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| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page R1
Social and Economic
Aspects of
Radioactive Waste Disposal
Considerations for Institutional Management
Pane! on Social and Economic Aspects
of Radioactive Waste Management
Board on Radioactive Waste Management
Commission on Physical Sciences,
Mathematics, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1984
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NationalAcademy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue,bnY Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved
by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose
members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate
balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee
consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National
Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of
science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council
operates in accordance with general policies determined by the
Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863,
which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit,
self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences
and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their
services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of
Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964
and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of
Sciences.
This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under
DOE Contract No. DE-AT01-80NE93030.
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the
United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United
States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, makes any
warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or
responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any
information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed or represents
that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 84-60101
International Standard Book Number 0-309-03444-2
First Printing, April 1984
Second Printing, April 1986
Printed in the United States of America
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Pane] on Social and Economic Aspects
of Radioactive Waste Management
ROGER E. KASPERSON, Clark University, Chairman
FREDERICK R. ANDERSON, University of Utah
IRVIN V. BUPP, Harvard Business School
NANCY DORFMAN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
E. LINN DRAPER, Gulf States Utility Company
JAMES A. FAY, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
GERALD GARVEY, Princeton University
JIM HARDING, Friends of the Earth Foundation
TODD R. LAPORTE, University of California, Berkeley
KAI N. LEE, University of Washington
SAMUEL LEINHARDT, Carnegie-Mellon University
ALAN S. MANNE, Stanford University
DENTON E. MORRISON, Michigan State University
JOHN E. SELEY, Queens College, The City University of New
York
JULIAN WOLPERT, Princeton University
GARY L. DOWNEY, National Research Council Fellow
Staff
SUSAN M. DOWNEY
PETER B. MYERS
JOHN S. SIEG
· · ~
111
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Board on Radioactive Waste Management
KONRAD B. KRAUSKOPF, Stanford University, Chairman
FRANK L. PARKER, Vanderbilt University, Vice-Chairman
ALBERT CARNESALE, Harvard University
MERRIL EISENBUD, New York University Medical Center
G. ROSS HEATH, Oregon State University
ROGER E. KASPERSON, Clark University
PHILIP E. LAMOREAUX, University of Alabama
KAI N. LEE, University of Washington
JOHN M. MATUSZEK, New York State Department of Health
THOMAS H. PIGFORD, University of California, Berkeley
ROBERT H. SILSBEE, Cornell University
LAURENCE L. SLOSS, Northwestern University
SUSAN WILTSHIRE, Research and Planning, Inc., Cambridge
Massachusetts
PETER B. MYERS, Staff Director
iv
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Commission on Physical Sciences
Mathematics, and Resources
HERBERT FRIEDMAN, National Research Council, Chairman
ELKAN R. BLOUT, Harvard Medical School
WILLIAM BROWDER, Princeton University
BERNARD F. BURKE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
HERMAN CHERNOFF, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MILDRED S. DRESSELHAUS, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
WALTER R. ECKE~MANN, Sohio Petroleum Company
JOSEPH L. FISHER, Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of
Virginia
JAMES C. FLETCHER, University of Pittsburgh
WILLIAM A. FOWLER, California Institute of Technology
GERHART FRIEDLANDER, Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDWARD A. FRIEMAN, Science Applications, Inc.
EDWARD D. GOLDBERG, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
CHARLES L. HOSLER, JR., Pennsylvania State University
KONRAD B. KRAUSKOPF, Stanford University
CHARLES J. MANKIN, Oklahoma Geological Survey
WALTER H. MUNK, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
GEORGE E. PAKE, Xerox Research Center
ROBERT E. SIEVERS, University of Colorado
HOWARD E. SIMMONS, JR., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,
Inc.
JOHN D. SPENGLER, Harvard School of Public Health
HATTEN S. YODER, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington
RAPHAEL G. KASPER, Executive Director
v
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IN MEMORIAM
Angus Campbell
1910-1980
Angus Campbell was chairman of the Panel on Social
and Economic Aspects of Radioactive Waste
Management until his death on December 15, 1980.
Noted for his pioneering work in survey research,
Dr. Campbell was a professor of psychology and
sociology at the University of Michigan. He
helped to found and then directed the University's
Institute for Social Research.
Dr. Campbell wrote several books and was
considered an authoritative source on voting
behavior, race relations, and the quality of
life. He helped to establish the University of
Michigan's Political Behavior Program, under whose
sponsorship The American Voter (1960) was
published. Consisting of a series of monographs
with which Dr. Campbell was heavily involved, this
document is considered to have had a seminal
influence on the discipline of political science.
His final book, The Sense of Well-Being in
America, was published shortly before he died.
He was elected to the National Academy of
Sciences in 1980.
vii
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Preface
In the spring of 1979 the National Research Council (NRC)
Committee (later Board) on Radioactive Waste Management
(BROOM) had the opportunity to comment on a presentation
by a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contractor on a
proposed study of nontechnical criteria for siting
geologic repositories for high-level nuclear wastes. As
a result of its consideration and ensuing discussions
with DOE staff, the BROOM elected to submit a proposal to
DOE for an assessment of what is known about these
important criteria. The proposal was favorably received,
and a DOE contract was awarded for a study of the social
and economic aspects of radioactive waste disposal.
Specifics on the panel mandate appear in Chapter 1 of
this report.
The panel established under the aegis of the BROOM held
the first of its nine meetings in March 1980 under the
chairmanship of Angus Campbell. Following Dr. Campbell's
untimely death in December 1980, Roger Kasperson accepted
the responsibilities of chairman.
The panel benefited from briefings by members of the
DOE technical staff and the Department's contractors and
from the staff of the Oak Ridge and Sandia National
Laboratories with particular attention to radioactive
waste transportation. Additional helpful briefings and
information were provided by representatives of the Mitre
Corporation, the Office of Technology Assessment, and
others.
In an effort to obtain a broad range of reactions from
interested public sectors on the scope and methods of its
study, the panel solicited views from almost a thousand
individuals and organizations that had demonstrated
previous interest in government activities involving
radioactive waste management. Slightly less than 10
ix
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percent of those solicited responded. The panel also
devoted a substantial portion of one of its meetings to a
wide-ranging open discussion of its approach to its study
with four representatives of environmental organizations
selected by the panel.
In addition to providing counsel throughout the study,
members of the BROOM conducted a formal review of the
panel's report, as did selected members of the parent
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and
Resources. A. Henry Schilling of the Battelle Human
Affairs Research Centers provided a critical review of
the treatment of institutional issues in Chapter 5.
The panel thanks Gary Downey, who worked with them as
a National Research Council Fellow.
The project's first staff officer was Susan Stuen
Downey. After her resignation from the National Research
Council staff late in 1981, John Sieg served as staff
officer until early 1983, when the Staff Director of the
BROOM, Peter Myers, added the role of staff officer to his
duties and saw the project through to completion. The
study secretaries were, initially, Dee Cooper and, later
Betty King.
x
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\
Contents
1. Summary .
Approach of This Study
Major Socioeconomic Considerations
Major Findings
2. Public Concerns . . .
The Data Base
The Emergence of Public Concerns
Demographic Correlates of Public Concern
The Causes of Public Concern: Alternative
Hypotheses
The Nature of Hazard
Value Conflict
Institutional Credibility and Distrust
Methodological and Data-Base Limitations
Findings
References for Chapter 2
3. The Waste Management Network: The Role of
Transportation and Repository Location
The Waste Management System in Operation
A Reference Case
A Single, Centralized Repository or a Regional
System?
Temporary Storage Prior to Permanent Isolation
Transport Mode
Findings
References for Chapter 3
xi
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6
9
15
16
18
21
26
31
33
35
38
42
42
48
49
51
56
75
77
79
81
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4. The Waste Repository Site: Characteristics and
Socioeconomic Considerations . ~
.
.
The Repository Site: A Description
Conventional Effects
Special Effects
Influence of Time and Distance on Waste
Management Activities
Local Effects Along Transportation Corridors
Mitigation and Compensation
Findings
References for Chapter 4
.
.
.
.
.
5. Institutional Issues
.
·
Institutional Themes in the Nuclear Waste Policy
Act of 1982
Public Participation
Regulation of Transportation
Findings
References for Chapter 5
Appendix A: Spent-Fuel Transportation Analysis
for the National Academy of Sciences . . . .
Appendix B: Supplementary Comments on Chapter 5
· ~
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88
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167
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Social and Economic
Aspects of
Radioactive Waste Disposal
Considerations for Institutional Management
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