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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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FUTURE FINANCIAL ECONOMICS OF
HEALTH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP

Patricia A. Cuff and Megan M. Perez, Rapporteurs

Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education

Board on Global Health

Health and Medicine Division

images

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the Academic Collaborative for Integrative Health, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Aetna Foundation, Alliance for Continuing Education in the Health Professions, American Academy of Nursing, American Association of Colleges of Nursing, American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, American Board of Family Medicine, American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology/American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Nurse-Midwives, American Council of Academic Physical Therapy, American Dental Education Association, American Medical Association, American Occupational Therapy Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Psychological Association, American Society for Nutrition, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Association of American Medical Colleges, Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges, Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry, Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Association of Schools of the Allied Health Professions, Athletic Training Strategic Alliance, Council on Social Work Education, Ghent University, Health Resources and Services Administration, Jonas Center for Nursing and Veterans Healthcare, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, Kaiser Permanente, National Academies of Practice, National Association of Social Workers, National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates, National Board of Medical Examiners, National Council of State Boards of Nursing, National League for Nursing, Office of Academic Affiliations—Veterans Health Administration, Organization for Associate Degree Nursing, Physician Assistant Education Association, Society for Simulation in Healthcare, THEnet—Training for Health Equity Network, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and University of Toronto. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-45755-2
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-45755-6
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/24736

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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future financial economics of health professional education: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/24736.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
×

Image

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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Image

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR FUTURE FINANCING OF HEALTH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION: A WORKSHOP1

ERIN FRAHER (Co-Chair), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

WARREN NEWTON (Co-Chair), American Board of Family Medicine

EDSON ARAUJO, World Bank

MARY BETH BIGLEY, Health Resources and Services Administration

KATHLEEN KLINK, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration

ROBERT (ROB) SMITH, Health Education England

JOANNE SPETZ, University of California, San Francisco

ZOHRAY TALIB, The George Washington University

Consultant

SCOTT REEVES, Kingston University and St George’s, University of London

___________________

1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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GLOBAL FORUM ON INNOVATION IN HEALTH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION1

MALCOLM COX (Co-Chair), University of Pennsylvania, formerly U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

SUSAN SCRIMSHAW (Co-Chair), The Sage Colleges

ROBERT (BOB) ADDLETON, Alliance for Continuing Education in the Health Professions

MARY BARGER, American College of Nurse-Midwives

TIMI AGAR BARWICK, Physician Assistant Education Association

DAVID BENTON, National Council of State Boards of Nursing

MARY BETH BIGLEY, Health Resources and Services Administration

JOANNA CAIN, American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology/American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

MARILYN CHOW, Kaiser Permanente

AMY APARICIO CLARK, Aetna Foundation

THOMAS WARREN CLAWSON, National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates

DARLA SPENCE COFFEY, Council on Social Work Education

DARLENE CURLEY, Jonas Center for Nursing and Veterans Healthcare

JAN DE MAESENEER, Ghent University

MARIETJIE DE VILLIERS, Stellenbosch University

KATHRIN (KATIE) ELIOT, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

JOHN FINNEGAN, JR., Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health

ELIZABETH (LIZA) GOLDBLATT, Academic Collaborative for Integrative Health

CATHERINE GRUS, American Psychological Association

NEIL HARVISON, American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.

PATRICIA HINTON WALKER, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

ERIC HOLMBOE, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education

ELIZABETH HOPPE, Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry

EMILIA IWU, Jonas Center for Nursing and Veterans Healthcare

PAMELA JEFFRIES, The George Washington University

DARRELL KIRCH, Association of American Medical Colleges

SANDEEP (SUNNY) KISHORE, Young Professionals Chronic Disease Network

ANDREW MACCABE, Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges

LUCINDA MAINE, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy

BEVERLY MALONE, National League for Nursing

___________________

1 This is the list of Forum members as of October 7, 2017.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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MARY E. (BETH) MANCINI, Society for Simulation in Healthcare

ANGELO MCCLAIN, National Association of Social Workers

LEMMIETTA G. MCNEILLY, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

MARK MERRICK, Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education

DONNA MEYER, Organization of Associate Degree Nursing

WARREN NEWTON, American Board of Family Medicine

BJORG PALSDOTTIR, Training for Health Equity Network (THEnet)

MIGUEL PANIAGUA, National Board of Medical Examiners

RAJATA RAJATANAVIN, Mahidol University

SCOTT REEVES, Kingston University and St George’s, University of London

EDWARD SALTZMAN, American Society for Nutrition

KAREN SANDERS, Veterans Health Administration

NELSON SEWANKAMBO, Makerere University College of Health Sciences

STEPHEN SHANNON, American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine

SUSAN SKOCHELAK, American Medical Association

RICHARD (RICK) TALBOTT, Association of Schools of the Allied Health Professions

ZOHRAY TALIB, The George Washington University

MARIA TASSONE, University of Toronto

GEORGE THIBAULT, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation

DEBORAH TRAUTMAN, American Association of Colleges of Nursing

RICHARD (RICK) W. VALACHOVIC, American Dental Education Association

SATYA VERMA, National Academies of Practice

ADRIENNE WHITE-FAINES, American Osteopathic Association

HOLLY WISE, American Council of Academic Physical Therapy

XUEJUN ZENG, Peking Union Medical College

BRENDA ZIERLER, University of Washington

Global Forum Staff

PATRICIA A. CUFF, Senior Program Officer

MEGAN M. PEREZ, Research Associate (until May 2017)

BRIDGET CALLAGHAN, Research Assistant (until January 2017)

AMBAR SAEED, Research Assistant (from January 2017)

FAYE HILLMAN, Financial Officer

JULIE PAVLIN, Board Director, Board on Global Health

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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Reviewers

This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:

DAVID BENTON, National Council of State Boards of Nursing

ANN H. CARY, University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Nursing and Health Studies

LORETTA NUNEZ, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

SCOTT REEVES, Kingston University and St George’s, University of London

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by DEBORAH E. POWELL, University of Minnesota Medical School. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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Acknowledgments

Enormous thanks goes to the workshop planning committee for developing and executing a timely agenda for studying the future financial economics of health professional education. In particular, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine would like to thank the workshop planning committee co-chairs, Erin Fraher and Warren Newton, who deserve recognition for their leadership in this endeavor, as well as the planning committee members, Edson Araujo, Mary Beth Bigley, Kathleen Klink, Robert Smith, Joanne Spetz, and Zohray Talib, for their support throughout the workshop. Thanks also goes to workshop consultant Scott Reeves for his expert advice and assistance. Such an event could not have happened without the keen dedication of the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education staff, including Patricia Cuff, senior program officer and Forum director; Megan Perez, research associate; Bridget Callaghan, research assistant; and Ambar Saeed, research assistant. Special appreciation goes to Julie Pavlin, director of the Board on Global Health. Most importantly, thanks goes to the 45 sponsors and 57 members of the Forum who make it possible to host events like the workshop described in this proceedings.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ASPPH

Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health

ATP

ability to pay

CODA

Commission on Dental Accreditation

GAO

U.S. Government Accountability Office

GME

graduate medical education

GMENAC

Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee

GP

general practitioner

HCW

health care workforce

HEE

Health Education England

HPE

health professional education

HPV

human papillomavirus

HRH

human resources for health

HW

health worker

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IPE

interprofessional education

IRR

individual rate of return

MHF

mental health facilitator

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24736.
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NHS

UK National Health Service

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PHC

primary health care

ROI

return on investment

THEnet

Training for Health Equity Network

UHC

universal health coverage

USUHS

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

WHO

World Health Organization

WSU

Walter Sisulu University

WTP

willingness to pay

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Future Financial Economics of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop Get This Book
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An adequate, well-trained, and diverse health care workforce is essential for providing access to quality health care services. However, despite more than a decade of concerted global action to address the health workforce crisis, collective efforts are falling short in scaling up the supply of health workers. The resulting health workforce shortage affects people’s access to quality health care around the globe.

In October 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore resources for financing health professional education in high-, middle-, and low-income countries and innovative methods for financially supporting investments in health professional education within and across professions. Participants examined opportunities for matching population health needs with the right number, mix, distribution, and skill set of health workers while considering how supply and demand drive decisions within education and health. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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