Questions? Call 888-624-8373

Rights & Permissions

topleft topright

Mineral Tolerance of Domestic Animals (1980)
Board on Agriculture (BOA)

Page
8
bottomleft bottomright
  E-mail
 Facebook
 Digg
 Stumble
 Twitter
More
Page
8

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.

OCR for page 8
Aluminum Aluminum (Al) is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, exceeded only by oxygen and silicon. However, it is found only in trace amounts in biological organisms. Its concentration in soils varies geo- graphically, and this variation is reflected in the levels in plants and animals. Most water supplies contain little aluminum. In soils, much of it occurs in clays arid feldspars, complex minerals composed primarily of alumunum, silicon, and oxygen. Certain of these clays, such as kaolin and benton~te, are added to animal diets for the following reasons: (1) as pellet binders, (2) as external dusts to prevent clumping of pellets, or (3) for suggested beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tract. Any effects of the clays on the animals are likely due to the properties of the clays per se and not to their aluminum content. Aluminum has been the subject of excellent reviews by Tracor-Jitco, Inc. (1973), Sorenson et al. (1974), the Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO, 1975) of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, and Valdivia-Rodriguez (19771. ESSENTIALITY Aluminum has not been proven essential to animals (Schroeder and Nason, 1971), but indirect evidence suggests it may be (Sorenson et al., 1974~. Its concentration in tissues changes in a circadian rhythm and with other changes in biological activity (Sorenson et al., 19741. Alumi- num accumulates in regenerating bone (Belous, 1961), stimulates cer- 8

OCR for page 9
Aluminum 9 tarn enzyme systems involved with succinate metabolism (Hutchinson, 1943), and is reported essential for fertility in female rats (Lauro and Giornelli, 19631. Aluminum increased the growth rate of poults, but this may have resulted from prevention of the absorption of high levels of fluorine (Struwe and Sullivan, 1975~. It may be important in the immune response, since certain of its compounds are effective adjuvants and since it (along with iron) increases in concentration in the spleen and bone marrow during immunization (Kotter et al., 1966~. If a biological requirement for aluminum exists, it has not been quantified. METABOLISM Rats and mice presented with a moderately high dietary aluminum content (160 to 335 ppm) simply excreted most of it in the feces. A larger dose fed to rats overwhelmed their resistance to absorption and resulted in increased urinary, as well as fecal, excretion (Ondreicka et al., 1966~. The importance of urinary excretion of aluminum is also demonstrated by the effects of partial nephrectomy in rats, including enhancement of aluminum accumulation in bone (Thurston et al., 1972) and of susceptibility to aluminum toxicity (Berlyne et al., 19721. How- ever, in spite of regulation of the aluminum content of the body by the intestines and kidneys, the amount of aluminum retained is positively related to the amount consumed (Tracor-Jitco, Inc., 1973; LSRO, 1975~. Retained aluminum in rats, mice, and dogs is deposited in the liver, skeleton, brain, and probably other tissues (those mentioned include spleen, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, thyroid, testis, and blood), but there is no good agreement on which of these other tissues accumulate significant quantities (Ondreicka et al., 1966; Berlyne et al., 1972; Tracor-Jitco, Inc., 1973~. Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone in- crease aluminum retention and alter its distribution among tissues (Mayor et al., 19771. Liver aluminum levels are decreased by excess dietary fluorine (Kortus, 19661. Furthermore, aluminum is bound in vitro by transfemn or ovotransferrin (Tom~matsu and Donovan, 1976) and seems to be transported and deposited in an inverse relationship with iron (Butt et al., 19561. SOURCES Aluminum is generally not intentionally added to animal diets except as clays such as kaolin and bentonite, as mentioned earlier. Grazing ani-

OCR for page 10
10 MINERAL TOLERANCE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS mats ingest considerable amounts of soil, sometimes over 10 percent of their total dry matter intake (Field and Purves, 19641. Intake of this much of some soils very high in aluminum could result in aluminum consumption as high as 1.5 percent of the diet dry matter (Valdivia-Rodriguez, 1977~. Aluminum is a significant contaminant in sewage grown algae precipitated with alum (up to 8 percent) (Grau and Klein, 1957), in soft phosphate (7 percent) (Harmon et al., 1970), and in certain other mineral supplements at lower levels (Ammerman et al., 1977~. Storer and Nelson (1968) were unable to detect aluminum in a sem~purified diet for chicks, but Valdivia-Rodnguez (1977) found from 147 to 210 ppm in basal ruminant diets made largely from conventional ingredients. TOXICOSIS Aluminum toxicosis is expressed largely as a secondary phosphorus deficiency, presumably because it binds phosphorus in an unabsorb- able complex in the intestine. High levels of dietary aluminum have resulted in phosphorus deficiency signs in sheep (Valdivia-Rodriguez, 1977), chicks (DeobaId and Elvehjem, 1935; Storer and Nelson, 1968), rats (Street, 1942; Thurston et al., 1972), and mice (Ondreicka et al., 1966~. Table 2 summarizes pertinent reports of aluminum toxicosis in ani- mals. Studies involving the dietary inclusion of clays and soils are not included, because the effects may not be due to the aluminum content, even though there is some indication that a high aluminum content in soil may cause problems (VaIdivia-Rodnguez, 19771. LOW LEVELS Chronic aluminum toxicity (see Table 2 for specific levels) produces signs of a secondary phosphorus deficiency such as reduced growth rate and feed efficiency in chicks (Grau and Klein, 1957; Storer and Nelson, 1968) and rats (Street, 1942; Thurston et al., 1972), reduced phosphorus absorption in sheep (Valdivia-Rodriguez, 1977), reduced phosphorus retention in mice (Ondreicka et al., 1966), lower bone ash content in chicks (Deobald and Elvehjem, 1935; Storer and Nelson, 1968), and reduced serum phosphorus in chicks (Deobaid and Elve- hjem, 1935) and in rats (Street, 19421. Low to moderate levels of alumi- num (up to 240 mg/kg per day of body weight) as the chloride or sulfate caused various disturbances in carbohydrate and phosphorus metab-

OCR for page 11
-Sanyo (L961 'Uh~o38 pus exeD`o) llo] wnunun~ Jo uoll~ueld~u! snoau -~naqns Suwol1o~ ~~ apuls ~ ul scrooges Jo codas ~ Boo pub a~oq~ pa~o!~uoul ~auaq~ly~ pue ~apoo~q~S Aq Apn~s w~a~-8uol am A'q!ssod Boa 1da~xa 'wnulwnre JO sa8esop ~!~° 109Ba (SL61 'oust) ~n~a~o1~] 3° (bL61 ' 1~ l~ uosuo~os) aluoSoulareo ~ pup 01 pains gang salpn~S ·(SL61 ' lo 77 Squad) uo~d~osa~ put sllleap Cam JO aouap!ou! pasea~ou! put `Suudspo am U! slap Salads '8uads~o put wep aq1 Jo uo!~ep~=a~ q~o~ 'camp ~aA!1 ~U~eW 'pop relLIo~eW U! po~lnso~ S1~ ~ueuSa~d of Al~auo~uade~u! undo apoolq~ wnumInre 'a8esop alp uo Sulpu~doa ·(9L61 1~ '3 /~11V 'SL61 '°1W°.L put ladder `~L61 ~ 1n '~ 1adde~) ue8~o ~eq~ oSewep u~ ure~q aq~ U! uol~uaouoo wnu -lUlnl~ ~!~1 V (ZL61 ' 1n ta au~lla8) s1~1 u! papod31 ua~q 3Acq soleua -8owoq ~!1 u! o~m,dn uo8£xo pacnp3~ pue eou~oo 3q~ U! soSuello peo lSolo~slH (9961 ' -1n ta e1~!alpno) 33!W pue '(£L61 ' -3UI 'oollr-Jooell) SI!qq£1 '(8961 'UOS1ON pU~ J9lols 'LS61 'p~qp°d pu~ SW~!IIl.h\) S~!q~ U! q~eap pue '(ZL61 '.1n ta ouill98) s1~3 U! ~Ulp99lq 1~!qloll~d '(£L61 '-OUI '°~!r-~°~) s1= U! /[umo} '(Li61 'pl~qpoM pue swe!ll!~) S~olq~ ul SSoU~oh~ opnlou! SU8lS 1ol110 (£L61 '-3UI 'o31!r-lo0~] 'ZL61 ' tn 77 UOlSlnq]) SlE] pUE (8961 ~uoslaN pue 1a~o~s ~Z961 ` 'S£61 'UIaFtIoAlS pue preqoaa) sslo!llo U! Sl3~aH S! SISOO!XO] wOu!Wn~ alnoe wo~ Suplnsa~ £oua!olgap sn~oqdsoqd ~o u8!s ~olu!lo Axew~d o S]~1 HOIH .h\°1 Seh~ la~al asaueSu~w aq~ uaqh~ uaos Aluo se~ ~oa~a a~L wnununre aq~ o~ onp uaaq a^eq ~ou iew snq~ pu~ s~les au!z pue wnunun~ ~o Uo!~ -eu!qwoa ~ ~o ~a!p a~ o] uopippe all1 wo~ pallnsa1 (8~61) 1~ t7 o4SUI ~o ~lOh~ ~SI~ea aq~ U! s!solod ~o aou~p!ou! pasea~oul uy uopeo.l~aA spa~u S!~L ·(SL61 '~aUall01!W pue ~apoolllos) aw!1apl 1!aq~ ~no~nol~, tunumln~e ~o la~al ~ol £~aA ~ Sununsuoo s~ alewa~ ~ou ~nq oleu U! uaos se~ s~ouIn] Jo aouap!aU! poSea3ou! uY ·(9'P'~'q'~ZL61 '.3UI 'sauo~eloqe~ 1sa,L-o!~ peu~snpuI) saxas q~oq~o sSop U! ~laael Aluo pue S1~1 a~w 1ou ~nq o~ ~o salnq~ ~ua~ a4~ U! puno~ oIa~ suo!~alauoo -oIa!~ a~nlm~ aAI~onpoada~ 11~m po~elaosse a~a~ suolsa~ ueue~o a~ ·(8Z61 "~13 ~a.U9~ll3S) acnu lo saLre~o pue lae~ reupsa~u!ol~s~8 aq; U! pu~ (Z961 '`~8eld) solosnw 4ollla ul pa~oda~ ua~q a~g suo!saq ·(EL61 '-~UI 'o~1lr-lo~l.L) Sla^~l U!qolsowaH.I o~ palela~ sdell~ad '(9961 '~olad~aN) s~!qqe1 10 AI!Dedeo SU~]Oh~ o~p, poonpo~ lo~al h~°l ~ ~e ulnU~ ule ~!G (£L61 '-0UI 'o~llr-3o3~! ·9961 1~ ta B40!31pUO) o!~1 d0~:dIV ~q1Jo uoponpo1 ~ Sulpnlou! 'ws!lo 11 mnulu~nl~

OCR for page 12
(8L61 '-1~13 3!31~) {Illn°d put (6S61 '-1~13 uos -duo,) s~ueu!run~ U! s!soo!xo~ au!aon~ lead Jo Ad of posn aq Gnu -dungs A pagans uaaq seq I! '£las~a~uo; ) (SL61 'oust) ulnu~unle pa~saSu! lo uo!~ua~a~ Al sasealoap tarp Al U! ~ua~uoo apron q8!q ~ sn~oqdseqd ~,!h~ pa,m,!d!oa~d 1! ~0 p~-auo of Chino -ado now 'ap~xo~p£q alqnlosu! alp wow Sew ulnununre all1 USA ~nS alll U! sn~oqdsoqd aq~ ~o uopmId!~d a~aldrnoa Alxeau pasnea sIseq ~elouI ~ uo ~ualuoo snaoqdsoqd ~a!p aq~ °~ renha slunouIe U! pa~ (aleqns) 1~S DIqnlOS ~ WOg unnu~un~ 1~] papulauoo (Z~1) loa~lS faua!~.~ap a~eqdsoqd ~epuo~as ~ ~o uo!luaAa~d 01 anp uaaq aAcq plnoo a,eqdsoRd aq] lo £~!olXO] I° 10~1 aq~L ·(8961 'U°SlaN pu~ 393°1S) ~ou o~ah~ (al~qdsoqd pue aplxo) s~s alqnlosu! al!qh~ 'sslo!q~ o~ o!Xo~ a~ah~ (a~pos pue 'a~!u 'apuolq~ 'a~aoe) s~pes alqnlos A~!a!xo~ ~u -unu~alap U! ~u~od~u! sl uunulwnre aq~ sap!Ao~d ~eq~ punod~uco aq~L ·(ZL6I '-1~ t~ uols~nqJ,) e~ua1eqdseNdod~q aq o~ swaos £~!1!q~ -daosns ~o~ ~a~u1 agl, (ZL61 '-1D la auXlla~) ~pn~s auo U! slo~uoa a~aN~ u~q~ Al!~!xo' wnu~unre o, alqpdaosus a~ow q~nw a~ah~ 'su~wnq U! a~nlre~ ~ua~ a!uo~llo ~0~ lapow ~ 's~m pozlwo~oa~q~lau ~l~'d pea!pm a~gdsoqd ~ q~,^ Sup~,!d!oa~d WO1] 1! Supua~a~d 'wnu~n~ aq~ ~^ saxaldwoo ULIO} £eW uouun~ agl U! suo!ue o!ue8~o ~eq~, pauos~a~ Aaq~L a~u! wnu~unre sso~x~ wo~ Suplusa~ /Soua'~.I~ap sn~oqdsoqd all~ o~ alqe~aulnA ssal ore slueumln~ Ielp polsa~ns (6S61) t~ 7~ u°S&W°~L £oua!ol~ap sn~oqdsoqd ~xopuooos ~ wo~ ~Insa~ o~ ~odde s!soo~xo1 ulnu~un~ ~o su8!s ~aAas aou!s 'aa!oq~ ~o Ad~a~ aq~ w~as plnoh~ uo!~1s!u~upe sn~oNdsoq,] ·(EL61 ' ~UI '°~!~-~°~.L) su~wnq U! sIsoolxo] wnu~un~ ~sureSe uo!~ae a!~node~aq~, aA~q o~ u~ogs ua3q as!h~a~!l sell sn~olldsoqd pue '£~!~!xo~ wnu~n~ o] anp ssau eaN~ relnosnw Sumogs ~pea~e ss~!qa ~o a~ re^!~ns a~ pa~o~dw! ~l~p aalh`~ uo~nlos a1eNdsoNd ~ Jo Uopa30u! ~8ln3Snw~DuI (ZL6 1 ' 1~ 17 uo~slnUI, 'Z~61 ''3a~s) s~ pue (S~6~ 'waCqa~l~ pue preqoaa) ssla!q~ U! waulwnle ~o s~oaga o!Xo~ ~ql, a~eunu!la ueo Kaua!ol~ap s!q~ ]~31IOD o] sn~olldso~d q~w uop~uorualddns '~ae~ UI Aoua!olgap sn~oqdsoqd Lm -puo~as ~ se passo~dxa Klo~xel S! s!soolxo, mnununre 'a~oq~ pa~s sy ao~nos wnunun~ aq~ ~° £~!I!qnlos aq~ pue ~a!p ~q~ U! la~al sn~oqdsoqd aq~ a~e wnuluIn~ ~o A~!olx°~ ~o aq~ Supoage s~o~ ~wlld aUL AlIDIXOI ONON~n~NI SMO=~d a!ua8~nw se~ o~nns wn!uomwe tunununre ~ou a~eqns wnununre unn!pos ~a~,!aN ·(SL61 '-0UI 's3p,auo!8 UOU!~) sisa] Ire lou lnq awos U! a~egdsoqd wnu -'wn~ wmpos o!P!~e °~ asuodsa~ ~u.~ew ~ U! pa~lnsa~ s~sa~ A~!aluaS S1~WINY DIlS3HOO d0 ~ONV831OI ]~SNI~

OCR for page 13
Aluminum TISSUE LEVELS 13 There is not good agreement on tissue aluminum levels, as shown in Table 3. Dietary aluminum increases the concentration of aluminum in several tissues in rats (Ondreicka et al., 1966; Berlyne et al., 1972), sheep (Valdivia-Rodnguez, 1977), and cattle (Valdivia et al., 1978~. There appear to be marked differences in measured levels among species and between investigators working with the same species. MAXIMUM TOLERABLE LEVELS The main factors that can either increase or decrease the severity of aluminum toxicity are the phosphorus level in the diet and the solubility of the aluminum source. Using soluble salts of aluminum, Bailey ( 1977) and Valdivia et al. (197X) found no adverse effects from feeding dietary levels of 1,200 ppm aluminum to calves. Studies with sheep showed no adverse effects from dietary levels of 1,215 ppm aluminum (Bailey, 19771. Based on these results, the maximum tolerable level of aluminum for cattle and sheep is about 1,000 ppm. No untoward effects on chicks were found with dietary aluminum levels of 486 ppm (Cakir et al., 1978), but Storer and Nelson (1968) showed that growth and efficiency of feed conversion were significantly reduced when chicks were fed 500 ppm aluminum. Feeding aluminum levels of 486 ppm had no effect on the performance of turkeys (Cakir et al., l978~. Although no studies show the effects of feeding various levels of aluminum to pigs, it would seem desirable to limit aluminum from soluble salts to about 200 ppm for nonrum~nants. SUMMARY Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust but is found in only trace amounts in plants and animals. It has not been proved to be biologically essential, but there are indirect indications that it may be. Its toxic effects are mostly exerted through interfer- ence with phosphorus absorption and metabolism. Levels that produce toxicosis are determined by several factors.

OCR for page 14
c) - - i, :: it ·E a: · - ~: o 'e He a ·E ·E - Cot o Con m CS _ .m ._ E o I: a - 3 a C) o O ^` .— C _ c: C5 :' _ == O 0,8 ~ 3 cat to o c. ~ — ~ D E ~ ~ ._ c: Z d _ _ ego ~ ~ In _ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ I_ ~) ~— do ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ as cat es _ _ cat E Ad, ~ ~ 0 m ~ m :> _ ~ u' c ~ ~ 3 c 3 ~ ~ ~ 3 C S~ 3 c S~ 3 c S ·V tI) -0 ~S ~ ~ o~3 ~ ~= ·- ·- ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 e~, t1~ 0 j t:~ C~ ~ O ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D Z Z IY Z Z ~ ~ Z Z P: P: ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ou ~ ~ ~ ~ ._. ._ ._ ._ ._ ._ ._ ._ oo oca ~ a ~ ~: 3 ~ ~ ~ O oo _ _ ~ t_ ', _ ~ ~ ~ ~ X O ~ O O u~ u~ u~ cn O CQ . o u~ C) £e ~ 8 8=- ~0' 8 ~ e ·" ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O .e .e . s C~ E EE E Ei ~; Z ~ ~ E ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ <~< 6~< ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E E ~ E E3 8 E £ "e ~ ~ ,e CL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ S~ ~ ~ ~ tL CL ~ ~ ~ D. ~ CL 0 ~ ~ 0 v~ 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 0 0 — — 0 — 0 ~ ~ oo 0 0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v, 0 0 _ _ _ _ ~ _ ~ — 3 1— t_ _ _ Z ~ ~ O O O 51 TI- ~C I ~C ~C ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C) — — — ~ ~ C., ._ ._ ._ ._ eC S eC ~ =: S S U~ C~ CC 14

OCR for page 15
~ ~ lo ~ - ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ·~ o~ ~ 'e o ~ ~ ^ o ~ ~ .~.= z ~ ~ ~ ~ lo ce ~ en o o - - ~ - ~ v, - ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ _ ;~. ~ ;-, TIC ~ & C & i. & s ~ ~ ~ ~ ., s i., ~ .0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ &~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i,., o ~ of a. C .o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ = ~ ~ o ~ ~ a ~ ~ a ~ ~ C a au ~ ~ ~ ~ =0 C t~ ~c' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,y At, t~ . . 3 3 3 == ~ ~ Cut Go _ , s ~ ° ~ ~" ~ ~ ~ c _ c 2 ._ _ _ E E E E E ~ 2.' 2 Y E E E E E E E E E O V' ~ ~ Y .5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z ~ EC ~ C E~ ~ EC EC ~ EC EC ~ ~ ~ E g ~ ~ 8~§ ~gg 8 ~ 8,§~8 oo oo _ — o oo o ~ o U~, o e ! ! ! ~c ! ~ .c~ C~ C) ~ C~ . ·— ~ . . . ~ VO 15

OCR for page 16
c) c" at In - - it: :s ·~ a . - o ce - c~ · - ~: . - o - c~ a o u' O ^` _ I: · - =~ O 0s (L) ·o O ~ ~ D Ct a' ~ ._ et ~ :: ~ Z ~ _ . . - ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ 3 A_ ~ 3 ~ ~ u Z ' '^ : ~ o o o ' E o E ~ ~ ~ ~ Yo ~ ._ ~ ~ ~ ~ E E ~ Y ~ o Y-9 ~ e ~ 8-^ ~ ~ e ~ ' Y "= "-C L ~ C E .O ~ .O .O he .O ~ o ~ a 3 a A o o .E 3 oo ~o ° E E s E s ~ ~ o E s '~ e E ~ S =~,~a, [i 83 E; ~ ~ eE~ ~ E E cL ~ ~ ~ ~ o `,> —o ~ ~ §- ~ ~ ~ ~ ,_ ~o ~ ^ _ ~ ~ _ c ' co v _ o ~ U) ~ U, CO : ~ D ~ ~ ~ m a a a 16

OCR for page 17
- (v - ~ .~O ~ u, D ~ V, D O ~ ~ e O i- e ~ ~ ~ < , a D D e ~ ~ 0 _ ~ ~ ~ D C ~ E ~ O D cL z 4, ° ~ a ~ sat ~ ', D C) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ E ° ~ E ° c a a Q Q Q ~4 ;> ;> _ _ C: ~ ~ ' c`, 0 ~ a.5 ~ ~ c ° O lo. vet us vet vet ~ ~ ° c E D" .~ E 3 ~ ~ ~ == ~ ~ m z E E E E E E E ~ c ', 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ O O O O · ~ · ~ ~ ~ O ~ O ~D \0 ~ ~ c~~ _ —~ _ t r~ ct l 17 o

OCR for page 18
c An A: :S ·~ I: lo c . - - en L. - co · - .5 6 - C~ - - C) - 3 o ._ - C~ a C) o VO o _ ~ · C ~ one O ~ TV ·O E.E V ~ ~ U. ~ _ .a ~ Ct `: 0 ~ ~ C e Din , ~ ~ E ~ _ ~ ~ ~ 3 3 3 - - . - G - C m _4 - - V, 6, S ~ ~ | I ~—j ~ ~—~ = E ~ S 5 ~4 , — Cat .O O ~ Y 3 3 3 ~0 l o :~: - ~ tg ,~ _ _ C,' _ 0 ~ cn O ~ _ ~ ~ _ C. E ~ ~ ~ ~ & c~ E ~ ~ s~ o o o~ oo o o o ~ o o o ~ ', Vl o ~o ~o \O _ ', _ _ o,o — — — ~ _ _ - , _ ~ r~ os - .— oo oo os c 8 8 V ~ ~ ~ I 3 ~ o . _ Ct 18 o o ~ _ 1 1 Cd ~

OCR for page 19
~ oo . - - - ~ ~ - ~ ~ - c. ~ ~: ~ ~ s o ~ c: . ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ! c ~ ~ g E ~ ~ ~ . ~ oo .O ~ :'s .O ~ 3 0 ~ Ct ~o ~ c: ~ r°~ 0,0 c: ~ ~ O ~ o ~ _ °° ° E ° ° ° ~ s ~ s ~ s =: ~ `,~ ~ 3 ~ O ° " .e e .E ~E 7. :~: E 3 E Y os os os E E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E E ~ E & "= E E Q Q O ~ ~ O O O Q O Q O ° O g r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . _ 8 - et o - 3 o 1 3 o 19 o l 3 o ~: ._ 3 :^ o o Ct ~o o - ._ , - Le E Ct L" oo ._ = ._ E C~ o ~: o - ._ _ c: E ~. — C`5 & ~ C Ct U' U, C: ~ Ct ^, X O s~ > ~ _ D _ ~ C Z C' ~ ~o

OCR for page 20
1 ^~= 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ rat A: v, - no e 0 Cal _ ~ 0 _ ~ U. Cal ._ - U' 3 C - Cat o Cal - I> Cal UO ._ m Ct Cal is tt 1 en. =. ~ 1 ~ 1 I .... o_ Vat 1 A= vi ~ 1 · . · · . O ~ ~ rat ~ X z A: o - o V ~ or _ X ~ I~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ . . . . . . . ~ ~ ~ _ 1 ~ ~. 1 ~ '! 1 ~ ~ _ o o o ~ o ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ . . · . . . o o o o ~ o X mo4~=o I0 ox cr 0 ~i ° ~ 1 _ ~ _ _ _ , cr~ V~ ', ~ ~ X _ o . . . . . . . ~ 1 V. X o o ~ ~ 1 1 — _ ~ , o E o ., - ~o E 0, ~ o) ~ ~ ~ o 20 Ct ._ Ct - cn c c 3 Ce _ U) C~ l ·— ~ _ C O — X ~ Z Pc V~ ~ oO ~ ~ ~ D — ,~o U7 ~ E o 3 = ·— — . O ~0 ~ ~ O_ ~ — ~ ._ ~ >. O ~ ·0 C) c: oo ~ {~~ — O et ~ ~ C~ ~ e,~ O _ ~ ~ ._ ~ ~ .C ~ ~ .O _ _ ~ E ~ ._ s: ~V ·— E ~ E c,.= oOo =.= E g ~ ', ~ s.= _ U~ _ · ~ U:} ~ — ~ — - E.~ ~ C _ ~ C ~ _ Ct Ce ,~ _ ~ _ ~ _ ~ <( ~ << C7` ~ ~ ~~~ oo ~ C~ 3 _ _ _ 3 _ ~ oo ·' ·— _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ O ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .O C ~ 2~ 2= ~ ~ Ci,, ~ Ce O ~ ~ :> ~ ~ .o ~ {, ~ ~C - 3 et U, U, - ~o o Ct

OCR for page 21
Aluminum REFERENCES 21 Alfrey, A. C., G. R. Le Gendre, and W. D. Kaehny. 1976. The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. Possible aluminum intoxication. N. Engl. J. Med. 294:184. Ammerman, C. B., S. M. Miller, K. R. Fick, and S. L. Hansard II. 1977. Contaminating elements in mineral supplements and their potential toxicity: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 44:485. Bailey, C. B. 1977. Irifluence of aluminum hydroxide on the solubility of silicic acid in rumen fluid and the absorption of silicic acid from the digestive tract of ruminants. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 57:239. Belous, A. M. 1961. Content of some trace elements in healing of femur fracture. Ukr. Biokhim. Zh. 23:856; cited in Chem. Abstr. 56:10756, 1962. Benett, R. W., T. V. N. Persaud, and K. L. Moore. 1975. Experimental studies on the effects of aluminum on pregnancy and fetal development. Anat. Anz. Bd. 138:365. Berlyne, G. M., J. B. Ari, E. Knopf, R. Yagil, G. Weinberger, and G. M. Danovitch. 1972. Aluminum toxicity in rats. The Lancet 1:564. Butt, E. M., R. E. Nusbaum, T. C. Gilmour, and S. L. Didio. l9S6. Trace metal patterns in disease states. I. Hemochromatosis and refractory anemia. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 26:225. Cakir, A., T. W. Sullivan, and F. B. Mather. 1978. Alleviation of fluorine tox~city in starting turkeys and chicks with aluminum. Poult. Sci. 57:498. Crapper, D. R., and G. T. Tomko. 1975. Neuronal correlates of an encephalopathy associated with aluminum neurofibrillary degeneration. Brain Res. 97:253. Crapper, D. R., S. S. Krishnan, and A. J. Dalton. 1973. Brain aluminum distribution in Alzheimer's disease and experimental neurof~brillary degeneration. Science 180:511. Deobald, H. J., and C. A. Elvehjem. 1935. The effects of feeding high amounts of soluble iron and aluminum salts. Am. J. Physiol. 111:118. Field, A. C., and D. Purves. 1964. The intake of soil by grazing sheep. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 23:XXIV. Grau, C. R., and N. W. Klein. 1957. Sewage-grown algae as a feedstuff for chicks. Poult. Sci. 36:1046. Harmon, B. G., J. Simon, D. E. Becker, A. H. Jensen, and D. H. Baker. 1970. Effect of source and level of dietary phosphorus on structure and composition of turbinate and long bones. J. Anim. Sci. 30:742. Hutchinson, G. E. 1943. The geochemistry of aluminum and certain related elements. Q. Rev. Biol. 18:242. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. 1972a. 90-Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Study with Kasal in Beagle Dogs. Report IBT No. J749. Prepared for Stauffer Chemical Company. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, Ill. 55 pp. Cited in LSRO, 1975. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. 1972b. 90-Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Study with Levair in Beagle Dogs. Report IBT No. J749. Prepared for Stauffer Chemical Company. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, Ill. 55 pp. Cited in LSRO, 1975. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. 1972c. 90-Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Study with Levn-Lite in Beagle Dogs. Report BTt 71-49; IBT No. J749. Prepared for Monsanto Company. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, Ill. 54 pp. Cited in LSRO, 1975. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. 1972d. 90-Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Study with Kasal in Albino flats. Report IBT No. B747. Prepared for Stau~er Chemical Company. Industrial Bi - Test Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, Ill. 31 pp. Cited in LSRO, 1975.

OCR for page 22
22 MINERAL TOLERANCE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. 1972e. 90-Day Subacute Oral Toxicity Study with Levair in Albino Rats. Report IBT No. B747. Prepared for Stauffer Chemical Company. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, Ill. 31 pp. Cited in LSRO, 1975. Insko, W. M., M. Lyons, and J. H. Martin. 1938. The effect of manganese, zinc, alumi- num, and iron salts on the incidence of perosis in chicks. Poult. Sci. 17:264. Kortus, J. 1966. Effect of increased doses of aluminum and of fluoride ion on the alumi- num level in organs. Biologia (Bratislava) 21:33; cited in Chem. Abstr. 64:20501, 1966. Kotter, L., C. Herrmann, C. Ring, and G. Lorsico. 1966. Increasing the formation of antibodies against heated protein with the help of metallic compounds. Zentralbl. Veterinaermed. Reihe B 13:613; cited in Chem. Abstr. 66:45035. Lauro, V., and C. Giornelli. 1963. Indagini sperimentali sui rapport) tra carenza nella dicta di alcuni metalli (alluminio, ferro, manganese) ed attivita riproduttiva. Arch. Ostet. Ginecol. 68:121; cited in Sorenson et al., 1974. Litton Bionetics, Inc. 1975. Mutagenic Evaluation of Sodium Aluminum Phosphate (Acidic) (Compound 007785-88-8). Report prepared underDHEw Contract No. FDA 75-1. Kensington, Md. Cited in bSRo, 1975. bSRo. 1975. Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Aluminum Compounds as Food Ingre- dients. Life Sciences Research Off~ce, Federation of American Societies for Experi- mental Biology, Bethesda, Md. SCoGs43. Contract No. FDA 223-75-2004. Mayor, G. H., J. A. Keiser, D. Makdani, and P. K. Ku. 1977. Aluminum absorption and distribution: E~ect of parathyroid hormone. Science 197:1187. Miller, D., and R. R. Kifer. 1970. Effect of glutamic acid and antiacids on chick bioassay of protein quality of fish meals. Poult. Sci. 49:1327. Nekipelov, M. K. 1966. Hygienic standard for aluminum nitrate in water basins. Hyg. Sanit. (USSR) 31:204; cited in Sorenson et al., 1974. O'Gara, R. W., and J. M. Brown. 1967. Comparison of the carcinogenic actions of subcutaneous implants of iron and aluminum in rodents. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 38:947; cited in Sorenson et al., 1974. Ondreicka, R., E. Ginter, and J. Kortus. 1966. Chronic toxicity of aluminum in rats and mice and its effects on phosphorus metabolism. Br. J. Ind. Med. 23:305; cited in Tracor-Jitco, Inc., 1973. Pragay, D. A. 1962. Muscular dystrophy in chicks caused by dietary aluminum hydroxide gel. Fed. Proc. 21:388. (Abstr.) Schaeffer, G., G. Fontes, E. Le Breton, C. Oberling, and L. Thivolle. 1928. The dangers of certain mineral baking powders based on alum, when used for thuman nutrition. J. Hyg. 28:92. Schroeder, H. A., and M. Mitchener. 1975. Life-term studies in rats: Effects of alumi- num, barium, beryllium and tungsten. J. Nutr. 10S:421. Schroeder, H. A., and A. P. Nason. 1971. Trace-element analysis in clinical chemistry. Clin. Chem. 17:461. Sorenson, J. R. J., I. R. Campbell, L. B. Tepper, and R. D. Lingg. 1974. Aluminum in the environment and human health. Environ. Health Perspect. 8:3. Storer, N. L., and T. S. Nelson. 1968. The effect of various aluminum compounds on chick performance. Poult. Sci. 47:244. Street, H. R. 1942. Influence of aluminum sulfate and aluminum hydroxide upon the absorption of dietary phosphorus by the rat. J. Nutr. 24:111. Strowe, F. J., and T. W. Sullivan. 1975. Fluorine and phosphorus relationships in diets for starting and growing-finishing turkeys. Poult. Sci. 54:1821 (Abstr.). Thompson, A., S. L. Hansard, and M. C. Bell. 1959. The influence of aluminum and zinc upon the absorption and retention of calcium and phosphorus in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 18:187.

OCR for page 23
Aluminum 23 Thurston, H., G. R. Gilmore, and J. D. Swales. 1972. Aluminum retention and toxicity in chronic renal failure. The Lancet 1:881. Tomimatsu, Y., and J. W. Donovan. 1976. Spectroscopic evidence of perturbation of yptophan in aluminum (III) and gallium (III) binding to ovotransfemn and human serum transfemn. FEss Lett. 71:229; cited in Valdivia-Rodnguez, 1977. Tracor-Jitco, Inc. 1973. Scientific Literature Reviews on Generally Recogruzed as Safe (GRAS) Food Ingredients Aluminum Compounds. Prepared for Food and Drug Admin- ist~tio~n. NT'S No. PB-223 862. Valdivia, R., C. B. Ammerman, C. J. Wilcox, and P. R. Henry. 1978. Effect of dietary aluminum on animal performance and tissue mineral levels in growing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 47:13S1. Valdivia-Rodriguez, R. J. 1977. Effect of dietary aluminum on phosphorus utilization by ruminants. Ph. D. thesis. University of Flonda, Gainesville. Williams, C., and S. Rodbard. 1957. Weakness in young chicks on a diet supplemented with aluminum hydroxide gel. Poult. Sci. 36:602.

Representative terms from entire chapter:

toxicity study