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INDEX
A
Aberdeen Proving Ground, 18, 24, 42, 77, 127, 164, 165
Accidental exposure/release
baseline system procedures for, 93
health risks in, 68-69
in neutralization processes, 171
operational release, 66
relative risk in alternative technologies, 80-81
relative risk in baseline system, 78-80
storage risk vs. disposal risk, 5-6, 11, 83
in transportation, 6
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, 68
Acidic hydrolysis, 105
Administrative management
in baseline system, 95
as public concern, 30
Afterburner processing
in high-temperature, low-pressure pyrolysis, 107, 108
role of, 53
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 70
Alternative technologies
current status, 11, 102-104, 120-121
delay of implementation and, 6-7, 11, 130
developmental state of, as selection criterion, 98, 100
dunnage decontamination in, 115-116
energetics destruction in, 114-115
evaluation criteria, 4-7, 9, 134-136
evaluation of destruction processes of, 101, 105-109
experimental research facility for, 18, 128
gelled agents in, 113
integrated systems, 109-113
metal parts decontamination in, 115
neutralization processes as, 9-10, 16-18, 126-128, 130
in Public Law, 102-484, 134-136
recommendations for research, 13, 16-18, 20, 109-113, 123, 126-128
relative risk assessment of, 80-81
requirements for further development, 118-119
research on, 1-2
safety of, as selection criterion, 99-100
types of, 98
Alternative Technologies for the Destruction of Chemical Agents and Munitions, 17, 22-23, 98, 119, 127
Animal studies, 71
Army, Department of, 1, 2, 5, 14, 19-20, 22-23, 23-24, 27, 123-124 , 129
community relations, 26-27, 30, 31
exposure standards, 69
implementation schedule, 32
munition leakage reports, 43-45
storage surveillance regulations, 47
waste stream standards, 53
Automated Continuous Agent Monitoring Systems (ACAMS), 8, 93
B
Baseline system
agent destruction in, 88
current status, 7
disassembly operations in, 85, 87
dunnage decontamination in, 85, 92-93
energetics destruction in, 88-89, 113-114
experimental research facility for, 18, 128
improvement of, 8, 11, 15-16, 94-97, 116-118, 125-126
management structure, 95
material feed streams in, 56-57, 87
metal parts decontamination in, 89, 115
mineralization in, 55
monitoring procedures in, 93-94
pollution abatement in, 89-92
programmatic risk assessment of, 72-77, 83-84
recommendation for implementation, 16, 125
relative risk assessment of, 78-80
risk of storage vs. implementation of, 5-6, 11, 130
risks in, 67-68
storage in, 85
transport operations in, 6, 85
Binary munitions, 21n
Biological treatment
as alternative technology, 9, 10
developmental status, 176-177
enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis, 106-107, 176-179
integrated with neutralization process, 110, 111-113, 176, 179-180
mineralization via, 56
of oxidation waste products, 106, 180
Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, 34
degradation in storage, 3
reported leakages of, 43-45
See also Mustard agents
Blue Grass Army Depot, 5, 24, 46, 77
Bursters, in munitions, 35
C
Cancer/carcinogenicity, 69
Candle mist-eliminator vessel, 90
Carbon filter beds
in baseline system, 87
potential problems with, 152-153
recommendations for, 16, 116-118, 125-126
role of, 148
technical description of, 148-153
Catalytic fixed-bed oxidation, 108
Charcoal scrubbing, 11, 115-118
Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System (CAMDS), 18, 19, 68, 119, 128
Chemical and munitions stockpile
current status of, 43-45
degradation risks, 2-3, 19, 128-129
evolution of disposal methods for, 1
legislative history, 22-23
in National Research Council research, 22-25
non-agent materials in, 56-58
storage risk vs. disposal risk, 5-6, 10, 11, 12, 32, 83, 121, 130
Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program
monitoring program, 59-60
recommendations for, 12-20, 120-131
Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, 10, 52, 56, 110-111, 161, 162
Chlorine oxide, 105
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 59
Corrosion
in high-pressure oxidation, 107
as obstacle to disassembly, 45
in oxidation-neutralization approach, 112
of stored munitions, 45
in supercritical water oxidation, 157, 158
Cryofracture process, 87
D
Decontamination fluids, 57
Decontamination levels
Defense, Department of, 58
Depot Area Air Monitoring System (DAAMS), 8, 93
Disassembly
corrosion as obstacle to, 45
cryofracture process for, 87
for neutralization processes, 163-164
recommendations for system design, 14-15, 124
Disposal of Chemical Munitions and Agents, 43
Disposal processes
design recommendations, 14-16, 124-126
evaluation criteria, 3-7
feed streams, 56-57
historical approaches to, 1
in National Research Council research, 22-25
non-agent materials in, 58
residual materials in, 52-56
as systems approach, 4
waste streams in, 57
Dunnage, 3
alternative technologies for, 115-116
in baseline system, 8, 56, 57, 85, 92-93
decontamination of, 58
in recommendations for system design, 14, 124
E
Economic considerations, 4
in delay of implementation, 32
as evaluation criterion, 82-83, 130
Electrical incinerators, 115, 116
Electrochemical oxidation, 106
Electroencephalograph monitoring, 68
Energetics, 2
alternative technologies for treatment of, 10, 114-115
in baseline system, 7, 87, 88-89
alecontamination of, 58
materials classified as, 35, 57
in neutralization processes, 164
on-site disposal, recommendations for, 18, 127
propellant removal from, 35, 114
propellant stabilizer degradation in, 2-3, 19, 24, 46-51, 128-129
in recommendations for system design, 14, 15, 124-125
in waste stream separation, 3, 56-57
Energy, Department of, 70
Environmental Protection Agency, 5, 58, 59, 66, 70
Environmental risk
in citizen concerns, 30-31
in evaluation of disposal technologies, 25
in neutralization processes, 171
persistence of mustard agents, 35
regulatory protection, 58-60
Evaluation criteria, 4-7
cost considerations in, 82-83, 130
definition of end products in, 52
nontechnical factors in, 25-26, 62
public opinion as, 83
risk minimization as, 4-7, 61-62, 66-67, 130
safety as, 99-100
for selecting alternative technologies, 98-101
socioeconomic factors as, 81-82
technology readiness as, 98, 100
Evaluation of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Disposal System Operational Verification Testing, 94-96
Explosives, in chemical munitions, 35
Exposure assessment, 66
F
Fluidized-bed combustion, 108
Fuses, 35
G
activated carbon filter beds for, 16, 125-126, 148-153
in baseline system, 8, 89-90, 92
in dunnage decontamination, 92
in enhanced baseline system, 11, 116-118
exposure standards, 53
health risks, 70
in high-temperature, low-pressure pyrolysis, 107-108
in neutralization processes, 163, 165, 169, 171
temporary storage of, 116
accidental release of, 6
adverse effects of, 68
baseline system performance in destruction of, 94
caustic neutralization of, 56
enzyme-catalyzed biologic hydrolysis of, 106-107, 176-177, 178-179
leakage of, 45
low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification of, 105
mineralization of, 55
neutralization of, 10, 16, 26, 159, 160, 166, 173-174, 180
storage risks, 67
in supercritical water oxidation, 156-157
Gelled agent, 15, 16, 17, 45, 113, 124, 126
General Accounting Office, 2
H
adverse effects of, 68
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, 3, 59
HD, 34
baseline system performance in destruction of, 94
low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification of, 105
mineralization of, 55
in neutralization-incineration system, 110
neutralization of, 10
in World War I, 69
Health risk
agent exposure standards, 53
in citizen concerns, 27-29
in evaluation of disposal technologies, 25, 61
evidence of, 68-69
long-term, low-level exposure, 69-72
programmatic risk assessment of, 72-77, 83-84
recommendations for research, 12, 122
types of, in disposal technology, 62-63
High-temperature, low-pressure oxidation, 108, 114
High-temperature, low-pressure pyrolysis, 107-108, 114
HT, 34
Hydrogen chloride, 107
Hydrogen fluoride, 107
Hydrogen peroxide, 105, 106, 161
Hydrogenation process, 109, 115
Hydrolysis.
See also Neutralization of GB, 159
See also Neutralization
I
Implementation
of alternative technologies, procedure for, 18-19, 128
cost of delay in, 4
of liquid incinerator pilot testing, 10
in Public Law, 102-484, 136-137
recommendations for, 16, 20, 125
risk of delay in, 6-7, 11, 13, 75, 130
site-specific considerations, 4, 13, 18, 122-123, 128
Incineration technologies
in alternative disposal technologies, 9
areas for improvement in, 8
in baseline system, 1, 7-8, 11, 88-89, 90-92, 95
baseline system dunnage furnace, 92-93
energetics destruction in, 15, 113-114, 125
health concerns, 5
integrated with neutralization processes, 110-111
liquid incinerator, 9, 10, 85, 88
for metal parts decontamination, 115
risk of long-term, low-level exposure, 70-72
See also Afterburner processing
Ionizing radiation, 106
J
Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS), 1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 15, 24, 35, 45, 49, 59, 68, 85, 92, 97, 117, 151
performance evaluation, 94-96
risk assessment of, 77
L
Landfill of neutralized materials, 26, 116
in slurry form, 53
Leakage, evidence of, 43-45
Lethal doses, 53
Liquid incinerator, 9
possible implementation schedule, 10
Long-term effects
current estimation of, 69-72
in disposal operations, 63
EEG patterns in assessment of, 68
environmental, 30
persistence of mustard agents, 35
Low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification, 101, 105
Low-temperature, low-pressure oxidation, 105-107
M
M55 rockets, 22
baseline system performance in decontamination of, 94
energetics destruction in baseline system, 88
estimates of safe storage life, 47, 48
propellant removal from, 35
propellant stability in, 2-3, 19, 24, 46-51, 67, 128-129
recommendations for, 19, 51, 128-129
Mason Report, 50
Mechanized disassembly, 14-15, 124
Metal parts, 3
alternative technologies for decontamination of, 10, 115
in baseline system, 7, 56, 57, 87, 89
corrosion of, 45
gelled agent in, 113
in neutralization processes, 164
on-site disposal, recommendations for, 18, 127
in recommendations for system design, 14, 15, 124, 125
types of components in, 57
Metals emissions in baseline system, 92
Mineralization
in baseline system, 55
chemical processes in, 55
definition, 55
in low-temperature, low-pressure oxidation, 105-106
MITRE Corporation, 19, 24, 49-50
Moderate-temperature, high-pressure oxidation, 107
Molten salt processes, 108, 114-115
Monitoring
in baseline system, 8, 85, 93-94
of charcoal filter beds, 117, 151, 153
current state of, 59-60
decontamination levels in, 53
dose-response, 68
in enhanced baseline system, 116-118
false positives in, 93-94, 151
of neutralization processes, 171
of occupational exposures, 68
recommendations for, 19, 128-129
regulatory requirements, 59
temperature, in baseline system, 88
temporary gas storage for, 116
Munitions
binary, 21n
corrosion in, 45
recommendations for disassembly, 14-15, 124
removal of agent in baseline system, 7
unitary, definition of, 21n
See also Energetics
Mustard agents.
See also Blister agents
biological treatments for, 106, 107, 177, 179
carcinogenicity, 69
low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification of, 105
neutralization of, 16, 126, 160, 161, 168, 169, 172, 173
physical properties of, 21, 34-35
pressurized in stored projectiles, 44, 45, 67
N
National Research Council, 1, 2, 43
in chemical agent and munitions disposal research, 22-25
Natural disasters, 80
Nerve agents, 2
health monitoring in storage areas, 68
See also GB;
VX
Neutralization
advantages of, 159
in alternative disposal technologies, 9-10, 130
developmental status, 173-175
disposal of gelled materials in, 16, 17, 126
of GB via NaOH, 56
in integrated systems, 109-113, 179-180
limitations of, 162-164
in low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification, 105
potential applications for, 164-165
recommendations for research, 16-18, 20, 109-113, 126-128
research needs for, 172-174
risks in, 170-171
system design, 165-170
technical description, 159-162
waste streams in, 161, 163, 165, 168-170
Newport Army Ammunition Plant, 18, 24, 42, 127, 164, 165
2-Nitrodiphenylamine, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51
in baseline system, 8
regulation of, 59
Nitroglycerin, 46
O
Office of Technology Assessment, 2, 49
Oxidation processes
in alternative disposal technologies, 9, 10
biological treatments, 106-107
electrochemical, 106
for energetic destruction, 58, 114
high-temperature, low-pressure, 108, 114
integrated with neutralization process, 110, 111-113, 166-168, 169
low-temperature, low-pressure, 105-107
moderate-temperature high-pressure, 107
safety concerns in, 10
supercritical water oxidation, 9, 10, 58, 107, 110, 114, 154-158
ultraviolet light in, 106
wet air oxidation, 9, 10, 107, 110, 114, 154-158
Oxone, 105
P
Pollution abatement
activated carbon filter beds for, 16, 87, 125-126, 148-153
in baseline system, 7, 8, 89-92
dunnage furnace, 92-93
in enhanced baseline system, 11, 116-118
role of, 53
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 89
Potassium hydroxide, 10
Potassium persulfate, 105-106
Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, 64, 78
Propellants. See Energetics
Alternative Technologies Forum for, 138-147
alternative technology research and, 24
in decision-making process, 82, 83, 84
demilitarization treaty requirements in, 29
disposal activities after demilitarization in, 29, 81-82
ecological impacts in, 30-31
in evaluation of disposal technologies, 2, 7, 26-27, 31
health risk in, 27-29
location of final processing facility and, 56
management of disposal facilities in, 30
in Public Law 102-484, 133-134
recommendations for role of, 14, 123-124
site-specific impacts in, 30
socioeconomic impacts in, 81, 84
Public Law 99-145, 22
Public Law 102-484, 22, 27, 133-137
Pueblo Depot Activity, 42
Q
Quench tower, 90
R
Research needs
for alternative technologies, 10, 16-19, 118-119, 126-129
experimental facility for, 18, 128
integrated systems in alternative technologies, 109-113
latent health risk of disposal activities, 12, 122
M55 rocket propellant stability, 51
for neutralization processes, 172-174
recommendations for, 16-19, 126-129
for removal of gelled agent, 15, 124
site-specific risk, 13, 77, 122-123
stockpile degradation, 19, 128-129
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3, 59, 89
Risk factors
assessment methodology, 61-67
citizen concerns about, 27-29
definition of total risk, 4
in delayed implementation, 6-7, 11, 13, 20, 32, 75, 123, 130
as evaluation criterion, 4-7, 61, 62, 130
latent health hazards, 12, 122
in long-term, low-level exposure, 5, 69-72
measurement of safety, 63
obstacles to assessment, 71
occupational, 62-63
in oxidation processes, 10
programmatic studies, 72-77, 83-84
relative risk in alternative technologies, 80-81
relative risk in baseline system operations, 78-80
as selection criterion for alternative technologies, 99-100
site-specific, 4, 13, 61-62, 77-78, 122-123, 123
in storage vs. disposal, 5-6, 10, 11, 12, 32, 83, 121, 130
Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 26, 68
S
Salt wastes, 53
in baseline system, 8, 88, 90, 92-93
in low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification, 105
in recommendations for improving baseline system, 96
Science Applications International Corporation, 48, 49
Slag removal, 8
Slurry wastes, 53
Solvolysis. See Neutralization
Storage
in baseline system, 85
current stockpile conditions, 2-3
of gas stream, 116
munitions leakages in, 43-45
programmatic risk assessment of, 72-77
reconfiguration of, pending disposal, 13, 123
relative risk of, 78
risk of disposal vs. degradation in, 5-6, 10, 11, 12, 32, 83, 121, 130
risks of, 57
site-specific risks, 13, 122-123
Sulfuric acid, 105-105
Supercritical water oxidation
advantages of, 154
as alternative technology, 9, 10, 107
integrated with neutralization process, 111-113, 169
integrated with neutralization processes, 110
technical description, 154-157
See also Oxidation processes
T
Thermal treatment
high-temperature, low-pressure oxidation, 108
high-temperature, low-pressure pyrolysis, 107-108
for unconditional release of treated material, 53
See also Incineration technologies
Tooele Army Depot, 6, 7, 8, 18, 42, 43, 50, 68, 85, 94, 128, 149
recommendations for improving baseline installation at, 95-97
Toxic Substances Control Act, 3, 59
Transportation
in alternative disposal systems, 17-18, 127
in baseline system, 85
in evaluation of disposal technologies, 26
neutralization levels required for, 56
off-site operations in alternative technologies, 10
Transportation, Department of, 58-59
Treaty requirements, 1, 10, 21, 25, 52, 56, 110-111, 161, 162
citizen concerns about, 29
U
Ultraviolet fight, 106
V
Venturi scrubber, 90
adverse effects of, 68
baseline system performance in destruction of, 94
caustic neutralization of, 106
enzyme-catalyzed biologic hydrolysis of, 106-107, 177-179
hydrolyric neutralization of, 10, 16, 160-161, 166-168, 169, 172, 180
low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification of, 105
mineralization of, 55
in neutralization-incineration system, 110
in supercritical water oxidation, 156-157
W
Waste streams
in baseline system, 7-8, 57, 92-93
complete decontamination of, 55
decontamination fluids in, 57
decontamination levels, 53
in dunnage decontamination, 92-93
in energetics destruction, 114
liquid, 52
in low-temperature, low-pressure oxidation, 105
in neutralization processes, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168-170, 171
non-agent materials in, 58
recommendations for system design, 14-15, 124-125
regulation of, 58-60
resource recovery from, 55, 109
salt products, 8, 88, 90, 92-93, 96, 105
separation of, 3
solid materials, 52-53
water discharge standards, 59
water emission/exposure standards, 53
in wet air oxidation, 10
in wet-air oxidation, 112
See also Gas wastes
Wet air oxidation, 9, 10, 107, 110, 114
advantages of, 154
biological treatment after, 106, 180
disadvantages of, 158
integrated with neutralization process, 111-113, 169
technical description, 154-157
See also Oxidation processes
Workers, chemical disposal, 62-63
World War I, 69
World War II, 69
