Effects of Competitive and Cooperative Learning Environments on Student Achievement and Attitudes in College Fencing Classes. Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.

Cooper, J., and R. Mueck
1990  
Student involvement in learning: Cooperative learning and college instruction. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching 1:68-76.

Cooper, J., S. Prescott, L. Cook, L. Smith, R. Mueck, and J. Cuseo
1990  
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Damon, W.
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Dansereau, D.F.
1983  
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1985  
Learning strategy research. Pp. 209-239 in J.W. Segal, S. Chipman, and R. Glaser, eds., Thinking and Learning Skills. Vol. 1: Relating Instruction to Research. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
1987  
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1990  
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Dimant, R.J., and D.J. Bearison
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Computer-supported collaborative writing:  The workplace and the writing classroom. Journal of Business and Technical Communication (5)2:123-150.

Fantuzzo, J.W., R.E. Riggio, S. Connelly, and L.A. Dimeff
1989a 
Effects of reciprocal peer tutoring on academic achievement and psychological adjustment: A component analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology 81:173-177.

Fantuzzo, J.W., L.A. Dimeff, and S.L. Fox
1989b 
Reciprocal peer tutoring: A multimodal assessment of effectiveness with college students. Teaching of Psychology 16:133-135.

Fantuzzo, J.W., K. Polite, and N. Grayson
1990  
An evaluation of school-based reciprocal peer-tutoring across elementary school settings. Journal of School Psychology 28:309-324.

Fraser, S.C., A.L. Beaman, E. Diener, and R.T. Kelem
1977  
Two, three, or four heads are better than one: Modification of college performance by peer monitoring. Journal of Educational Psychology 69(2):101-108.

Frierson, H.T.
1986  
Two intervention methods:  Effects on groups of predominantly black nursing students' board scores. Journal of Research and Development in Education 19(3): 18-23.

Hagman, J.D., and J.F. Hayes
1986  
Cooperative Learning:  Effects of Task, Reward, and Group Size on Individual Achievement.   Army Research Institute Technical Report 704.  Alexandria, Va.: U.S. Army Research Institute.

Hall, R.H., T.R. Rocklin, D.F. Dansereau, L.P. Skaggs, A.M. O'Donnell, J.G. Lambiotte, and M.D. Young
1988  
The role of individual differences in the cooperative learning of technical material. Journal of Educational Psychology 80(2):172-178.

Hall, J., and M. Williams
1966  
A comparison of decision-making performance in established and ad hoc groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3:214-222. 1970   Group dynamics training and improved decision-making. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 6:39-68.

Heller, P., R. Keith, and S. Anderson
1992  
Teaching problem solving through cooperative grouping.  Part 1:  group versus individual problem solving. American Journal of Physics 60(7):627-636.

Holubec, E., D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson
1993 
Impact of cooperative learning on naval air-traffic controller training. Journal of Social Psychology 133:337-346.

Hungerland, J.E., J.E. Taylor, and M.F. Brennan
1976  
Utilization of Peer Instruction in Air Force Technical Training. Final Report 76-12, HumRRO, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, D.C.

Hwong, N., A. Caswell, D.W. Johnson, and R. Johnson
1993  
Effects of cooperative and individualistic learning structures on prospective elementary teachers' music achievement and attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology 133: 53-64.

Hythecker, V.I., T.R. Rocklin, D.F. Dansereau, J.G. Lambiotte, C.O. Larson, and A.M. O'Donnell
1985  
A computer-based learning strategy training module: Development and evaluation. Journal of Educational Computing Research 1(3):275-283.

Hythecker, V.I., D.F. Dansereau, and T.R. Rocklin
1988  
An analysis of the processes influencing the structured dyadic learning environment. Educational Psychologist 23(1):23-37.

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1990  
Disagreement Can Be Inviting: A Cooperative Learning Approach. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston.

Johnson, D.W., and R.T. Johnson 
1975
Learning Together and Alone:  Cooperation, Competition and Individualization. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 
1979
Conflict in the classroom:  Controversy and learning.  Review of Educational Research 49:51-70.  
1983
Social interdependence and perceived academic and personal support in the classroom. Journal of Social Psychology 120:77-82. 
1985a
Classroom conflict: Controversy vs. debate in learning groups. American Educational Research Journal 22:237-256. 
1985b
The internal dynamics of cooperative learning groups. Pp. 103-124 in R. Slavin, S. Sharan, S. Kagan, R.H. Lazarowitz, C. Webb, and R. Schmuck, eds., Learning to Cooperate, Cooperating to Learn. New York: Plenum. 
1987
Research shows the benefits of adult cooperation. Educational Research 45:27-30. 
1989
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1992a
Creative Controversy:  Intellectual Challenge in the Classroom.  Edina, Minn.: Interaction Book Company.
1992b
Positive interdependence:  Key to effective cooperation.  In R. Hertz-Lazarowitz and N. Miller, eds., Interaction in Cooperative Groups: The Theoretical Anatomy of Group Learning. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson, L.A. Buckman, and T.S. Richards
1985  
The effects of prolonged implementation of cooperative learning on social support within the classroom. Journal of Psychology 119(5):405-411.

Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson, and E. Holubec
1990  
Circles of Learning:  Cooperation in the Classroom.  Edina, Minn.:  Interaction Book Company.

Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson, W. Pierson, and V. Lyons
1985  
Controversy versus concurrence seeking in multi-grade and single-grade learning groups. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22(9):835-848.

Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson, and K.A. Smith 
1986
Academic conflict among students: controversy and learning. In R. Feldman, ed., Social Psychological Applications to Education. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 
1991a
Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom. Edina, Minn.: Interaction Book Company. 
1991b
Cooperative Learning: Increasing College Faculty Instructional Productivity. ASHEERIC Higher Education Report No. 4. School of Education and Human Development, George Washington University.
Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson, A. Ortiz, and M. Stanne
1991  
Impact of positive goal and resource interdependence on achievement, interaction, and attitutes. Journal of General Psychology 118:341-347.

Johnson, R.T., R. Bjorkland, and M. Krotee
1983  
The effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic student interaction patterns on achievement and attitudes on the golf skill of putting. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 55:129-139.

Johnson, R.T., D.W. Johnson, and M.B. Stanne
1986  
Comparison of computer-assisted cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. American Educational Research Journal 23(3):382-392.

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Johnson, R.T., D.W. Johnson, M.B. Stanne, A. Garibaldi
1990  
The impact of leader and member group processing on achievement in cooperative groups. Journal of Social Psychology 130:507-516.

Karp, D., and W. Yoels
1987  
The college classroom: Some observations on the meanings of student participation. Sociology and Social Research 60:421-439.

King, A.
1990  
Enhancing peer interaction and learning in the classroom through reciprocal questioning. American Educational Research Journal 27(4):664-687.

Knight, G.P., and E.M. Bohlmeyer
1990  
Cooperative learning and achievement:  Methods for assessing causal mechanisms. Pp. 1-22 in S. Sharan, ed., Cooperative Learning: Theory and Research. New York: Praeger.

Kohn, A.
1991  
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Lambiotte, J.G., D.F. Dansereau, A.M. O'Donnell, M.D. Young, L.P. Skaggs, R.H. Hall, and T.R. Rocklin
1987  
Manipulating cooperative scripts for teaching and learning. Journal of Educational Psychology 79:424-430.

Larson, C.O., and D.F. Dansereau
1986  
Cooperative learning in dyads. Journal of Reading 29(6):516-520.

Larson, C.O., D.F. Dansereau, E. Goetz, and M.D. Young
1985a
Cognitive Style and Cooperative Learning: Transfer of Effects. Paper presented at the annual meeting, Southwest Educational Research Association, Austin, Texas.

Larson, C.O., D.F. Dansereau, V.I. Hythecker, A.M. O'Donnell, M. Young, J.G. Lambiotte, and T.R. Rocklin
1986 
Technical training:  An application of a strategy for learning structural and functional information. Contemporary Educational Psychology 11(3):217-228.

Larson, C.O., D.F. Dansereau, A.M. O'Donnell, V.I. Hythecker, J.G. Lambiotte, and T.R. Rocklin
1984  
Verbal ability and cooperative learning:  Transfer of effects. Journal of Reading Behavior 16(4):289-295. 1985b  Effects of metacognitive and elaborative activity on cooperative learning and transfer. Contemporary Educational Psychology 10(4):342-348.

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Lewis, R.B.
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Effects of controversy on epistemic curiosity, achievement, and attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology 115:31-43.

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1964  
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Marks, M.
1991 
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Joining hands and smarts:  Teaching manual legal research through collaborative learning groups. Journal of Legal Education 40(3):363-374.

Meloth, M.S., and P.D. Deering
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Effects of two cooperative conditions on peer-group discussions, reading comprehension, and metacognition. Contemporary Educational Psychology 17:175-193.

Mesch, D., M. Lew, D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson
1986 
Isolated teenagers, cooperative learning and the training of social skills. Journal of Psychology 120:323-334.

Mesch, D., D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson
1988  
Impact of positive interdependence and academic group contingencies on achievement. Journal of Social Psychology 128(3):345-352.

Murray, F.B.
1982  
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Nastasi, B.K., and D.H. Clements
1991  
Research on cooperative learning:  Implications for practice.  School Psychology Review 20(1):110-131.

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1983  
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1992  
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1992  
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1985  
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James, N., and D.W. Johnson
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The relationship between attitudes toward social interdependence and psychological health within three criminal populations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 121:131-143.

James, S., and D.W. Johnson
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Social interdependence, psychological adjustment, orientation toward negative life stress, and quality of second marriage. Journal of Social Psychology 128(3):287304.

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Communication and the inducement of cooperative behavior in conflicts: A critical review. Speech Monographs 41:64-78. 
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Effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on achievement: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 89:47-62.

Johnson, D.W., A. Norem-Hebeisen, D. Anderson, and R.T. Johnson
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Predictors and concomitants of changes in drug use patterns among teenagers. Journal of Social Psychology 124:43-50.

Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson, L. Buckman, and P. Richards
1986a
The effect of prolonged implementation of cooperative learning on social support within the classroom. Journal of Psychology 119:405-411.

Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson, and M. Krotee
1986b
The relationship between social interdependence and psychological health within the 1980 United States Olympic ice hockey team. Journal of Psychology 120:279292.

Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson, M. Stanne, and A. Garibaldi 
1989  
Impact of goal and resource interdependence on problem-solving success. Journal of Social Psychology 129:621-629. 
1990  
The impact of leader and member group processing on achievement in cooperative groups. The Journal of Social Psychology 130(4):507-516.

Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson, and E. Holubec
1991  
Cooperation in the Classroom. Edina, Minn.: Interaction Book Company.

Johnson, R.T.
1976  
The relationship between cooperation and inquiry in science classrooms. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 10:55-63.

Johnson, R.T., D.W. Johnson, and B. Bryant
1973  
Cooperation and competition in the classroom. Elementary School Journal 74:172181.

Johnson, R.T., F. Ryan, and H. Schroeder
1974 
Inquiry and the development of positive attitudes. Science Education 58:51-56.

Johnson, R.T., R. Bjorkland, and M. Krotee
1983  
The effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic student interaction patterns on achievement and attitudes on the golf skill of putting. Research Quarterly 55(2): 129-134.

Johnson, R.T., D.W. Johnson, and M. Stanne 
1985
The effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on computer-assisted instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology 77:668-677. 
1986
A comparison of computer-assisted cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. American Educational Research Journal 23:382-392.

Katz, D., and R. Kahn
1978  
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Kerr, N., and S. Bruun
1981  
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Kessler, R., and J. McLeod
1985  
Social support and mental health in community samples.  Pp. 219-240 in S. Cohen and S. Syme, eds., Social Support and Health. New York: Academic Press.

Kessler, R., R. Price, and C. Wortman
1985  
Social facts in psychopathology:  Stress, social support and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology 36:531-572. Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, Inc.

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1988  
What mental model should be taught: Choosing instructional content for complex engineering systems. Pp. 85-111 in J. Psotka, L. Massey, and S. Mutter, eds., Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Lessons Learned. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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1984  
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1984  
Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American Psychologist 39(10):1123-1134.

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Social support, occupational stress, and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21:202-218.

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1990  
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1979  
Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37:822-832.

Lew, M., D. Mesch, D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson 
1986a
Components of cooperative learning: Effects of collaborative skills and academic group contingencies on achievement and mainstreaming. Contemporary Educational Psychology 11:229-239. 
1986b
Positive interdependence, academic and collaborative-skills group contingencies and isolated students. American Educational Research Journal 23:476-488.

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1955  
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Martino, L., and D.W. Johnson
1979 
Cooperative and individualistic experiences among disabled and normal children. Journal of Social Psychology 107:177-183.

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1990  
The Effects of Relapse Prevention and Post-Training Followup on Time Management Behavior. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academic Management, San Francisco.

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1990  
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1982  
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1987  
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1971  
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Mesch, D., M. Lew, D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson
1986  
Isolated teenagers, cooperative learning and the training of social skills. Journal of Psychology 120:323-334.

Mesch, D., D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson
1988 
Impact of positive interdependence and academic group contingencies on achievement. Journal of Social Psychology 128:345- 352.

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1983  
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1986  
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1988  
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1977  
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Putnam, J., J. Rynders, R.T. Johnson, and D.W. Johnson
1989  
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1992  
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Siegel, J., V. Dubrovsky, S. Kiesler, and T. McGuire
1986  
Group processes in computer-mediated communication.  Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 37:157-187.

Skon, L., D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson
1981  
Cooperative peer interaction versus individual competition and individualistic efforts: Effects on the acquisition of cognitive reasoning strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology 73(1):83-92.

Smoke, W.H., and R.B. Zajonc
1962  
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1967  
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Tjosvold, D. 
1990a
Cooperation and competition in restructuring an organization. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 7:48-54. 
1990b 
Cooperation and Competition Theory: Antecedents, Interactions, and Consequences in 1,000 Incidents. Burnaby, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University. 
1990c 
Flight crew coordination to manage safety risks. Group and Organizational Studies 15:177-191. 
1990d
Making a technological innovation work: Collaboration to solve problems. Human Relations 43:1117-1131. 
1991  
Team Organization. New York: John Wiley.

Tjosvold, D., and L. McNeely
1988  
Innovation through communication in an educational bureaucracy. Communication Research 15:568-581.

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1969  
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1983  
Test Anxiety and Causal Attributions. Seattle: University of Washington.

Vasquez, B., D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson
1993  
Impact of cooperative learning on performance and retention of navy air-traffic controller trainees. Journal of Social Psychology 133:769-783.

Warring, D., D.W. Johnson, G. Maruyama, and R.T. Johnson
1985  
Impact of different types of cooperative learning on cross-ethnic and cross-sex relationships. Journal of Educational Psychology 77:53-59.

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1972 
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Webb, N.
1982  
Student interaction and learning in small groups. Review of Educational Research 52:421-445.

Wheeler, R., and F. Ryan
1973  
Effects of cooperative and competitive classroom environments on the attitudes and achievement of elementary school students engaged in social studies inquiry activities. Journal of Educational Psychology 65(3):402-407.

Williams, K.
1981  
The Effects of Group Cohesiveness on Social Loafing.  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Detroit.

Williams, K., S. Harkins, and B. Latane
1981 
Identifiability as a deterrent to social loafing: Two cheering experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40:303-311.

Yager, S., D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson
1985  
Oral discussion, group-to-individual transfer, and achievement in cooperative learning groups. Journal of Educational Psychology 77:60-66.

CHAPTER 8

Abramson, L.Y., M.E.P. Seligman, and J.D. Teasdale
1978  
Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87:49-74.

Ames, C. 
1981  
Competitive, cooperative and individualistic goal structures: The influence of individual and group performance factors on achievement attributions and affect. American Educational Research Journal 18:273-287. 
1984  
Competitive, cooperative, and individualistic goal structures: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Pp. 177-208 in R. Ames and C. Ames, eds., Research on Motivation in Education: Vol 1. Student Motivation. New York: Academic Press. 
1992 
Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processer. Pp. 161-176 in G.C. Roberts, ed., Motivation in Sport and Exercise. Champaign, III.: Human Kinetics.

Anderson, J.G., and F.B. Evans
1974  
Causal models in educational research:  Recursive models. American Educational Research Journal 11:29-39.

Bandura, A.
1977  
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.  Psychological Review 84:191-215.

Page 343

1982
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist 37:122-147. 
1984
Recycling misconceptions of perceived self-efficacy.  Cognitive Therapy and Research 8:231-255. 
1986
Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 
1988
Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety Research 1:77-98. 
1989
Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist 44:1175-1184. 
1990
Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of personal agency. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 2:128-163.

Bandura, A., and N.E. Adams
1977  
Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change.  Cognitive Therapy and Research 1:287-308.

Bandura, A., and D. Cervone
1983  
Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45:1017-1028.

Bandura, A., and D. Schunk
1981  
Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal selfmotivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41:586-598.

Bandura, A., and K.M. Simon
1977  
The role of proximal intentions in self-regulation of refractory behavior. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1:177-193.

Bandura, A., N.E. Adams, and J. Beyer
1977  
Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35:125-139.

Bandura, A., L. Reese, and N.E. Adams
1982  
Microanalysis of action and fear arousal as a function of differential levels of perceived self-efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43:5-21.

Baumeister, R.F.
1989 
The optimal margin of illusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 8:176189.

Betz, N.E., and G. Hackett
1981  
The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology 23:399-410.

Biglan, A.
1987  
A behavior-analytic critique of Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Behavior Analyst 10:1-15.

Biram, M., and G.T. Wilson
1981  
Treatment of phobic disorders using cognitive and exposure methods:  A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 49:886-899.

Bird, A.M., and J.M. Brame
1978  
Self versus team attributions: A test of the "I'm OK, but the team's so-so" phenomenon. Research Quarterly 49:260-268.

Brockner, J.
1988  
Self-Esteem at Work: Research, Theory, and Practice. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

Brody, E.B., B.D. Hatfield, and T.W. Spalding
1988  
Generalization of self-efficacy to a continuum of stressors upon mastery of a highrisk sport skill. Journal of Sport Psychology 10:32-44.

Brown, I., Jr., and D.K. Inouye
1978  
Learned helplessness through modeling: The role of perceived similarity in competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36:900-908.

Page 344

Campbell, N.D., and G. Hackett
1986  
The effects of mathematics task performances on math self-efficacy and task interest. Journal of Vocational Behavior 28:149-162.

Carver, C.S., and M.F. Scheier 
1981  
Attention and Self-Regulation:  A Control Theory Approach to Human Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag. 
1990  
Origins and functions of positive and negative affect:  A control-process view. Psychological Review 97:19-35.

Cervone, D., and P.K. Peake
1986  
Anchoring, efficacy, and action:  The influence of judgmental heuristics on selfefficacy judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50:492-501.

Chase, M.A., C.D. Lirgg, and D.L. Feltz
1993  
Do Coaches Efficacy Expectations Predict Team Performance?  Paper presented at North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity meeting, Brainerd, Minn.

Collins, J.
1982  
Self-Efficacy and Ability in Achievement Behavior. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York.

Cook, T.D., and D.T. Campbell
1979  
Quasi-Experimentation:  Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings.  Chicago: Rand McNally.

Corbin, C.B., D.R. Laurie, C. Gruger, and B. Smiley
1984  
Vicarious success experience as a factor influencing self-confidence, attitudes, and physical activity of adult women. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 4:17-23.

DiClemente, C.C.
1981  
Self-efficacy and smoking cessation maintenance: A preliminary report. Cognitive Therapy and Research 5:175-187.

Dowrick, P.W.
1983  
Self modelling.  Pp. 105-124 in P.W. Dowrick and S.J. Biggs, eds., Using Video: Psychological and Social Applications. London: Wiley.

Dubbert, P.M., and G.T. Wilson
1984  
Goal-setting and spouse involvement in the treatment of obesity.  Behavior Research and Therapy 22:227-242.

Duncan, O.D.
1975  
Introduction to Structural Equation Models. New York: Academic Press.

Dweck, C.S.
1986 
Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist 41:1040-1048.

Dweck, C.S., and E.L. Leggett
1988  
A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review 95:256-273.

Dzewaltowski, D.A.
1989  
Toward a model of exercise motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 11:251-269.

Dzewaltowski, D.A., J.M. Noble, and J.M. Shaw
1990  
Physical activity participation:  Social cognitive versus the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12:388405.

Earley, P.C.
1993  
East meets West meets Mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Academy of Management Journal 36:319-348.

Page 345

Earley, P.C., and T.R. Lituchy
1991  
Delineating goal and efficacy effects: A test of three models. Journal of Applied Psychology 76:81-98.

Eastman, C., and J.S. Marzillier
1984  
Theoretical and methodological difficulties in Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research 8:213-230.

Eden, D.
1990  
Pygmalion in Management. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

Eden, D., and G. Ravid
1982  
Pygmalion versus self-expectancy:  Effects of instructor and self-expectancy on trainee performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 30:351364.

Eden, D., and A.B. Shani
1982  
Pygmalion goes to boot camp:  Expectancy, leadership, and trainee performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 67:194-199.

Elliott, E.S., and C.S. Dweck
1988  
Goals:  An approach to motivation and achievement.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54:5-12.

Erez, M.
1977  
Feedback:  A necessary condition for the goal setting-performance relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology 62:624-627.

Ericsson, K.A., R.T. Krampe, and C. Tesch-Romen
1993  
The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review 100:363-406.

Evans, M.G.
1974  
Extensions of a path-goal theory of motivation.  Journal of Applied Psychology 59:172-178.

Feltz, D.L. 
1982  
Path analysis of the causal elements in Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and an anxiety-based model of avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42:764-781. 
1988a 
Gender differences in the causal elements of self-efficacy on a high-avoidance motor task. Journal of Sport Psychology 10:151-166. 
1988b
Self-confidence and sports performance. Pp. 423-456 in K.B. Pandolf, ed., Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. New York: MacMillan.

Feltz, D.L., and D.A. Mugno
1983  
A replication of the path analysis of the causal elements in Bandura's theory of selfefficacy and the influence of autonomic perception. Journal of Sport Psychology 5:263-277.

Feltz, D.L., and C.A. Riessinger
1990  
Effects of in vivo emotive imagery and performance feedback on self-efficacy and muscular endurance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12:132-143.

Feltz, D.L., D.M. Landers, and U. Raeder
1979  
Enhancing self-efficacy in high-avoidance motor tasks: A comparison of modeling techniques. Journal of Sport Psychology 74:884-891.

Feltz, D.L., A. Bandura, and C.D. Lirgg
1989  
Perceived Collective Efficacy in Hockey. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association National Meeting, New Orleans.

Feltz, D.L., R. Neff, and M. Chase
1992  
Effects of Early Success on Self-Efficacy and Persistence. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

Page 346

Fennema, E.H., and J.A. Sherman
1978  
Sex-related differences in mathematics achievement and related factors: A further study. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education 9:189-203.

Festinger, L.
1942  
A theoretical interpretation of shifts in levels of aspiration. Psychological Review 49:235-250. 1954   A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 1:417-419.

Fishbein, M., and I. Ajzen
1975 
Belief Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Fitzsimmons, P.A., D.M. Landers, J.R. Thomas, and H. Vander Mars
1991  
Does self-efficacy predict performance in experienced weightlifters? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 62:424-431.

Frank, J.D. 
1935  
Individual differences in certain aspects of the level of aspiration. American Journal of Psychology 47:119-128. 
1941  
Recent studies of the level of aspiration. Psychological Bulletin 38:218-225.

Frese, M., and J. Sabini, eds.
1985  
Goal Directed Behavior:  The Concept of Action in Psychology.  Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Fulk, J., and E.R. Wendler
1982  
Dimensionality of leader-subordinate interactions:  A path-goal investigation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 30:241-264.

Garland, H.
1983  
Influence and ability assigned goals and normative information on personal goals and performance: A challenge to the goal attainability assumption. Journal of Applied Psychology 68:20-30.

Garland, H., R. Weinberg, L. Bruya, and A. Jackson
1988  
Self-efficacy and endurance performance:  A longitudinal field test of cognitive mediation theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review 37:381-394.

George, T.R., D.L. Feltz, and M.A. Chase
1992  
Effects of model similarity on self-efficacy and muscular endurance.  Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14:237-248.

Girodo, M., and D. Wood
1979  
Talking yourself out of pain: The importance of believing that you can. Cognitive Therapy, and Research 3:23-33.

Gist, M.E. 
1989a
Effects of alternative training methods on self-efficacy and performance in computer software training. Journal of Applied Psychology 74:884-891. 
1989b
The influence of training method on self-efficacy and idea generation among managers. Personnel Psychology 42:787-805.

Gist, M.E., C. Schwoerer, and B. Rosen
1989  
Effects of alternative training methods on self-efficacy and performance in computer software training. Journal of Applied Psychology 74:884-891.

Gould, D., and M. Weiss
1981  
Effect of model similarity and model self-talk on self-efficacy in muscular endurance. Journal of Sport Psychology 3:17-29.

Griffin, N.S., and J.F. Keogh
1982  
A model for movement confidence. Pp. 213-236 in J.A.S. Kelso and J. Clark, eds., The Development of Movement Control and Coordination. New York: Wiley.

Hackett, G.
1985  
The role of mathematics self-efficacy in the choice of math-related majors of

Page 347

college women and men:  A path analysis.  Journal of Counseling Psychology 32:47-56.

Hackett, T.P., and N.H. Cassem
1974  
Development of a quantitative rating scale to assess denial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 18:93-100.

Halisch, F., and J. Kuhl, eds.
1987  
Motivation, Intention, and Volition. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Harter, S. 
1978 
Effectance motivation reconsidered: Toward a developmental model. Human Development 21:34-64. 
1981  
The development of competence motivation in the master of cognitive and physical skills: Is there still a place for joy? Pp. 3-29 in G.C. Roberts and D.M. Landers, eds., Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport, 1980.  Champaign, III.:  Human Kinetics.

Hattie, J.
1992  
Self-Concept. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Horn, T.S.
1985  
Coaches' feedback and changes in children's perceptions of their physical competence. Journal of Educational Psychology 77:174-186.

House, R.J., and T.R. Mitchell
1974  
Path-goal theory of leadership. Contemporary Business (Fall), 3:81-98.

Jones, M.B.
1974  
Regressing group on individual effectiveness. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11:426-451.

Jourden, F.J., A. Bandura, and J.T. Banfield
1991  
The impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory factors and motor skill acquisition. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 8:213-226.

Juneau, M., F. Rogers, A. Bandura, C.D. Taylor, and R.F. DeBusk
1986  
Cognitive Processing of Treadmill Experiences and Self-Appraisal of Cardiac Capabilities. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, Stanford University.

Kanfer, F.H. 
1990a 
Motivation and individual differences in learning: An integration of developmental differential, and cognitive perspectives. Learning and Individual Differences 2:219237. 
1990b
Motivation theory and industrial/organizational psychology.  Pp. 75-170 in M.S. Donnette and L. Hough, eds., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2d ed., Vol. 1. Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Kanfer, R., and P.L. Ackerman
1989  
Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition [monograph]. Journal of Applied Psychology 74:657690.

Kaplan, R.M., C.J. Atkins, and S. Reinsch
1984  
Specific efficacy expectations mediate exercise compliance in patients with COPD. Health Psychology 3:223-242.

Kavanagh, D., and S. Hausfeld
1986  
Physical performance and self-efficacy under happy and sad moods.  Journal of Sport Psychology 8:112-123.

Keinan, G.
1988  
Training for dangerous task performance: The effects of expectations and feedback. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18:255-273.

Kent, G.
1987  
Self-efficacious control over reported physiological, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms of dental anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy 25:341-347.

Page 348

Kent, G., and R. Gibbons
1987  
Self-efficacy and the control of anxious cognitions.  Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 18:33-40.

Kerr, N.L.
1989  
Illusions of efficacy:  The effects of group size on perceived efficacy in social dilemmas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 25:287-313.

Kirsch, I.
1985  
Self-efficacy and expectancy:  Old wine with new labels. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49:824-830.

Kirschenbaum, D.S.
1985  
Proximity and specificity of planning:  A position paper.  Cognitive Therapy and Research 9:489-506.

Kirschenbaum, D.S., L.L. Humphrey, and S.D. Malett
1981  
Specificity of planning in adult self-control:  An applied investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40:941-950.

Kirschenbaum, D.S., S.D. Malett, L.L. Humphrey, and A.J. Tomarken
1982  
Specificity of planning and the maintenance of adult self-control: One-year followup of a study improvement program. Behavior Therapy 13:232-240.

Kuhl, J. 
1984  
Volitional aspects of achievement motivation and learned helplessness:  Toward a comprehensive theory of action control. Pp. 99-171 in B.A. Maher, ed., Progress in Experimental Personality Research, Vol. 13. New York: Academic Press. 
1992  
A theory of self-regulation: Action versus state orientation, self-discrimination, and some applications. Applied Psychology: An International Review 41:97-129.

Latané, B., K.D. Williams, and S.G. Harksins
1979  
Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37:823-832.

Lazarus, R.S.
1979  
Positive denial: The case of not facing reality. Psychology Today June:44-60.

Lee, C.
1989  
Theoretical weaknesses lead to practical problems:  The example of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 20:115-123.

Lent, R.W., and G. Hackett
1987  
Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behavior 30:347-382.

Lewin, K., T. Dembo, L. Festinger, and P.S. Sears
1944  
Level of aspiration.  In J.M. Hunt, ed., Personality and the Behavior Disorders. New York: Ronald Press.

Lewis, S.
1974  
A comparison of behavior therapy techniques in the reduction of fearful avoidance behavior. Behavior Therapy 5:648-655.

Lirgg, C.D.
1991  
Gender differences in self-confidence in physical activity: A meta-analysis of recent studies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13:294-310.

Litt, M.D.
1988  
Self-efficacy and perceived control: Cognitive mediators of pain tolerance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54:149-160.

Locke, E.A., and G.P. Latham
1990
A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Locke, E.A., E. Frederick, C. Lee, and P. Bobko
1984  
Effect of self-efficacy, goals, and task strategies on task performance.  Journal of Applied Psychology 69:241-251.

Page 349

Manderlink, G., and J.M. Harackiewicz
1984  
Proximal versus distal goal setting and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47:918-928.

Manning, M.M., and T.L. Wright
1983  
Self-efficacy expectancies, outcome expectancies, and the persistence of pain control in childbirth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45:421-431.

Markus, H., and Z. Kunda
1986  
Stability and malleability of the self-concept.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51:858-866.

Matsui, T.
1987  
Self-efficacy and perceived exerted effort as potential cues for success-failure attributions. Surugadi University Studies 1:89-98.

Matsui, T., and M.L. Onglatco
1991 
Instrumentality, expressiveness, and self-efficacy in career activities among Japanese working women. Journal of Vocational Behavior 39:241-250.

McAuley, E. 
1985  
Modeling and self-efficacy: A test of Bandura's model. Journal of Sport Psychology 7:283-295. 
1990  
Attributions, Affect, and Self-Efficacy: Predicting Exercise Behavior in Aging Adults. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society, Dallas. 
1991  
Efficacy and attributional determinants of affective reactions to exercise participation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13:382-394. 
1992  
Understanding exercise behavior: A self-efficacy perspective. Pp. 107-127 in G.C. Roberts, ed., Motivation in Sport and Exercise. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics.

McAuley, E., and L.B. Jacobson
1991  
Self-efficacy and exercise participation in sedentary female exercise patterns. American Journal of Health Promotion 5:185-191.

Meyer, W.
1982  
Indirect communications about perceived ability estimates. Journal of Educational Psychology 74:888-897.

Nicholls, J.G.
1984  
Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice and performance. Psychological Review 91:328-346.

O'Leary, A.
1985  
Self-efficacy and health. Behavioral Research and Therapy 23:437-451.

Ozer, E.M., and A. Bandura
1990
Mechanisms governing empowerment effects: A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:472-486.

Parker, L.E.
1992  
Working together: Perceived Self and Collective Efficacy at the Workplace.  Unpublished manuscript, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Pervin, L.A.
1989  
Goal Concepts in Personality and Social Psychology.  Hillsdale, N.J.:  Lawrence Erlbaum.

Peterson, C., and L.M. Bossio
1991  
Health and Optimism: New Research on the Relationship Between Positive Thinking and Physical Well-Being. New York: The Free Press.

Rotter, J.B.
1966  
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs 80:(1, Whole No. 609).

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Sanna, L.J.
1992  
Self-efficacy theory: Implication for social facilitation and social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62:774-786.

Scheier, M.F., and C.S. Carver
1992  
Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being:  Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research 16:201-228.

Schunk, D.H. 
1981  
Modeling and attributional effects on children's achievement: A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology 73:93-105. 
1983a 
Ability versus effort attributional feedback: Differential effects of self-efficacy and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology 75:848-856. 
1983b 
Goal difficulty and attainment information:  Effects on children's achievement behaviors. Human Learning 2:107-117. 
1983c 
Reward contingencies and the development of children's skills and self-efficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology 75:511-518. 
1984a 
Enhancing self-efficacy and achievement through rewards and goals:  Motivational and informational effects. Journal of Educational Research 78:29-34. 
1984b
Self-efficacy perspective on achievement behavior. Educational Psychologist 19:48-58. 1985 Self-efficacy and classroom learning. Psychology in the Schools 22:208-223.

Schunk, D.H., and P.D. Cox
1986  
Strategy training feedback with learning disabled students. Journal of Educational Psychology 78:201-209.

Schunk, D.H., and T.P. Gunn
1986  
Self-efficacy and skill development:  Influence of task strategies and attributions. Journal of Educational Research 79:238-244.

Schunk, D.H., and J.M. Rice
1986  
Extended attributional feedback: Sequence effects during remedial reading instruction. Journal of Early Adolescence 6:55-66.

Smith, R.E., F.L. Smoll, and B. Curtis
1979  
Coach effectiveness training:  A cognitive-behavioral approach to enhancing relationship skills in youth sport coaches. Journal of Sport Psychology 1:59-75.

Spink, K.S.
1990  
Group cohesion and collective efficacy of volleyball teams. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12:301-311.

Strang, H.R., E.C. Lawrence, and P.C. Fowler
1978  
Effects of assigned goal level and knowledge of results on arithmetic computation: Laboratory study. Journal of Applied Psychology 63:446-450.

Stock, J., and D. Cervone
1990  
Proximal goal-setting and self-regulatory processes.  Cognitive Therapy and Research 14:483-498.

Taylor, C.B., A. Bandura, C.K. Ewart, N.H. Miller, and R.F. DeBusk
1985  
Raising spouse's and patient's perception of his cardiac capabilities after clinically uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 55:635638.

Taylor, S.E., and J.D. Brown
1988  
Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin 103:193-210.

Tubbs, M.E.
1986  
Goal setting:  A meta-analytic examination of the empirical evidence.  Journal of Applied Psychology 71:474-483.

Triandis, H.C.
1977  
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Page 351

Vallerand, R.J.
1983  
The effects of differential amounts of positive verbal feedback on the intrinsic motivation of male hockey players. Journal of Sport Psychology 5:100-107.

Vealey, R.S.
1986  
Conceptualization of sport-confidence and competitive orientation:  Preliminary investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology 8:221-246.

Weinberg, R. 
1985
Relationship between self-efficacy and cognitive strategies in enhancing endurance performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology 17:280-293. 
1992  
Goal-setting and motor performance:  A review and critique. Pp. 177-198 in G.C. Roberts, ed., Motivation in Sport and Exercise. Champaign, III.: Human Kinetics.

Weinberg, R., D. Gould, and A. Jackson
1979  
Expectations and performance: An empirical test of Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Journal of Sport Psychology 1:320-331.

Weinberg, R., M. Sinardi, and A. Jackson
1982  
Effect of bar height and modeling on anxiety, self-confidence and gymnastic performance. International Gymnast 2:11-13.

Wilkes, R.L., and J.J. Summers
1984  
Cognitions, mediating variables, and strength performance.  Journal of Sport Psychology 6:351-359.

Wood, R.E., and A. Bandura
1989  
Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision-making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56:407-415.

Wood, R.E., A.J. Mento, and E.A. Locke
1987  
Task complexity as a moderator of goal effects:  A meta-analysis.  Journal of Applied Psychology 72:416-425.

Wood, R.E., A. Bandura, and T. Bailey
1990  
Mechanisms governing performance in complex decision-making environments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 46:181-201.

Yan Lan, L., and D.L. Gill
1984  
The relationships among self-efficacy, stress responses, and a cognitive feedback manipulation. Journal of Sport Psychology 6:227-238.

Yukl, G.A.
1989  
Leadership in Organizations, 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Zander, A.
1971 
Motives and Goals in Groups. New York: Academic.

Zimmerman, B.J., and J. Ringle
1981  
Effects of model persistence and statements of confidence on children's self-efficacy and problem solving. Journal of Educational Psychology 73:485-493.

Zimmerman, B.J., A. Bandura, and M. Martinez-Pons
1992  
Self-motivation for academic attainment: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and personal goal setting. American Educational Research Journal 29:663-676.

CHAPTER 9

Aarons, L.
1977  
Sleep-assisted instruction. Psychological Bulletin 83:1-40.

Adams, H.B.
1990  
The incredible history of REST technology.  Pp. 11-28 in J.W. Turner and T.H. Fine, eds., Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. Toledo: Medical College of Ohio Press.

Page 352

Alexander, C.N., and E.J. Langer, eds.
1990
Higher Stages of Human Development: Perspectives on Adult Growth. New York: Oxford University Press.

Alexander, C.N., M.V. Rainforth, and P. Gelderloos
1991  
Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization, and psychological health: A conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 6:189-247.

American Medical Association 
1958
Medical use of hypnosis. Journal of the American Medical Association 168:186189. 1985 Scientific status of refreshing recollection by the use of hypnosis. Journal of the American Medical Association 253:1918-1923.

As, A.
1962  
The recovery of forgotten language knowledge through hypnotic age regression: A case report. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 5:24-29.

Ault, R.L.
1979  
FBI guidelines for use of hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 27:449-451.

Banyai, E.I., and E.R. Hilgard
1976  
A comparison of active-alert hypnotic induction with traditional relaxation induction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85:218-224.

Barabasz, A., M. Barabasz, and J. Bauman
1993  
Restricted environmental stimulation technique improves human marksmanship. Perceptual and Motor Skills 76:867-873.

Barabasz, M., and A. Barabasz
1987  
Controlling experimental and situational demand variables in restricted environmental stimulation research. Pp. 110-121 in J.W. Turner and T.H. Fine, eds., Second international Conference on Restricted Environmental Stimulation. Toledo, Ohio: Iris Publications.

Barber, J., and D. Mayer
1977  
Evaluation of the efficacy and neural mechanism of a hypnotic analgesia procedure in experimental and clinical dental pain. Pain 4:41-48.

Barber, T.X.
1969
Hypnosis: A Scientific Approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Barber, T.X., and D.S. Calverley 
1964a
Toward a theory of ''hypnotic" behavior: An experimental study of "hypnotic time distortion." Archives of General Psychiatry 10:209-216. 
1964b
Toward a theory of "hypnotic" behavior: Enhancement of strength and endurance. Canadian Journal of Psychology 18:156-167.

Bergson, H.
1886  
[Unconscious simulation in the hypnotic state.] Revue Philosophique 22:525-531.

Bowers, K.S.
1979  
Time distortion and hypnotic ability:  Underestimating the duration of hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88:435-439.

Bowers, K.S., and H.A. Brenneman
1979  
Hypnosis and the perception of time. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 27:29-41.

Bowers, K.S., and T.M. Davidson
1992  
A neodissociative critique of Spanos's social-psychological model of hypnosis. Pp. 105-143 in S.J. Lynn and J.W. Rhue, eds., Theories of Hypnosis: Current Models and Perspectives. New York: Guilford.

Page 353

Braid, J.
1843  
Neurypnology:  Or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in Relation to Animal Magnetism. London: Churchill.

Bramwell, J.M.
1903  
Hypnotism: Its History, Practice, and Theory. London: Rider.

Charcot, J.M.
1889  
Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System. London: New Sydenham Society.

Chaves, J.F.
1989  
Hypnotic control of clinical pain. Pp. 242-272 in N.P. Spanos and J.F. Chaves, eds., Hypnosis: The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus.

Cooper, G.D., H.B. Adams, and J.C. Scott
1988  
Studies in REST:  I.  Restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST) and reduced alcohol consumption. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 5:61-68.

Cooper, L.F., and M.H. Erickson 
1950
Time distortion in hypnosis II.  Bulletin of the Georgetown University Medical Center 4:50-68. 
1954
Time Distortion in Hypnosis. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins.

Cooper, L.F., and D.W. Rodgin
1952  
Time distortion in hypnosis and non-motor learning. Science 115:500-502.

Cooper, L.F., and C.E. Tuthill
1952  
Time distortion in hypnosis and motor learning. Journal of Psychology 34:67-76.

De Benedittis, G., A.A. Panerai, and M.A. Vallamira
1989 
Effects of hypnotic analgesia and hypnotizability on experimental ischemic pain. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 37:55-69.

D'Eon, J.L.
1989  
Hypnosis in the control of labor pain. Pp. 273-296 in N.P. Spanos and J.F. Chaves, eds., Hypnosis: The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus.

Dillbeck, M.C., and D.W. Orme-Johnson
1987  
Physiological differences between Transcendental Meditation and rest. American Psychologist 42:879-881.

Domangue, B.B., C.G. Margolis, D. Lieberman, and H. Kaji
1985  
Biochemical correlates of hypnoanalgesia in arthritic pain patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 46:235-238.

Doob, L.W.
1971  
The Patterning of Time. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Druckman, D., and R.A. Bjork, eds.
1991  
In the Mind's Eye.  Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Druckman, D., and J.A. Swets, eds.
1988  
Enhancing Human Performance. Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Dywan, J.
1988  
The imagery factor in hypnotic hypermnesia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 36:312-326.

Dywan, J., and K.S. Bowers
1983  
The use of hypnosis to enhance recall. Science 222:184-185.

Edmonston, W.E., and J.R. Erbeck
1967  
Hypnotic time distortion: A note. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 10:79-80.

Page 354

Eich, E. 
1984
Memory for unattended events: Remembering with and without awareness. Memory and Cognition 12:105-111. 
1990
Learning during sleep. Pp. 88-108 in R.R. Bootzin, J.F. Kihlstrom, and D.L. Schacter, eds., Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Elliotson, J.
1843  
Numerous Cases of Surgical Operations Without Pain in the Mesmeric State. London: Baliere.

Elton, D., G. Burrows, and G. Stanley
1980  
Chronic pain and hypnosis. Pp. 269-289 in G.D. Burrows and L. Dennerstein, eds., Handbook of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier/North Holland.

Eppley, K.R., A. Abrams, and J. Shear
1989  
Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology 45:957-974.

Erdelyi, M.H.
1988  
Hypermnesia:  The effect of hypnosis, fantasy, and concentration.  Pp. 64-94 in H.M. Pettinati, ed., Hypnosis and Memory. New York: Guilford.

Esdaile, J.
1850  
Mesmerism in India, and Its Practical Application in Surgery and Medicine. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.

Evans, F.J.
1990  
Behavioral responses during sleep. Pp. 77-87 in R.R. Bootzin, J.F. Kihlstrom, and D.L. Schacter, eds., Sleep and Cognition.  Washington, D.C.:  American Psychological Association.

Evans, F.J., and M.T. Orne
1965  
Motivation, performance, and hypnosis.  International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 19:277-296.

Evans, F.J., L.A. Gustafson, D.N. O'Connell, M.T. Orne, and R.E. Shor 
1969
Sleep-induced behavioral response:  Relationship to susceptibility to hypnosis and laboratory sleep patterns. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 148:467-476. 
1970
Verbally induced behavioral responses during sleep. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 15:171-187.

Eysenck, H.J.
1941  
An experimental study of the improvement of mental and physical functions in the hypnotic state. British Journal of Medical Psychology 18:304-316.

Farthing, G.W.
1992  
The Psychology of Consciousness. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Feltz, D., and D. Landers
1983 
The effects of mental practice on motor skill learning and performance:  A metaanalysis. Journal of Sport Psychology 5:25-57.

Fowler, W.L.
1961  
Hypnosis and learning. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 9:223-232.

Fraisse, P.
1984  
Perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Psychology 35:1-36.

Fromm, E.
1970  
Age regression with unexpected reappearance of a repressed childhood language. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 18:79-88.

Fromm, E., D.P. Brown, S.W. Hurt, J.Z. Oberlander, A.M. Boxer, and G. Pfeifer
1981  
The phenomena and characteristics of self-hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 29:189-246.

Page 355

Geiselman, R.E., R.P. Fisher, D.P. MacKinnnon, and H.L. Holland
1985  
Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: Cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis. Journal of Applied Psychology 70:401-412.

Gibbon, J., and L. Allan, eds.
1984  
Timing and time perception.  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 423. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

Glisky, M.L., D.J. Tataryn, B.A. Tobias, J.F. Kihlstrom, and K.M. McConkey
1991  
Absorption, openness to experience, and hypnotizability.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:263-272.

Goldstein, A., and E.R. Hilgard
1975  
Failure of opiate antagonist naloxone to modify hypnotic analgesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 72:2041-2043.

Graham, C., and H.W. Liebowitz
1972  
The effects of suggestions on visual acuity.  International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 20:169-186.

Gray, W.H.
1934  
The effect of hypnosis on learning to spell.  Journal of Educational Psychology 25:471-473.

Green, D.M., and J.A. Swets
1966
Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. New York: Wiley.

Greene, R.J., and J. Reyher
1972  
Pain tolerance in hypnotic analgesic and imagination states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 79:29-38.

Grissom, R.J.
1966  
Facilitation of memory by experiential restriction after learning. American Journal of Psychology 79:613-617.

Gudjonsson, G.H.
1984  
A new scale of interrogative suggestibility. Personality and Individual Differences 5:303-314.

Guerra, G., G. Guantieri, and F. Tagliaro
1985  
Hypnosis and plasmatic beta-endorphins.  Pp. 259-266 in D. Waxman, P.C. Misra, M. Gibson, and M.A. Basker, eds., Modern Trends in Hypnosis. New York: Plenum.

Hadfield, J.A.
1924
The Psychology of Power. New York: Macmillan.

Hilgard, E.R. 
1965
Hypnotic Susceptibility. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World. 
1977
Divided Consciousness:  Multiple Controls in Human Thought and Action.  New York: Wiley-Interscience. 
1986  
Divided Consciousness: Multiple Controls in Human Thought and Action, rev. ed.. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

Hilgard, E.R., and J.R. Hilgard 
1975
Hypnosis in the Relief of Pain. Los Altos, Calif.: Kaufman. 
1983
Hypnosis in the Relief of Pain, rev. ed. Los Altos, Calif.: Kaufman.

Hilgard, J.R., and S. LeBaron
1984
Hypnotherapy of Pain in Children with Cancer. Los Altos, Calif.: Kaufman.

Hilgard, E.R., H. Macdonald, G.D. Marshall, and A.H. Morgan
1974  
The anticipation of pain and of pain control under hypnosis:  Heart rate and blood pressure responses in the cold pressor test. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 83:561568.

Hofling, C.K., B. Heyl, and D. Wright
1971  
The ratio of total recoverable memories to conscious memories in normal subjects. Comprehensive Psychiatry 12:371-379.

Page 356

Holmes, D.S.
1984  
Meditation and somatic arousal reduction: A review of the experimental evidence. American Psychologist 39:1-10.

Hull, C.L.
1932  
Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Study. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Hutchinson, M.
1984  
The Book of Floating: Exploring the Private Sea. New York: Morrow.

Jenkins, J.G., and K.M. Dallenbach
1924 
Oblivescence during sleep and waking. American Journal of Psychology 35:605612.

Jevning, R., A.F. Wilson, W.R. Smith, and M.E. Morton
1978  
Redistribution of blood flow in acute hypermetabolic behavior. American Journal of Physiology 235:R89-R92.

Jevning, R., R.K. Wallace, and M. Beidebach
1992  
The physiology of meditation:  A review.  A wakeful hypometabolic integrated response. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 16:415-424.

Johnson, L.S. 
1979
Self-hypnosis: Behavioral and phenomenological comparisons with heterohypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimetnal Hypnosis 27:240-264. 
1981
Current research in self-hypnotic phenomenology: The Chicago paradigm. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 29:247-258.

Johnson, L.S., and D.G. Weight
1976  
Self-hypnosis versus heterohypnosis: Experiential and behavioral comparisons. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85:523-526.

Johnson, L.S., S.L. Dawson, J.L. Clark, and C. Sikorsky
1983  
Self-hypnosis versus hetero-hypnosis:  Order effects and sex differences in behavioral and experiential impact. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 31:139-154.

Johnson, M.K., and C.L. Raye
1981  
Reality monitoring. Psychological Review 88:67-85.

Johnson, R.F.Q.
1976  
Hypnotic time-distortion and the enhancement of learning: New data pertinent to the Krauss-Katzell-Krauss experiment. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 19:89102.

Johnson, W.R.
1961  
Hypnosis and muscular performance.  Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 1:71-79.

Johnson, W.R., and G.F. Kramer 
1960  
Effects of different types of hypnotic suggestions upon physical performance.  Research Quarterly 31:469-473. 
1961  
Effects of stereotyped nonhypnotic, hypnotic, and posthypnotic suggestions upon strength, power, and endurance. Research Quarterly 32:522-529.

Johnson, W.R., B.H. Massey, and G.F. Kramer
1960  
Effects of post-hypnotic suggestions on all-out effort of short duration. Research Quarterly 31:142-146.

Jones, B., and N.P. Spanos
1982  
Suggestions for altered auditory sensitivity, the negative subject effect and hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43:637-647.

Kihlstrom, J.F.
1980  
Posthypnotic amnesia for recently learned material:  Interactions with "episodic" and "semantic" memory. Cognitive Psychology 12:227-251.

Page 357

1984  
Conscious, subconscious, unconscious:  A cognitive perspective.  Pp. 149-211 in K.S. Bowers and D. Meichenbaum, eds., The Unconscious Reconsidered. New York: Wiley.

Kihlstrom, J.F., and T.M. Barnhardt
1993  
The self-regulation of memory, for better and for worse, with and without hypnosis. Pp. 88-125 in D.M. Wegner and J.W. Pennebaker, eds., Handbook of Mental Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Kihlstrom, J.F., and I.P. Hoyt 
1988  
Hypnosis and the psychology of delusions. Pp. 66-109 in T.F. Oltmanns and B.A. Maher, eds., Delusional Beliefs. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 
1990  
Repression, dissociation, and hypnosis. Pp. 181-208 in J.L. Singer, ed., Repression and Dissociation: Implicationsfor Personality Theory, Psychopathology, and Health. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Knox, V.J., and K. Shum
1977  
Reduction of cold pressor pain with acupuncture analgesia in high- and low-hypnotic subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 86:639-643.

Knox, V.J., A.H. Morgan, and E.R. Hilgard
1974  
Pain and suffering in ischemia: The paradox of hypnotically suggested anesthesia as contradicted by the reports from the "hidden observer." Archives of General Psychiatry 30:840-847.

Knox, V.J., K. Shum, and D.M. McLaughlin
1978  
Hypnotic analgesia vs. acupuncture analgesia in high- and low-susceptible subjects. Pp. 101-108 in F.H. Frankel and H.S. Zamansky, eds., Hypnosis at Its Bicentennial: Selected Papers. New York: Plenum.

Knox, V.J., C.E. Handfield-Jones, and K. Shum
1979  
Subject expectancy and the reduction of cold pressor pain with acupuncture and placebo acupuncture. Psychosomatic Medicine 41:477-486.

Knox, V.J., W.L. Gekoski, K. Shum, and D.M. McLaughlin
1981  
Analgesia for experimentally induced pain: Multiple sessions of acupuncture compared to hypnosis in high- and low-susceptible subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90:28-34.

Krauss, H.K., R. Katzell, and R.J. Krauss
1974 
Effect of hypnotic time-distortion upon free-recall learning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 83:141-144.

Laurence, J.R., and C. Perry
1983  
Hypnotically created memory among highly hypnotizable subjects. Science 222:523524.

Lee, A.B., and J. Hewitt
1987  
Using visual imagery in a flotation tank to improve gymnastic performance and reduce physical symptoms. International Journal of Sport Psychology 18:223-230.

Levitt, E.E., and J.P. Brady
1964  
Muscular endurance under hypnosis and in the motivated waking state. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 12:21-27.

Loftus, E.F.
1975  
Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psychology 7:560-572.

Loftus, E.F., J. Schooler, and W.A. Wagenaar
1985  
The fate of memory:  Comment on McCloskey and Zaragoza. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:375-380.

London, P., and M. Fuhrer
1961  
Hypnosis, motivation, and performance. Journal of Personality 29:321-333.

London, P., M. Conant, and G.C. Davison
1966  
More hypnosis in the unhypnotizable:  Effects of hypnosis and exhortation on rote learning. Journal of Personality 34:71-79.

Page 358

Loomis, E.A.
1951  
Space and time perception and distortion in hypnotic states. Personality 1:283-293.

Manzer, C.W.
1934  
The effect of verbal suggestion on output and variability of muscular work. Psychological Clinic 22:243-247.

McAleney, A. Barabasz, and M. Barabasz
1991  
Effects of flotation restricted environmental stimulation on intercollegiate tennis performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills 71:1023-1028.

McCloskey, M., and M. Zaragoza
1985  
Misleading postevent information and memory for events: Arguments and evidence against memory impairment hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:1-16.

McCrae, R.R., and P.T. Costa
1985  
Openness to experience. Pp. 145-172 in R. Hogan and W.H. Costa, eds., Perspectives in Personality, Vol. 1. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

McGeogh, J.A., and A.L. Irion
1952  
The Psychology of Human Learning, rev. ed. New York: Longmans.

McGlashan, T.H., F. J. Evans, and M. T. Orne
1969  
The nature of hypnotic analgesia and placebo response to experimental pain. Psychosomatic Medicine 31:227-246.

Mead, S., and E.F. Roush
1949  
A study of the effect of hypnotic suggestion on physiologic performance. Archives of Physical Medicine 30:700-705.

Mereday, C., C. Lehmann, and R. Borrie
1990  
Flotation for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Pp. 255-259 in J.W. Turner and T.H. Fine, eds., Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. Toledo: Medical College of Ohio Press.

Metcalfe, J.
1990
Composite holographic associative recall model (CHARM) and blended memories in eyewitness testimony. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119:145-160.

Metcalfe, J., and P. Suedfeld
1990  
Enhancing the creativity of psychologists through flotation REST.  Pp. 204-212 in J.W. Turner and T.H. Fine, eds., Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. Toledo: Medical College of Ohio Press.

Miller, M.E., and K.S. Bowers 
1986  
Hypnotic analgesia and stress inoculation in the reduction of pain.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95:6-14. 
1993  
Hypnotic analgesia:  Dissociated experience or dissociated control?  Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102:29-38.

Morgan, W.P.
1980  
Hypnosis and sports medicine.  Pp. 359-375 in G.D. Burrows and L. Dennerstein, eds., Handbook of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier/North Holland.

Nash, M.R.
1987  
What, if anything, is regressed about hypnotic age regression?  A review of the empirical literature. Psychological Bulletin 102:42-52.

Nicholson, N.C.
1920  
Notes on muscular work during hypnosis. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 31:89-91.

Nogrady, H., K.M. McConkey, and C. Perry
1985  
Enhancing visual memory: Trying hypnosis, trying imagination, trying again. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 94:195-204.

Page 359

O'Connell, D.N., R.E. Shor, and M.T. Orne
1970  
Hypnotic age regression:  An empirical and methodological analysis.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology Monograph 76(3, Pt. 2):1-32.

Olness, K., H.J. Wain, and N.G. Lorenz
1980  
A pilot study of blood endorphin levels in children using self-hypnosis to control pain. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 4:187-188.

Orme-Johnson, D.W.
1973  
Autonomic stability and Transcendental Meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine 35:341349.

Orne, M.T. 
1951
The mechanisms of hypnotic age regression:  An experimental study.  Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46:213-225. 
1959  
The nature of hypnosis:  Artifact and essence.  Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 58:277-299. 
1962
On the social psychology of the psychological experiment:  With special reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist 17:776783. 
1965
Psychological factors maximizing resistance to stress:   With special reference to hypnosis. Pp. 286-328 in S.Z. Klausner, ed., The Quest for Self-Control. New York: Free Press. 
1966
Hypnosis, motivation, and compliance.  American Journal of Psychiatry 122:721726. 
1979
The use and misuse of hypnosis in court.  International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 27:311-341.

Orne, M.T., and K.M. McConkey
1981  
Toward convergent inquiry into self-hypnosis.  International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 29:313-323.

Orne, M.T., D.A. Soskis, D.F. Dinges, and E.C. Orne
1984 
Hypnotically induced testimony. Pp. 171-213 in G.L. Wells and E.F. Loftus, eds., Eyewitness Testimony: Psychological Perspectives. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Orne, M.T., W.G. Whitehouse, D.F. Dinges, and E.C. Orne
1988  
Reconstructing memory through hypnosis:  Forensic and clinical implications.  Pp. 21-63 in H.M. Pettinati, ed., Hypnosis and Memory. New York: Guilford.

Ornstein, R.F.
1969  
On the Experience of Time. Hammondsworth, U.K.: Penguin.

Parker, P.D., and T.X. Barber
1964  
Hypnosis, task-motivating instructions, and learning performance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 69:499-504.

Parker, E.S., J.M. Morihisa, R.J. Wyatt, B.L. Schwartz, H. Weingartner, and R.C. Stillman
1981  
The alcohol facilitation of human memory: A dose response study. Psychopharmacology 74:88-92.

Pastore, R.E., and C.J. Scheirer
1974  
Signal detection theory: Considerations for general application. Psychological Bulletin 81:945-958.

Perry, C., and B. Walsh
1978  
Inconsistencies and anomalies of response as a defining characteristic of hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87:574-577.

Perry, C.W., F.J. Evans, D.N. O'Connell, E.C. Orne, and M.T. Orne
1978  
Behavioral response to verbal stimuli administered and tested during REM sleep: A further investigation. Waking and Sleeping 2:317-329.

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Putnam, W.H.
1979  
Hypnosis and distortions in eyewitness memory. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 27:437-448.

Reeves, J.L., W. H. Redd, F. K. Storm, and R.V. Minogawa
1983  
Hypnosis in the control of pain during hyperthermia treatment of cancer. Pp. 857861 in J.J. Bonica, V. Lindblom, and A. Iggo, eds., Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, Vol. 5. New York: Raven.

Register, P.A., and J.F. Kihlstrom 
1987  
Hypnotic effects on hypermnesia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 35:155-170. 
1988  
Hypnosis and interrogative suggestibility.  Personality and Individual Differences 9:549-558.

Reiser, M.
1976  
Hypnosis as an aid in criminal investigation. Police Chief 46:39-40.

Rieger, C.
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Roche, S.M., and K.M. McConkey
1990  
Absorption: Nature, assessment, and correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59:91-101.

Rosenhan, D., and P. London
1963  
Hypnosis in the unhypnotizable: A study in rote learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 65:30-34.

Roush, E.S.
1951  
Strength and endurance in the waking and hypnotic state. Journal of Applied Physiology 3:404-410.

Ruch, J.C.
1975  
Self-hypnosis: The result of heterohypnosis or vice versa? International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 23:282-304.

St. Jean, R.

1980  
Hypnotic time distortion and learning:  Another look. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89:20-24.

1989  
Hypnosis and time perception.  Pp. 175-186 in N.P. Spanos and J.F. Chaves, eds., Hypnosis: The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Press.

St. Jean, R., and C. MacLeod
1983  
Hypnosis, absorption, and time distortion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92:8186.

St. Jean, R., and L. Robertson
1986  
Attentional versus absorptive processing in hypnotic time estimation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95:40-42.

St. Jean, R., C. MacLeod, W.C. Coe, and M.L. Howard
1982  
Amnesia and hypnotic time estimation.  International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 30:127-137.

Sanders, G.S., and W.L. Simmons
1983  
Use of hypnosis to enhance eyewitness accuracy: Does it work? Journal of Applied Psychology 68:70-77.

Schacter, D.L.
1987  
Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13:501-518. 1992   Understanding implicit memory:  A cognitive neuroscience approach.  American Psychologist 47:559-569.

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Scharf, B., and H.S. Zamansky
1963 
Reduction of word-recognition threshold under hypnosis.  Perceptual and Motor Skills 17:499-510.

Scheflin, A.W., and J.L. Shapiro
1989 
Trance on Trial. New York: Guilford.

Schulman, R.E., and P. London
1963  
Hypnosis and verbal learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67:363370.

Schwartz, W.S. 
1978
Time and context during hypnotic involvement.  International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 26:307-316. 
1980
Hypnosis and episodic memory. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 28:375-385.

Sears, A.B.
1955  
A comparison of hypnotic and waking learning of the International Morse Code. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 3:215-221.

Sheehan, E.P., H.V. Smith, and D.W. Forrest
1982  
A signal detection study of the effects of suggested improvement on the monocular visual acuity of myopes. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 30:138-146.

Sheehan, P.W.
1988a
Confidence, memory, and hypnosis. Pp. 95-127 in H.M. Pettinati, ed., Hypnosis and Memory. New York: Guilford.
1988b
Memory distortion in hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 36:296-311.

Shor, R.E., and R.D. Easton
1973  
Preliminary report on research comparing self- and hetero-hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 16:37-44.

Shurley, J.T.
1992  
Sensory deprivation and sensory isolation research, and political torture: A 35-year critical retrospective. Pp. 200-210 in A. Kales, C.M. Pierce, and M. Greenblatt, eds., The Mosaic of Contemporary Psychiatry in Perspective. New York: SpringerVerlag.

Simon, C.W., and W.H. Emmons
1955  
Learning during sleep? Psychological Bulletin 52:328-342.

Slotnick, R., and P. London
1965  
Influence of instructions on hypnotic and nonhypnotic performance.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology 70:38-46.

Slotnick, R.S., R.M. Liebert, and E.R. Hilgard
1965  
The enhancement of muscular performance in hypnosis through exhortation and involving instructions. Journal of Personality 33:37-45.

Smith, H.V., D.W. Forrest, and E.P. Sheehan
1983  
Suggested improvement, music, and the visual acuity of myopes: A reply. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 31:241-242.

Smith, M.C.
1983  
Hypnotic memory enhancement of witnesses: Does it work? Psychological Bulletin 94:387-407.

Solomon, R.L., P.E. Kubzansky, P.H. Leiderman, J. Mendelson, and D. Wexler, eds.
1961  
Sensory Deprivation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Spanos, N.P.
1989  
Experimental research on hypnotic analgesia. Pp. 206-240 in N.P. Spanos and J.F.

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Spanos, N.P., and J. Katsanis
1989  
Effects of instructional set on attributions of nonvolition during hypnotic and nonhypnotic analgesia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56:182-188.

Spanos, N.P., A.H. Perlini, and L.A. Robertson
1989  
Hypnosis, suggestion, and placebo in the reduction of experimental pain. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98:285-293.

Spiegel, D., and L.H. Albert
1983  
Naloxone fails to reverse hypnotic alleviation of chronic pain.  Psychopharmacology 81:140-143.

Stalnaker, J.M., and M.W. Richardson
1930  
Time estimation in the hypnotic trance. Journal of General Psychology 4:362-366.

Stalnaker, J.M., and E.E. Riddle
1932  
The effect of hypnosis on long-delayed recall.  Journal of General Psychology 6:429-440.

Stanley, J., M. Mahoney, and C. Reppert
1987  
REST and enhancement of sports performance.  Pp. 168-183 in J.W. Turner and T.H. Fine, eds., Second International Conference on Restricted Environmental Stimulation. Toledo, Ohio: Iris Publications.

Sterling, K., and J.G. Miller
1940  
The effect of hypnosis upon visual and auditory acuity. American Journal of Psychology 53:269-276.

Stern, J.A., M. Brown, A. Ulett, and I. Sletten
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A comparison of hypnosis, acupuncture, morphine, Valium, aspirin, and placebo in the management of experimentally induced pain. In W.E. Edmonston, ed., Conceptual and Investigative Approaches to Hypnosis and Hypnotic Phenomena. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 296:175-193.

Suedfeld, P. 
1969  
Changes in intellectual performance and in susceptibility to influence. Pp. 126-166 in J.P. Zubek, ed., Sensory Deprivation: Fifteen Years of Research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 
1980  
Restricted Environmental Stimulation:  Research and Clinical Applications.  New York: Wiley. 
1990  
Restricted environmental stimulation and smoking cessation:  A 15-year progress report. International Journal of the Addictions 25:861-888.

Suedfeld, P., and R.A. Borrie
1993  
Health and Clinical Applications of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST). Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia.

Suedfeld, P., and T. Bruno
1990  
Flotation REST and imagery in the improvement of athletic performance.  Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12:82-85.

Suedfeld, P., and R.D. Hare
1977  
Sensory deprivation in the treatment of snake phobia:  Behavioral, self-report, and physiological effects. Behavior Therapy 8:240-250.

Suedfeld, P., and J.L. Kristeller
1982  
Stimulus reduction as a technique in health psychology.  Health Psychology 1:337357.

Suedfeld, P., P.B. Landon, and E.J. Ballard
1983  
Effects of reduced stimulation on divergent and convergent thinking. Environment and Behavior 15:727-738.

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Suedfeld, P., J. Metcalfe, and S. Bluck
1987  
Enhancement of scientific creativity by flotation REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique). Journal of Environmental Psychology 7:219-231.

Suedfeld, P., D.E. Collier, and B.D.G. Hartnett
1993  
Enhancing perceptual-motor accuracy through flotation REST. The Sport Psychologist 7:151-159.

Sutcliffe, J.P.
1960  
''Credulous" and "sceptical" views of hypnotic phenomena:  A review of certain evidence and methodology. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 8:73-101. 
1961  
"Credulous" and "skeptical" views of hypnotic phenomena:  Experiments in esthesia, hallucination, and delusion. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62:189200.

Tataryn, D.J.
1992  
Psychophysical and Signal-Detection Analyses of Hypnotic Anesthesia.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona.

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1974  
Accuracy of time estimation during hypnosis. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39:11231126.

Tellegen, A., and G. Atkinson
1974  
Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences ("absorption"), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 83:268-277.

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1981  
The effect of forensic hypnosis techniques on eyewitness recall and recognition. Journal of Police Science and Administration 9:188-194.

True, R.M.
1949  
Experimental control in hypnotic age regression. Science 110:583.

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1983  
Pain and Behavioral Medicine: A Cognitive Behavioral Perspective. New York: Guilford.

Turner, J.A., and C.R. Chapman
1982  
Psychological interventions for chronic pain: A critical review. II. Operant conditioning, hypnosis, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Pain 12:23-46.

Turner, J.W., T.H. Fine, A. McGrady, and J.T. Higgins
1987  
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Tversky, B., and M. Tuchin
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A reconciliation of the evidence on eyewitness testimony: Comments on McCloskey and Zaragoza. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118:86-91.

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The clinical uses of hypnosis. Psychological Bulletin 91:215-243.

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1991  
Flotation REST and imagery in the improvement of collegiate basketball performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills 72:119-122.

Wagstaff, G.F.
1983  
Suggested improvement of visual acuity:  A statistical reevaluation.  International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 31:239-240.

Wagstaff, G.F., and M. Ovenden
1979  
Hypnotic time distortion and free-recall learning:  An attempted replication.  Psychological Research 40:291-298.

Page 364

Wells, W.R.
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Expectancy versus performance in hypnosis. Journal of General Psychology 35:99119.

Whitehouse, W.G., D.F. Dinges, E.C. Orne, and M.T. Orne
1991  
Hypnotic hypermnesia:  Enhanced memory accessibility or report bias? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 97:289-295.

Williams, G.W.
1929  
The effect of hypnosis on muscular fatigue. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 24:318-329.
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A comparative study of voluntary and hypnotic catalepsy.  American Journal of Psychology 42:83-95.

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Implicit and Explicit Memory for Verbal Stimuli Presented During Sleep. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona.

Wood, J.M., R.R. Bootzin, J.F. Kihlstrom, and D.L. Schacter
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Implicit and explicit memory for verbal information presented during sleep.  Psychological Science 3:236-239.

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1925  
An experimental study of mental and physical functions in the normal and hypnotic states. American Journal of Psychology 36:214-232.
1926  
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Zamansky, H.S., B. Scharf, and R. Brightbill
1964  
The effect of expectancy for hypnosis on prehypnotic performance.  Journal of Personality 32:236-248.

Zelig, M., and W.B. Beidelman
1981  
The investigative use of hypnosis:  A word of caution.  International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 29:401-412.

Zubek, J.P., ed.
1969  
Sensory Deprivation:  Fifteen Years of Research.  New York:  Appleton-CenturyCrofts.

CHAPTER 10

Abelson, R.P.
1983  
Whatever became of consistency theory? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 9:37-54.

Adelmann, P.K., and R.B. Zajonc
1989  
Facial efference and the experience of emotion.  Annual Review of Psychology 40:249-280.

Aderman, D., and G.L. Unterberger
1977  
Contrast empathy and observer modeling behavior. Journal of Personality 45:267280.

Allport, F.H.
1924  
Social Psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press.

Bandura, A. 
1965
Vicarious processes: A case of no-trial learning. In L. Berkowitz, ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press. 
1969
Principles of Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 
1971
Vicarious- and self-reinforcement processes. In R. Glaser, ed., The Nature of Reinforcement. New York: Academic Press.

Page 365

Basch, M.F.
1983  
Empathic understanding:  A review of the concept and some theoretical considerations. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 31:101-126.

Batson, C.D., and J.S. Coke
1983  
Empathic motivation of helping behavior.  Pp. 417-433 in J.T. Cacioppo and R.E. Petty, eds., Social Psychophysiology: A Sourcebook. New York: Guilford.

Batson, C.D., and L.L. Shaw
1991  
Evidence for altruism:  Towards a pluralism of prosocial motives.  Psychological Inquiry 2:107-122.

Berger, S.M.
1962  
Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychological Review 69:450-466.

Berger, S.M., and S.W. Hadley
1975  
Some effects of a model's performance on an observer's electromyographic activity. American Journal of Psychology 88:263-276.

Bless, H., G. Bohner, N. Schwarz, and F. Strack
1990  
Mood and persuasion:  A cognitive response analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16:331-345

Boswell, P.C., and E.J. Murray
1981  
Depression, schizophrenia, and social attraction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 9:641-647.

Braaten, L.J.
1991  
Group cohesion: A new multidimensional model. Group 15:39-55.

Bramel, D., B. Taub, and B. Blum
1968  
An observer's reaction to the suffering of his enemy.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8:384-392.

Brothers, L.
1990  
The Neural Basis of Primate Social Communication. Paper presented at the symposium "Empathy in Infancy and Later Development" at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, New Orleans, La.

Buck, R.
1984
The Communication of Emotion. New York: Guilford.

Bush, L.K., G.J. McHugo, and J.T. Lanzetta
1986  
The effects of sex and prior attitude on emotional reactions to expressive displays of political leaders. Psychophysiology 23:427.

Bush, L.K., C.L. Barr, G.J. McHugo, and J.T. Lanzetta
1989  
The effects of facial control and facial mimicry on subjective reactions to comedy routines. Motivation and Emotion 13:31-52.

Carnevale, P.J., and A.M. Isen
1986  
The influence of positive affect and visual access on the discovery of integrative solutions in bilateral negotiation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 37:1-13.

Chidester, T.R., B.G. Konki, H.C. Foushee, C.L. Dickinson, and S.V. Bowles
1990  
Personality Factors in Flight Operations: Vol. 1. Leader Characteristics and Crew Performance in a Full-Mission Air Transport Simulation. NASA Technical Memorandum No. 102259. Moffett Field, Calif.: NASA-Ames Research Center.

Coyne, J.C.
1976  
Depression and the response of others.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85:186193.

Craig, K.D.
1968  
Physiological arousal as a function of imagined, vicarious, and direct stress experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 3:513-520.

Page 366

Craig, K.D., and H.J. Lowery
1969  
Heart-rate components of conditioned vicarious autonomic responses.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 11:381-387.

Craig, K.D., and M.S. Weinstein
1965  
Conditioning vicarious affective arousal. Psychological Reports 17:955-963.

Craig, K.D., and K. Wood
1969  
Physiological differentiation of direct and vicarious affective arousal.  Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 1:89-105.

Dembroski, T.M., T.M. Lasater, and A. Ramirez
1978  
Communicator similarity, fear arousing communications, and compliance with health care recommendations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 8:254-269.

Demos, V.
1984  
Empathy and affect: Reflections on infant experience. Pp. 9-35 in J. Lichtenberg, M. Bornstein, and D. Silver, eds., Empathy 11. Hillsdale, N.J.: The Analytic Press.

Deutsch, F., and R.A. Madle
1975  
Empathy:  Historic and current conceptualization, measurement, and a cognitive theoretical perspective. Human Development 18:267-287.

Dimberg, U.
1982
Facial reactions to facial expressions. Psychophysiology 19:643-647.
1988
Facial electromyography and the experience of emotion. Journal of Psychophysiology 2:277-282.

Druckman, D., ed.
1977  
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CHAPTER 11

Anderson, M.C., and R.A. Bjork.
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Mechanisms of inhibition in long-term memory: A new taxonomy. In D. Dagenbach Press and T. Carr, eds., Processes in Attention, Memory, and Language.  New York: Academic Press.

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The relative efficacy of thought stopping and covert assertion. Behavior Research and Therapy 19:17-24.

Bargh, J.A., and M.E. Tota
1988  
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Barlow, D.
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Basden, B.H., D.R. Basden, and G.J. Gorgano
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Directed forgetting in implicit and explicit memory tests: A comparison of methods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.

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Stimulating therapeutic change with interpretations:  A comparison of positive and negative connotation. Journal of Counseling Psychology 29:551-559.

Bjork, E.L., R.A. Bjork, and H.A. Kilpatrick
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Direct and Indirect Measures of Inhibition in Directed Forgetting. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans.

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Positive forgetting:  The noninterference of items intentionally forgotten. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 9:255-268. 
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Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory.  Pp. 309-330 in H.L. Roediger and F.I.M. Craik, eds., Varieties of Memory and Consciousness: Essays in Honor of Endel Tulving. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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1983  
Stimulus control applications to the treatment of worry.  Behaviour Research and Therapy 21:247-251.

Bower, G.H., and J.D. Mayer
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Failure to replicate mood-dependent retrieval. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23(1):39-42.

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Clark, D.M., S. Ball, and D. Pape
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An experimental investigation of thought suppression. Behavior Research and Therapy 29:253-257.

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Coyne, J.C.
1989  
Employing therapeutic paradox in the treatment of depression. Pp. 163-183 in L.M. Ascher, ed., Therapeutic Paradox. New York: Guilford.

Edwards, S., and M. Dickerson
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Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.  Psychological Bulletin 99:20-35.

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1977  
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1985  
Repetition effects in directed forgetting: Evidence for retrieval inhibition. Memory and Cognition 13:57-62.

Geiselman, R.E., R.A. Bjork, and D. Fishman
1983  
Disrupted retrieval in directed forgetting: A link with posthypnotic amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112:58-72.

Gelfand, H., and R.A. Bjork
1985  
On the Locus of Retrieval Inhibition in Directed Forgetting. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Boston, Mass.

Gernsbacher, M.A., and M.E. Faust
1991  
The mechanism of suppression: A component of general comprehension skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17:245-262.

Gotlib, I.H., and C.D. McCann
1984  
Construct accessibility and depression: An examination of cognitive and affective factors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47:427-439.

Herman, C.P., and J. Polivy
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Mental control of eating: Excitatory and inhibitory food thoughts. Pp. 491-505 in D.M. Wegner and J.W. Pennebaker, eds., Handbook of Mental Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

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1981  
Accessibility of social constructs:  Information-processing consequences of individual and contextual variability. Pp. 69-121 in N. Cantor and J.F. Kihlstrom, eds., Personality, Cognition, and Social Interaction. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Kelly, A.E., and J.H. Kahn
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Effects of suppression of personal intrusive thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

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Modifications of expectations in cases with obsessional rituals. Behavior Research and Therapy 4:273-280.

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Rebound effects of thought suppression:  Instruction-dependent?  Behavioral Psychotherapy 19:225-238.

Miller, W.R., and R.K. Hester
1986  
Inpatient alcoholism treatment: Who benefits? American Psychologist 41:794-805.

Page 374

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Cognitive appraisals and transformations in delay behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31:254-261.

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1982 
The effectiveness of attention and rejection as coping styles:  A meta-analysis of temporal differences. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 26:43-49.

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1990  
Three treatment approaches for obsessions.  Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 4:377-392.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S.
1993
Sex differences in control of depression. Pp. 306-324 in D.M. Wegner and J.W. Pennebaker, eds., Handbook of Mental Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PrenticeHall.

Paller, K.A.
1990  
Recall and stem completion priming have different electrophysiological correlates and are modified differentially by directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16:1021-1032.

Pennebaker, J.W. 
1990
Opening Up: The Healing Power of Confiding in Others. New York: Morrow. 
1993  
Social mechanisms of constraint. Pp. 200-219 in D.M. Wegner and J.W. Pennebaker, eds., Handbook of Mental Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Pennebaker, J.W., and S.K. Beall
1986  
Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95:274-281.

Pennebaker, J.W., and C.H. Chew
1985  
Behavioral inhibition and electrodermal activity during deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49:1427-1433.

Pennebaker, J.W., and R. O'Heeron
1984  
Confiding in others and illness rates among spouses of suicide and accidental death victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93:473-476.

Pennebaker, J.W., J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser, and R. Glaser
1988  
Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56:239-245.

Pennebaker, J.W., M. Colder, and L.K. Sharp
1990  
Accelerating the coping process.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:528-537.

Polich, J.M., D.J. Armour, and H.B. Braiker
1981  
The Course of Alcoholism. New York: Wiley.

Rachman, S.
1980  
Emotional processing. Behavior Research and Therapy 18:51-60.

Rachman, S., and P. de Silva
1978  
Abnormal and normal obsessions. Behavior Research and Therapy 16:233-248.

Rachman, S.J., and R.J. Hodgson
1980  
Obsessions and Compulsions. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Reed, G.F.
1985  
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1993  
Worry:  Unwanted cognitive activity that controls unwanted somatic experience. Pp. 220-238 in D.M. Wegner and J.W. Pennebaker, eds., Handbook of Mental Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Page 375

Rosen, G.M., and H. Orenstein
1976  
A historical note on thought stopping. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 44:1016-1017.

Ross, D.M.
1984  
Thought stopping: A coping strategy for impending feared events. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 7:83-89.

Salkovskis, P.M., and J. Harrison
1984  
Abnormal and normal obsessions: A replication. Behavior Research and Therapy 22:549-552.

Seligman, M.E.P.
1990
Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. New York: Pocket Books.

Starker, S.
1989  
Oracle at the Supermarket:  The American Preoccupation with Self-Help Books. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transactions.

Stauffer, C.L., and F. Petee
1988
Fly Without Fear. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.

Stern, R.S.
1978  
Obsessive thoughts: The problem of therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry 133:200205.

Stern, R.S., M.S Lipsedge, and I.M. Marks
1973  
Obsessive ruminations: A controlled trial of thought-stopping technique. Behavior Research and Therapy 11:659-662.

Suls, J., and B. Fletcher
1985  
The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology 4:249-288.

Teasdale, J.D., and V. Rezin
1978  
Effects of thought stopping on thoughts, mood, and corrugator EMG in depressed patients. Behavior Research and Therapy 16:97-102.

Tipper, S.P., B. Weaver, S. Cameron, J.C. Brehaut, and J. Bastedo
1991  
Inhibitory mechanisms of attention in identification and localization tasks:  Time course and disruption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17:681-692.

Tryon, G.S.
1979  
A review and critique of thought stopping research. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 10: 189-192.

Watts, F.N., F.P. McKenna, R. Sharrock, and L. Trezise
1986  
Colour-naming of phobia-related words. British Journal of Psychology 77:97-108.

Wegner, D.M., and R. Erber
1992  
The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63:903-912.

Wegner, D.M., and D.B. Gold
1993  
Fanning Old Flames: Arousing Romantic Obsession Through Thought Suppression. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia.

Wegner, D.M., and D.J. Schneider
1989  
Mental control: The war of the ghosts in the machine.  Pp. 287-305 in J. Uleman and J. Bargh, eds., Unintended Thought. New York: Guilford Press.

Wegner, D.M., and S. Zanakos
in  press  
Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality.

Wegner, D.M., D.J. Schneider, S. Carter, and T. White
1987  
Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53:5-13.

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Wegner, D.M., J.W. Shortt, A.W. Blake, and M.S. Page
1990  
The suppression of exciting thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:409-418.

Wegner, D.M., D.J. Schneider, B. Knutson, and S.R. McMahon
1991  
Polluting the stream of consciousness:  The effect of thought suppression on the mind's environment. Cognitive Therapy and Research 15:141-152.

Wegner, D.M., J.D. Lane, and S. Dimitri
in press
The allure of secret relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Wenzlaff, R.M.
1993  
The mental control of depression: Psychological obstacles to emotional wellbeing. Pp. 239-257 in D.M. Wegner and J.W. Pennebaker, eds., Handbook of Mental Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Wenzlaff, R.M., D.M. Wegner, and D. Roper
1988  
Depression and mental control:  The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55:882-892.

Wenzlaff, R.M., D.M. Wegner, and S.B. Klein
1991  
The role of thought suppression in the bonding of thought and mood.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:500-508.

Wolpe, J., and A.A. Lazarus
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Zillmann, D.
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Mental control of angry aggression. Pp. 370-392 in D.M. Wegner and J.W. Pennebaker, eds., Handbook of Mental Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

EPILOGUE

Druckman, D., and R. Bjork, eds.
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In the Mind's Eye: Enhancing Human Performance. Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Druckman, D., and J. Swets, eds.
1988  
Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques. Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Fiske, E.
1990 
How to learn in college: Little groups, many tests. The New York Times March 5:1.

Ericsson, K.A., R.T. Krampe, and C. Tesch-Romer
1993  
The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review 100:363-406.

Myers, I.B., and M.H. McCaulley
1985
Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press.

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