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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page 407
Index
acceptable daily intake, 2, 25
carcinogens, considerations of, 3~37
chronic exposure, 2~37
dose-response methodology, 31-37
no-adverse-effect level, 31
uncertainty factors, 36
ACGIH (see American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
acneiform skin eruptions, iodine effects,
306
acrylonitnle toxicity, 71-76
acute exposure, risk estimation, 2~28
additive effects in drinking water, 27
adequate and safe intake, 372
chromium, 366, 372
copper, 313, 372
fluoride, 280, 372
manganese, 334, 372
molybdenum, 361, 372
potassium, 294, 372
selenium, 325, 372
sodium, 287, 372
ADI (see acceptable daily intake)
alcohol, magnesium depletion effects,
274
aldosteronism, magnesium malabsorp-
tion, 273
alkalosis, potassium deficiency, 295
aluminum
fluoride interaction, 282
407
phosphorus interaction, 278
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 101
anemia
iron deficiency, 309
manganese interaction, 336
animal tests
acrylonitrile, 73-76
antimony, 78 80
benzene, 83 84
benzene hexachlonde, 87~8
bromodichloromethane, 189
bromoform, 189
cadmium, 9~95
carbon tetrachloride, 96 97
catechol, 191-192
chlorite, 197
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, 89
bis(2-chloropropyl)ether, 90
chloroform, 203-204
dibromochloromethane, 205
dichlorodifluoromethane, 102-103
1,2-dichloroethane, 10~110
epichlorohydrin, 11~122
ethylene dibromide, 99 100
glyoxylic acid, 209 210
hexachlorobenzene, 21 1-214
iodine, 221-224
lindane, 87~8
nonanal, 226
OCR for page 408
408 Index
PCB, 131-133
resorcinol, 22~230
1,1,1-trichloroethane, 14~152
trichloroethylene, 15~164
trichlorofluoromethane, 167
uranium, 17~177
antagonistic effects in drinking water, 27
anticonvulsants, magnesium use, 274
antimony toxicity, 77~0
Antofagasta, Chile, arsenic in drinking
water, 338
Aroclor, 13 1-133
arsenic nutrition, 337-345, 37~375
cadmium interaction, 344
arsenic trioxide toxicity, 342
arteriosclerotic stroke, risk estimate
studies, 22 (see also cardiovascular
disease)
asbestos, lung problems, 356
Australia, hypertension- salt intake ef-
fects, 290
Bacillus subtilis, 120
background response (see risk
estimation)
bakery goods, potassium additives,
293-294
barbiturates, diuretic effects, 290
BDPF (see bile duct-pancreatic fluid
Row)
beer, diet sodium effects, 291
benzene toxicity, 8~86
benzene hexachlonde toxicity, 86 88
BHC (see benzene hexachloride)
bile duct-pancreatic fluid flow, 97
biochemical interactions, toxicity from
chemicals, 45~6
blood pressure, sodium effects (see also
cardiovascular disease), 28~289
borne cancer (see cancer)
bromate toxicity, 181-187
bromide toxicity, 181-187
bromine toxicity, 181-187
bromism, chloride interaction, 301
bromodichloromethane toxicity, 887~88
bromoform toxicity, 189
bronchial diseases (see respiratory
diseases)
cadmium
absorption, calcium effects on, 271
arsenic interaction, 344
toxicity, 91-96
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, synthe
sis inhibition, 271
selenium interaction, 32~329
zinc interaction, 317
calcitonin, magnesium interaction,
27~275
calcium nutrition, 26~271, 37~375
fluoride interaction, 282
lead poisoning susceptibility, 270
water hardness relationship, 272
zinc interaction, 317
calcium carbonate, water hardness mea
sure, 21
calcium phosphate, manganese interac
tion, 336
Canada
magnesium in water, 272
myocardial infarction accidental
death comparisons, 22
cancer
arsenic effects, 343
bladder-chloroform risks, studies, ~7
bone, magnesium malabsorption, 273
chemotherapy, 29
chloroform relationship, 5, 7
frequency, 5-21
liver and kidney studies, 10
mortality rates-THM relationship,
13-18
Ohio River Valley Basin water quality
studies, 1 1
'safety factor" approach, 3~39
(see also carcinogens)
cancer in humans
epidemiological studies, 1-2, 5-21
skin, Taiwan, arsenic in well water,
343-344
THM bladder relationship, 1, ~9
carbon tetrachloride toxicity, 9~98
carcinogenesis
arsenic, 344
dose-response models, 58~0
multistage model, 53, 59
carcinogens
ADI theoretical data, 3~37
dietary components, 52
ethylenedibromide risk estimation, 100
groundwater and surface water con-
tamination studies, ~7
(see also cancer)
OCR for page 409
Index 409
carcinoma (see cancer; carcinogens)
cardiac glycosides, potassium depletion
effects, 296
cardiovascular disease
arsenic relationship, 343
drinking water hardness relationship,
1 - 2
risk estimation studies, 22
water hardness relationship, 22
catechol toxicity, 19~192
cathartics, magnesium use, 274
cattle, iodine intake, 222
central nervous system
tetrachloroethylene effects, 136
1, 1,1-trichloroethane ejects, 146 149
CHE (see cholinesterase)
chemicals, evaluation of toxicity, 67-70
chemicals toxicity, biochemical interac-
tions, 45~6
chlorate, 198 200
chloride nutrition, 298-302, 37~375
bromide interaction, 301
chlorine dioxide toxicity, 193-196
chlorine oxides, uses, 193
chlorite, 197
chloroamines toxicity, 20~203
chloroamino acids toxicity, 202-203
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, in animals, 89
chloroform
epidemiological studies ~7
toxicity, 203-204
bis(2-chloropropyl)ether toxicity, 9~91
cholinesterase, 3 1
chromium nutrition, 266, 364 368,
37~37S
vanadium interaction, 368
chronic exposure
ADI, 2~37
dose-response methodology, 3 1-37
' safety factor'' approach, 30
cobalt, nutritional value, 266
cocarcinogenesis, 51, 53
. . . . . . .
compounds, combinations, Joint action,
27
condiments
sodium, dietary source, 284
copper nutrition, 3 12-3 15, 3 1~3 19,
37~375
iron interaction, 311
molybdenum interaction, 314
sulfur interaction, 314
zinc interaction, 314
copper pipes, soft water reactions, 312
Council of Europe, octanal review, 227
CVD (see cardiovascular disease)
cyanoethylene (see acrylonitrile)
cytochrome P-450, interspecies micro-
somes content, 50
DCE (see 1,2-dichloroethane)
dental caries, fluoride requirements, 280
dental health, 28~281
dermatitis
nickel toxicity, 34~349
selenium relationship, 327
diabetes mellitus, magnesium malabso~p-
tion, 273
Diazinon, 3 1
dibromochloromethane toxicity, 20~206
1,2-dibromoethane (see ethylene
dibromide)
dichlorodifluoromethane toxicity,
101-104
1,2-dichloroethane toxicity, 1(0111
2,4-dichlorophenol toxicity, 206 207
dichotomous response models
low-dose carcinogenic risk estimation,
37
risk estimation, 2
dietary intake, human, 37~375
arsenic, 337-341
calcium, 268, 269
chloride, 298 299
chromium, 364 366
copper, 312-313, 31~319
fluoride, 279 280
iodine, 302-304
iron, 309 310, 31~3]9
magnesium, 272
manganese, 331-334
molybdenum, 357-359
nickel, 34~347
potassium, 293-294
phosphorus, 27~277
selenium, 321-323
silicon, 355
sodium, 28~287
vanadium, 35~351
zinc'316, 318-319
digitalis, potassium depletion effects. 296
1 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 271,
27~275
diuretics, 290, 296
OCR for page 410
410 Index
dose-response models, 31-37, 58-60
drinking water contribution to mineral
nutrition, 369, 374-375
arsenic, 345
calcium, 271
chloride, 301-302
chromium, 369
copper, 31~315
fluoride, 282
iodine, 307
iron, 311
magnesium, 275
manganese, 337
molybdenum, 364
nickel, 349
potassium, 297
phosphorus, 278
selenium, 330
silicon, 357
sodium, 292
vanadium, 354
zinc, 317
drugs, iodine content, 305
ECH (see epichlorohydrin)
EDTA (see ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid)
elemental arsenic, toxicity, 342
elements in drinking water, 373-375
environmental contaminants, 27
Environmental Protection Agency
chemicals in water supplies. 5
THM concentrations survey 13- 18
THM studies. 5 6
enzymes molybdenum content, 361
EPA (see Environmental Protection
Agency )
National Statistical Assessment of
Rural Water Conditions. 373
NOMS. 81
NORS. 13. 17
epichlorohydrin tox icily 111- 124
epidemiological studies. 1-2
cancer~rinking water relationship,
~21
case-control studies, 17- 19
cohort studies. 19
drinking water contaminants-cancer
incidence relationship, 5~56
epidemiology, risk assessment, 5~56
Erie County, N.Y., cancer chlorinated
water studies, 10
erythrosine, iodine dietary content, 303
Escherichia coli, 161
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 353
ethylene dibromide, 98 100
FDA (see Food and Drug
Administration)
fiber (dietary), zinc interaction, 317
fish products, fluoride content, 279
fluondation, public water supplies, 279
fluoride, 27~283, 363
aluminum interaction, 282
calcium interaction, 282
magnesium interaction, 282
molybdenum interaction, 363
food additives, chronic exposure, 3~31
Food and Drug Administration, 331
arsenic in food, 337-338
food coloring agent (see erythrosine)
food preservatives, 284
Fowler's solution, 343
gastrointestinal disease, magnesium
malabsorption, 273
generally recognized as safe, octanal re-
view, 226
glucose tolerance factor, 365, 368
glyoxylic acid, 207-210
goiter 30~306 (see (l Is`' thyroid)
goitrogens, 305
gout, molybdenum exposure, 361
GRAS (see generally recognized as safe)
Graves' disease (see thyrotoxicosis)
Great Britain, antimony effects in factory
workers, 79
groundwater, ~7
GTF (see glucose tolerance factor)
Hagerstown, Md., water quality-cancer
effects, 10
halogens, germicidal action, acute ef-
fects, 185
HCB (see hexachlorobenzene)
HCP (see hexachlorophene)
hemoglobin, repletion, 336
hepatolenticular degeneration, 314
OCR for page 411
Index 411
hexachlorobenzene toxicity, 21~215
hexachlorophene toxicity, 32
hexavalent chromium, 365, 367-368
hitness'' models (see target theory)
hydrocarbons, vanadium content, 3S1
hydroch~onc acid, chloride anion, 298
3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid,
toxicity, 342
hyperkeratosis, 343
hyperparathyroidism, magnesium malab-
sorption, 273
hypertension
Australian studies, 290
risk estimation studies, 22
salt-diet relationship, 290
sodium effects, 28~289
hypocalcemia, 270
hypocalcemic tetany, phosphorus allow-
ance in infants, 277
hypochloremic alkalosis, chloride tox-
icity, 300
hypoglycemic drugs, sodium deficiency
effects, 290
hypokalemia, 29~296
hyponatremia, 290 291
hypothyroidism, 305
India, molybdenum exposure. 362
initiation-promotion. regulatory implica-
tions, 53
inorganic arsenicals, toxicity, 339, 342
International Agency for Research on
Cancer, ECH tests, 122
interspecies toxicology, 2~29
iodate toxicity (see iodine toxicity)
iodide toxicity (see iodine)
. .
10( Ine
lead interactions 30~307
nutrition 302-309. 374-375
toxicity 2 1 5-225
iodism, 21~220
iron nutrition, 30~312, 31~319. 37~375
absorption impaired by nickel defi-
ciency, 349
lead interaction, 311
manganese interaction, 31 1, 336
molybdenum interaction 363
nickel interaction. 349
zinc interaction. 311
itai itai disease. calcium deficiency ef-
fects. 271
Japan
iodide intake effects, 220
itai itai~alcium deficiency relation-
sh~p, 271
manganese toxicity, 336
lakes, phosphorus content, 276
Lane County, Oreg., arsenic in drinking
water, 338
lead
iodine interaction, 306 307
iron interaction, 311
poisoning, calcium intake effects,
27~27 1
leukemia, benzene relationship, 82
lindane (see also benzene hexachloride),
87~8
linear, no-threshold model, 37, 40
linear risk estimation model, 2
lithium, sodium interaction, 292
logistic models
low-dose carcinogenic risk estimation,
4 1~2
risk estimation, 2
Los Angeles County. Califwater qual
ity study, 1 1
Louisiana
cancer rates~rinking water relation
ship, 5
water quality studies 8
lungs silica and asbestos problems. 356
magnesium nutrition 272-276. 37~37-
calcium interaction 274
fluoride interaction, 282
phosphorus interaction. 274
potassium interaction 274
manganese nutrition. 331-337 37~375
calcium phosphate interaction. 336
iron interaction 3 1 1 . 3 36
mathematical models. risk assessment.
54
maximum permissible concentration
uranium tests 177
maximum tolerated dose. 10()
interspecies toxicology' 29
mercury, selenium interaction 328-3~9
methylene chloride toxicity. 124 128
MFO (set mixed function vxidase)
OCR for page 412
412 Index
mineral intake. 267
mineral nutrition. 265, 267 (so als`'
drinking water contribution to
mineral nutrition)
Mississippi River
drinking water~ancer relationship, 5
water quality studies. 8
mixed function oxidase. trichloroethylene
effects. 162
models
dose-response, 5~60
hitness'' (. target theory)
mathematical, risk assessment, 54
multistage. carcinogenesis. 54. 58
risk estimation, 2-3
single-hit multistage relationship, 59
theoretical risk estimation, 52-54
molybdenosis, 361
molybdenum nutrition, 357-364. 37~375
copper interaction, 314, 362-363
fluoride interaction, 363
iron interaction, 363
sulfides interaction, 363
mortality rates-halomethane levels,
1~15
MPC (salt maximum permissible
concentrations)
MID (scar maximum tolerated dose)
mucopolysaccharide, 355-356
multistage models, carcinogenesis, 54, 58
municipal wat.er supply (~ public water
supplies)
myxedema. iodine-goiter relationship.
305-306
National Air Sampling Network. 365
National Cancer Institute
chloroform studies. 5, 7
DCE tests. 109
tetrachloroethylene studies. 139
National Cancer Institute Bioassay Pro-
gram. 151
National Organic Monitoring Survey. 81
National Organics Reconnaissance Sur-
vey, 13, 17
National Statistical Assessment of Rural
Water Conditions, 373
NCI (see National Cancer Institute)
NCTHM (see nonchloroform
trihalomethane )
New Jersey . water quality study, 12
New York, upstate, water quality. 9-10
New Zealand. selenium intake low, 321
nickel nutrition, 345-350
iron interaction, 349
NOMS (sale National Organic Monitoring
Survey)
nonchloroform trihalomethane. 13. 17
nonanal toxicity, 225-226
NORS (scat National Organics Recon-
naissance Survey)
no-threshold risk estimation model, 2
oceans. iodine consent q 303
octanal~ 22~227
Ohio River. water quality studies. 8,
Ohio River Valley Basin, water
quality~ancer studies, I I
Olmstead County. Minn., thyroiditis
prevalence, 306
organic arsenicals, toxicity 342
osteoporosis
calcium loss, 270
fluoride requirements, 280
vitamin D deficiency, 270
osteosclerosis. fluoride intake effects,
281
parathyroid, magnesium interaction'
27~275
PCB (set polychlorinated biphenyl)
pentavalent arsenic toxicity, 339
pharmacokinetic considerations
dose effects, 46Jr8
species testing, 4~51
phorbol myristate acetate, 122
phosphate (se`, phosphorus nutrition)
phosphorus nutrition, 27~279, 37~375
cations interaction, 278
phytate, zinc relationship, 317
Pittsburgh, Pa., water quality study, 12
plumbing systems, copper use, 312
PMA (see phorbol myristate acetate)
polychlorinated biphenyl, 128-133
polyvalent cations, water hardness mea-
sure, 21
potassium nutrition, 293-298, 308,
37~375
sodium interaction, 292
potassium iodide, to treat thyrotoxicosis,
305
OCR for page 413
Index 413
2-propenenitrile (see acrylonitrile)
protein, selenium interaction, 329
public water supplies
fluoridation, 279
nickel content, 345-347
phosphorus content, 276
sodium content. 28~285
vanadium content, 351
water-softening procedures, 23
pulmonary diseases (~e respiratory
diseases)
RDA (see recommended dietary
allowance)
recommended dietary allowance, 4, 267,
369-37 1
calcium, 269, 370. 371
chloride, 300, 370, 37]
iodine, 304, 370, 371
iron, 310, 370, 371
magnesium, 272, 370. 371
phosphorus. 277, 370, 371
zinc, 316, 370, 371
requirements
arsenic, 341
nickel, 348
silicon, 356
vanadium, 352-353
(as ~ `'I.s`' adequate and safe intake `;ncf
recommended dietary allowance)
respiratory diseases, arsenic relationship,
343
repletion, hemoglobin, 338
research priorities, future, 23-24
resorcinol, 227-230
rickets, calcium-def~cient diets, 270
risk assessment (see also risk calcula-
tions; risk estimation) 5~56
risk calculations 59
risk estimation
acrylonitnle~ancer relationship. 76
acute exposure to chemicals in drink-
ing water. 2~28
ADI approach, 25
background response, 51, 57-58
benzene, 8~85
cardiovascular disease, 22
cocarcinogenesis, 5 1
DCE, 109, 110
defined, 25
dose-response models. 56 60
drinking water toxic chemicals ef-
fects, 2-3
ethylene dibromide-carcinogen rela-
tionship, 100
HCB carcinogenicity, 213-214
hypertensive disease, 22
interaction, 51 60
joint toxic action models, 53-54
low-dose carcinogen models, 37~5
models, 2-3
quantitative reliability, 56~0
safety factors, 25-28
statistical data studies, 59 60
tetrachloroethylene carcinogenicity,
139
theoretical models, 52-54
water hardness relationship, 22
(see also risk assessment; risk
calculations)
rivers, phosphorus content, 276
Safe Drinking Water Acts 1974
(PL93-523), 405
Safe Drinking Water Act, 1977 Amend-
ments, 405
Safe Dnnking Water Committee,
NAS-NRC, 22
Salmonella typhimurium, 114, 120. 161,
163
salt (see sodium chloride)
SDWC (see Safe Drinking Water Com-
rruttee, NA~NRC)
seafood, iodine content, 303
selenium nutrition, 321-331, 37~375
arsenic interaction, 329, 344
cadmium interaction, 32~329
mercury interaction, 32~329
protein interaction. 329
sulfate interaction, 329
thallium interaction, 32~239
vitamin E interaction. 329
selenosis, 326
serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
2,4-dichlorophenol tests, 206
toluene effects, 170
trichloroethylene toxicity, 15~159
selenium effects, 328
serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, 87.
97
2,4-dichlorophenol tests, 206
toluene effects. 170
OCR for page 414
414 Index
SCOT (see serum glutamic-oxaloacetic
transaminase)
SORT (see serum glutamic-pyruvic
transaminase)
silica, lung problems, 356
silicon nutrition, 35~357
molybdenum interaction, 357
SNARL (see suggested no-adverse
response level)
sodium nutrition, 283-293, 308, 37~375
lithium interaction, 292
potassium interaction, 292, 297
sodium bromide, 185
sodium chloride, 283-287, 303
soft drinks
phosphate consumption, 275-277
sodium content, 287
soft water (see also water hardness), 21,
312
soil
molybdenum content, 358
selenium content, 321-322
South Dakota, selenium intake high, 321
species testing, 4~51
spontaneous response (see background
response)
sulfides, molybdenum interaction, 363
suggested no-adverse-response level,
3-4 70
acute exposure. 68 69
antimony, 80
Aroclor 133- 134
assumptions 69
benzene. 70. 85~6
BHC (lindane), 70, 88
bromide 70. 18~ 187
hromodichloromethane 188
t?romoform ~ 89
cadmium. 70. 9~96
carUc)n tetrachloride. 70. 97~98
catechol 7(), 192
his(2-chlorethyl)ether. 89
bis(2-chloropropylyether, 91
chlorine dioxide. 70. 196
chlorite. 70 197- 198
chloramines, 202
chloroamino acids. 202
chloroform, 70, 204
chronic exposure, 6~70
DCE, 11(~111
dibromochloromethane, 70, 205-206
dichlorodifluoromethane, 70, 103-104
2,4-dichlorophenol, 70, 207
ECH, 70, 123- 124
ethylene dibromide, 10~101
glyoxal, 210
glyoxylic acid, 210
HCB, 70, 21~215
iodate, 224
iodide, 70, 22~225
iodine, 224
methylene chloride, 70, 127-128
methyl glyoxal, 210
PCB's, 70, 133-134
resorcinol, 70, 23~231
safety, uncertainty factors used, 69
tetrachloroethylene, 70, 14~142
toluene, 70, 172-173
1,1,1-trichloroethane, 70, 152-155
trichloroethylene, 70, 164 166
trichlorofluoromethane, 70, 167-168
uranium, 70, 177-178
xylenes, 70, 181
sulfate, dietary, 329
sulfur, copper interaction, 314
surface water, ~7
sweat, sodium loss, 291
swine, iodine intake, 222-223
synergistic effects in drinking water, 27
table salt (see sodium chloride)
Taiwan, 343, 338
target theory, 2, 42-43
TCDD (see 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo
p-dioxin)
TO E (A ~ tetrachloroethylene; trichloro
ethane; trichloroethylene)
2.3,7 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,
33-35
tetrachloroethy lene, 1 3= 1 39
theoretical models 52-54
THM (see trihalomethane)
thallium selenium interactions 32~329
thorium, 142-144
threshold limit value 101
thyroid 304
thyroid hormones 302
thyroiditis prevalence in Minnesota. 306
thyrotoxicosis 274 305-306
thyroxine, iodine content, 302
time-to-tumor-occurrence models, 2
43-45
OCR for page 415
Index 415
tissues
arsenic distribution, 339
chromium distribution, 366
manganese distribution, 333, 335
molybdenum distribution, 359-360
nickel distribution, 347
silicon distribution, 355-356
vanadium distribution. 352
TLV (.s`e threshold limit value)
tolerance distribution models 2, 4~1
toluene, 16~ 172
Total Diet Study, FDA, 331, 337-338
toxic chemicals, 2-3, 2~29
toxicity
biochemical interaction, 45~6
phosphorus deficiency. 278
toxicology, 3~4, 2~29
trace element, iodine . 216
1, I, I-trichloroethane toxicity, 14~155
trichloroethylene toxicity, 155- 166
trichlorofluoromethane toxicity, 16~168
trihalomethane. 1. ~7, 13-18, 19, 55-56
triiodothyronine, 302
trivalent arsenic toxicity, 339
trivalent chromium, 365, 367
United Kingdom, 22
uranium, 173-177
vanadium nutrition, 35~354, 314~375
chromium interaction, 368
vegans, 266
Venezuela, selenium intake, 321
vinyl cyanide (so c acrylonitrile)
vitamin D, 270. 277
vitamin E, 325, 329
Washington County, Md., water quality
study, 10
water hardness (see als`' soft water), 1-2.
21-22, 267. 271
water intake, 266
water quality
future THIN studies, 13, 17
Los Angeles County, Calif., cancer
study, 11
. . . . . . . .
MISS'SSlppl diver Louisiana cancer
studies, 8
NCTHM concentration bladder
cancer relationship, 13
New Jersey cancer study, 12
Ohio River cancer studies, 8, 11
Pittsburgh, Pa., cancer studies, 12
THM concentrations-cancer relation-
ship, 13-18
upstate New York cancer study, `10
Washington County, Md., cancer
study, 10
water-softening (sect als`' soft water;
water hardness), 21-23, 285
water supply systems (scar also public
water supply), 267
water treatment, 373
WHO (scan World Health Organization)
Wilson's disease (scar hepatolenticular
degeneration)
women, iron requirements, 310
World Health Organization. 30
xylenes toxicity, 17~ 181
zinc nutrition, 315-321, 37~375
copper interaction, 314
iron interaction, 311
Representative terms from entire chapter:
risk estimation
