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OCR for page 289
Index
ABS (see acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)
absorption (see metabolism)
acetonitrile, 202-206
health effects, 204-205
metabolism, 203-204
SNARL, 205-206
TWA standard, 203
see also nitrites
A/C pipe (see asbestos-cement pipe)
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene pipe, 4, 13
acute diseases, waterborne, 5
bacteria, protozoa, and viruses implicated
in, 137
defined, 138
outbreaks of, 140-149
Aerobacter, 29
Aggressiveness Index, 19
A/C pipe and, 20-21, 49-S7, 61
A/C pipe degradation and, 44-45, 58
adjustment, 58
applications of, 20-23
algae
growth in reservoirs, 98-99, 124, 141
polysaccharides produced by, 113
alicyclics, 247, 251
alkalies, 247, 251
alkalinity, A/C pipe effect on, 51
aluminum, 95, 15S-167
conclusions and recommendations per-
taining to, 166-167
289
daily intake, 156
health effects, 158-166
metabolism, 157-158
SNARL, 166
sources in human diet, 156
uses, 156, 158
aluminum chloride, 164
aluminum nitrate, 164
aluminum salts, 156, 163
aluminum sulfate, 156, 164
Alzheimer's disease, 160, 167
amebiasis, 5, 138
American Water Works Association
on chlorination, 130
specifications for A/C pipe, 46
study of asbestos in drinking water, 43
ammonia, chlorine interaction with, 96-97
anthracene, 4, 99
aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum, 247,
248, 249, 252
arsenic, 95, 167
asbestos, 6
health effects, 3-4, 43, 150
asbestos-cement pipe, 2, 42-61
advantages of, 45
city water supplies with asbestos concen-
tration from, 54
composition, 45~6
corrosion, 3, 22-23
deterioration control, 5~60
OCR for page 290
290 Index
dissolution reactions in, 23
EPA tests of, 48, 52
field tests on, 49-58
laboratory tests on, 47-49
mechanisms of deterioration of, 49
types of, 46
uses, 32, 44
vinyl-lined, 3-4
water quality and, 22, 46-47, 49
water quality indexes and, 22, 23, 49
asphalt, 12
linings of, 74-75
AWWA (see American Water Works As-
sociation)
back-flow, 1
health risk from, 16
prevention of, 15
back-siphonage, 1
biological material from, 126, 131
health risk from, 16, 147
occurrence, 15
bacteria
biofilms and, 112
iron, 14, 29, 122-123
observed in water distribution system,
122-123
polysaccharide compounds produced by,
113
sulfate-reducing, 14, 28
sulfur-oxidizing, 29, 122-123
waterborne disease outbreak and, 137
barium, 95, 167-170
health effects, 168-169
maximum allowable concentration reeval
uated, 167-168
recommendation pertaining to, 168
SNARL, 170
Beggiatoa (see sulfur-oxidizing bacteria)
Bennington, Vermont, corrosion field study,
39
benzene, 250, 252
health effects, 253-254
metabolism, 253
recommendations relating to, 254
SNARL, 203, 254-255
benzo(a)pyrene (see polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons)
biofilms, 5, 109-123
chemical composition of, 118
chemical properties of, 115-117, 118
detachment of, 117, 129
fluid frictional resistance affected by, 119
fluid shear forces removal of, 129
formation, 112-114
fouling of, 109, 117, 118, 126-127
physical properties of, 115
reactions with chlorine, 126, 128
thermal conductivity of, 115
transport properties of, 115
water quality changes from, 112
biological material in water distribution sys-
tem, 109
biofilm processes and, 109-112
contamination control from, 126-131
dispersal growth of, 129- 131
sources of, 124-126
biological quality of water, 4-5
"black" water, 5, 112, 122
blood, lead concentration in, 179 (see also
methemoglobinemia)
blood pressure, barium exposure and, 169,
170
Boston, Massachusetts, trace metal concen-
tration in water supply, 40-41
butyl rubber, 12
cadmium, 95, 170-174
corrosion and, 2, 32, 35
health effects, 150, 171-172
SNARL, 172-174
calcium
A/C pipe release of, 22
hardness, 51
calcium carbonate
dissolution, 33, 43
saturation, 23-24, 30, 60-61
California Department of Health Services,
PVC pipe testing, 65
cancer (see carcinogenic*y)
carbon, biofilm, 118
carbon tetrachloride, in PVC pipe, 66
carcinogenicity
acetonitrile, 205
acrylonitrile, 205
aluminum compounds, 165
arsenic, 167
cadmium, 172
chloroform, 207-209
OCR for page 291
Index 291
DBCP, 210, 212-213
dinitrophenol, 243
lead, 182
mononitrophenols, 243
nitrobenzene, 227
PAM's, 4, 257-258, 259-260, 261, 262
263
pipe and lining materials, 4, 72
silver, 186-187
2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 267
vinyl chloride, 4, 63, 70
water treatment chemical compounds, 98
cardiovascular disease, barium and, 169, 170
cast iron
corrosion, lS-16
mains of, 12
pipes of, 13
cataracts (see eye)
cathodic protection, 27
CDC (see Centers for Disease Control)
Centers for Disease Control, 5, 137
Chattanooga, Tennessee, chlordane concen
tration in water system, 146-147
chemical contaminants, 6-8 (see also in
organic chemical contaminants; or
ganic chemical contaminants)
chemical equilibrium models, 24, 61
chemical quality of water
control, 16
factors influencing, 2-3
water treatment chemicals and, 3-4, 95
99
Chicago, Illinois, corrosion field study, 35,
36
Chlamydomonas, 99
chloramines, 130
health effects, 174-175
SNARL, 178
chlorammoniation process, 130
chlorate
health effects, 174-175
SNARL, 177, 178
chlordane, back-siphonage of, 147
Chlorella, 99
chlorinated disinfectants, 174-178
conclusions and recommendations per
taining to, 178
health effects, 174-177
metabolism, 174
SNARL, 177-178
(see also chloramines; chlorate; chlorine
dioxide; chlorite)
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride pipe, 4, 62
laboratory tests on, 65
(see also plastic pipe)
chlorine, 3
control of biofilm fouling by, 126
disinfection pracess and, 109
distribution in water systems, 127
interaction with nitrogen compounds, 96
97
reactions in distribution systems, 96-98
residual, 12, 129, 130
transport of, 126, 128-131
chlorine dioxide
health effects, 174-176
metabolism, 174
SNARL, 177, 178
chlonne-trihalomethane reactions, 96
chlorite
health effects, 175
SNARL, 177, 178
chloroform, 206-209
concentration in CPVC pipe water, 66
health effects, 206-209
production in humic materials, 97
SNARL, 209
chromium, 95
health effects, 150
chrysotile, in A/C pipe, 46, 51, 60
coagulation process, 108
coal tar compounds
PAM's in, 74, 78-79
pipe linings, 4, 72, 73-74
coatings (see linings)
coliforms, 108, 131
Columbus, Ohio, heavy metal concentration
in distribution system, 94-95
concentration cell, 27
Connecticut, A/C pipe effect on water sup
ply, 51, 55
copper, 95
concentration in Boston area water, 40
corrosion and, 33, 35
health effects, 150
leaching of, 5
pipes, 13, 32-33
corrosion
A/C pipe, 3, 22-23, 43
control, 27, 44
OCR for page 292
292 Index
dezincification reaction, 27
electrochemical, 26-27
erosion, 27
field studies of, 35-41
groundwater and surface water, 10
health effects of, 26, 35
inhibitors, 31-32, 34
microbial processes and, 5, 28-29
monitoring, 33-34
pitting, 27
prevention, 4
tuberculation from, 13-14, 28
uniform, 27
water quality effect on, 29-31
water quality indexes to predict, 2
corrosion products, 16, 35
CPVC (see chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)
cross-connections, 1
biological material from, 126' 131
control, 17
direct and indirect, 5, 146
health risk from, 16, 140
water quality and, 15
crude oils (see petroleum products)
cyanide, 203-204
cyanomethane (see acetonitrile)
cyclohexanone, 64, 66
Dallas, Texas, corrosion field study, 35
DBCP (see 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane)
Denver, Colorado, corrosion field study, 35
deposits, in distribution system, 3
encrustations in, 117, 120-121
iron and manganese, 93-94
Desulfavibrio desulfuricans (see sulfate-re-
ducing bacteria)
dezincification, 27
dialysis, aluminum effects in water for, 163,
167
diarrhea! disease, 124-125, 141, 147
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 209-214
exposure standards, 210
health effects, 210-214
recommendations relating to, 214
SNARL, 214
uses, 209
dimethylfonnamide, 214-222
health effects, 218-222
metabolism, 215-218
SNARL, 222
uses, 214-215
dinitrophenols
health effects, 236, 237-238, 240, 241
242, 245
isomeric forms of, 230-231, 234
metabolism, 233-235
SNARL, 203, 245
uses, 230-231
diseases, waterborne
control measures, 146, 147, 149
defined, 138
limitations of data on, 138-140
municipal systems, 140, 142-144, 146,
147
nonmunicipal (semipublic and individual)
systems, 140, 145
number of, 140, 148
recommendations for handling, 151
(see also acute diseases)
disinfection process, chlorine and, 5, 12,
109, 130
distribution system
biological effects on, 4-6
chemical effects on, 2-4
contamination sources for, 1
description of, 9
education program to preserve integrity
of, 6
flow, 11
heavy metal concentration in, 94-95
mains, 12
maintenance, 16
metal concentration in, 35-41
microorganisms in, 4-5, 28-29, 113, 117,
119
municipal, 138, 142-144, 146, 147
PAM's in, 74, 76-77
PAM's leaching in, 82, 84-85, 91
pipes, 3-4, 13, 110-111
private, 138, 140, 145
semiprivate, 138, 140, 145
study approach to, 15-17
valves, 12
waste treatment chemicals, 3-4
DMF (see dimethylformamide)
Duluth, Minnesota, asbestos in drinking water,
43
EDTA (see ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
electrochemical processes in corrosion, 26-
27
OCR for page 293
Index 293
Environmental Protection Agency
contaminants for review selected by, 6
corrosion control for A/C pipe, 44
criteria for evaluating contaminants, 155
laboratory tests on A/C pipe, 47, 48
PAH concentration studies, 83
research on linings, 72
survey of water systems with A/C pipe,
51, 52, 56
Tolt River study, 36-37
(see also Health Effects Research Labora
tory; Municipal Environmental Re
search Laboratory)
EPA (see Environmental Protection Agency)
epichlorohydrin, 210, 212, 213
epilepsy, aluminum and, 164
erosion corrosion, 27-28
ethanenitrile (see acetonitrile)
ethanol, DMF and, 218
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, biofilm de-.
tachment and, 117
exposure
acute versus chronic, 153-154
DMF, 215
lead, 179
nitrite, 203, 204
(see also suggested no-adverse-response
level)
eye
dinitrophenol and cataracts of, 238, 240
mononitrophenols and cataracts of, 241
silver effect on, 185-186
fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe, 13, 62
(see also plastic pipe)
finished water, 16, 95, 129-130
Florida, hydrogen sulfide in well water, 53
fluid frictional resistance, 119
fouling control processes, 109, 112
FRP (see fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe)
Gallionella (see iron bacteria)
galvanic cell, 27
gas chromatography/mass spectromet~y, 65,
66, 67
gasoline, 248, 249, 251
gastrointestinal tract
aluminum effect on, 157-158, 159, 163
barium absorption, 168
cancer incidence, 51
gastroenteritis, 137-138, 147, 149
silver effect on, 184-185
water system deficiencies and, 147, 149
(see also metabolism under individual
contaminants)
GC/MS (see gas chromatography/mass spec-
trometry)
glycolate excretion, 99
glycoproteins, 113
gravity systems, 11
groundwaters, 10
Gunite, 12
health effects
asbestos, 43-44, 150
corrosion, 26, 150
corrosion inhibitors, 31-32
corrosion products, 35
data reporting system for, 6, 139-140
distribution system deficiencies and, 5,
14-16, 137. 138, 150
plastic pipe, 64-66
unpolymerized monomers, 63
(see also health effects, from inorganic
contaminants; health effects, from
organic contaminants)
health effects, from inorganic contaminants
aluminum, 158-166
arsenic, 167
barium, 168-169
cadmium, 171-172
chlorinated disinfectants, 174-177
lead, 179-182
silver, 185-187
strontium, 189-197
health effects, from organic contaminants
acetonitrile, 204-205
benzene, 253
chloroform, 206-209
DBCP, 210-214
dinitrophenols, 236, 237-238, 240, 241
242, 243, 244
DMF, 218-222
mononitrophenols, 235, 237, 239-240,
241, 242, 243
nitrites, 204-205
nitrobenzene, 224-229
petroleum products, 251
trinitrophenols, 238-239, 244
OCR for page 294
294 Index
Health Effects Research Laboratory, 5, 43,
137
hepatitis, 5, 147
humic materials, 3, 97, 98
hydraulic problems, distribution system, 14,
112
hydrocarbons
classes of, 247-248
solubility, 250
hydrogen sulfide, A/C pipe deterioration
from, 53, 59
hypochlorite ion reactions, 97, 98
inorganic chemical contaminants
exposure levels, 154
reasons for inclusion in study, 152
(see also aluminum; arsenic; barium;
cadmium; chlorinated disinfectants;
silver; strontium; sulfate)
inorganic hydrated silicates, health effects,
150
iron, 5, 95
corrosion and, 32, 35
concentration in Boston area water, 40
deposits in distribution system, 3, 92-94
health effects, 150
iron bacteria, 29, 112
Isomers
dinitrophenols, 230, 231, 234, 236
mononitrophenols, 230, 232-233, 242
trinitrophenols, 231
kinetics, 2, 8, 42
laboratory tests of pipe
A/C pipe, 47-49
linings, 78-81
plastic pipe, 64-67
Langelier Index, 19-20
adjustment of, 58
measurement of calcium carbonate sat-
uration, 23, 30, 61
leaching
copper, 5, 146
defined, 2, 42
PAM's, 82, 83, 84-85, 88, 89, 91
pipe, 4, 5, 16, 33, 61
lead, 6, 95, 179-183
behavioral effect, 181
corrosion and, 2, 32, 35, 39, 41
health effects, 41, 150, 179-182
presence detected in water distribution
systems, 35-41
recommendations relating to, 182-183
SNARL, 183
Leptothrix (see iron bacteria)
leukemia, 253
lime, to control A/C pipe deterioration, 58
linings, 3-4, 13
asphalt in, 74-75
cement, 91
coal tar compounds in, 72, 73
field tests on, 82-90
health effects, 150
laboratory tests on, 78-81
materials used for, 72-75
vinyl, 90
water quality and, 3-4, 72
water taste and odor from, 90
Los Lunas, New Mexico, gastrointestinal dis-
ease outbreak, 147, 149
lubricants, pipe, 63
lungs (see respirator system)
mains, water distribution
corrosion, 15-16
materials for, 12
manganese, 40, 95
deposits in distribution system, 3, 93
health effects, 150
maximum contaminant levels, 37
Bennington, Vermont, 39
Seattle, Washington, 37, 38
MCL's (see maximum contaminant levels)
metabolism
acetonitrile, 203-204
aluminum, 157-158
benzene, 253
chlorine dioxide, 174
dinitrophenols, 233-235
DMF, 215-218
mononitrophenol, 232-233
nitrites, 203-204
nitrobenzene, 223-224
PAM's, 257-259
silver, 184-185
strontium, 188-189
2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 265
trinitrophenols, 235
OCR for page 295
Index 295
metallic ions, 6
metal precipitation models, 24
metals, concentrations in finished versus red
waters, 94, 95
methemoglobinemia
chlorinated disinfectants and, 175, 178
mononitrophenol toxicity and, 239-240
nitrobenzene and, 223, 225
methemoglobin formation, 223, 240
methylcyanide (see acetonitrile)
methyl ethyl ketone, 64, 66
N-methylformamide
DMF exposure and, 215-218
in plastic pipe joints, 64, 66
microorganisms, distribution system, 4
attached, 113
corrosion and, 14, 28-29
encrustations of, 117, 120-121
filter-red sand, 125
growth rate of, 119
pipe network and, 125
water quality and, 122-123, 124
models
chemical equilibrium, 24, 61
extrapolation, 8
metal precipitation, 24
monomers, unpolymerized, 63, 70 (see also
vinyl chloride)
mononitrophenols
health effects, 235, 237, 239-240, 241
isomeric forms of, 230
metabolism, 232-233
production, 230
properties of, 231
SNARL, 203, 244-245
uses, 230
Municipal Environmental Research Labo
ratory, asbestos control research, 43
mutagenicity
acetonitrile, 205
aluminum, 165
analysis of water samples for, 83
benzene, 254
cadmium, 172
chloroform, 206-207
DBCP, 211-212
dinitrophenols, 242-243
DMF, 220-221
lead, 182
mononitrophenols, 242
nitrobenzene, 227
PAM's, 261-262
silver, 186
strontium, 191
2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 267
Mycobacterium, 29
NACE (see National Association of Corro-
sion Engineers)
National Academy of Sciences/National Re-
search Council, on residual chlorine
concentration, 130
National Association of Corrosion Engi-
neers, corrosion monitoring tests, 34
National Heart and Lung Institute, MCL
study, 37
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
DBCP exposure standard, 210
nitrile TWA standard, 203
National Sanitation Foundation, plastic
pipe studies, 65, 69
nervous system
aliphatic hydrocarbons effect on, 251-252
aluminum toxicity to, 160, 163
trinitrophenols effect on, 239
New Jersey, corrosion in water supply sys-
tem, 34
NHLI (see National Heart and Lung Insti-
tute)
nickel, health effects, 150
NIOSH (see National Institute for Occupa-
tional Safety and Health)
nitrites
cyanide release by, 203
health effects, 204-205
metabolism, 203-204
TWA, 203
uses, 202-203
(see also acetonitrile)
nitrobenzene, 222-229
health effects, 224-229
metabolism, 223-224
SNARL, 203, 229
uses, 222
nitrogen
biofilm, 118
compounds reaction with chlorine, 96-97
nitrophenols, 229-247
conclusions relating to, 244
OCR for page 296
296 Index
production, 232
(see also dinitrophenols; mononitrophe-
nols; trin*rophenols)
nonthreshold effect of chemical contami-
nants, 7
obesity, din*rophenols for treatment of, 237
Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
tration, DBCP exposure standard,
210
odor, water
biofilms and. 112
chlorination and, 130
olefins, 251, 252
Ontario, Canada, asbestos concentration in
distribution system, 50
organic chemical contaminants
reasons for inclusion in study, 202
(see also acetonit~ile; benzene; chloroform;
1,2~romo 3-chloropropane; dimeth-
ylformamide; nitriles; nitrobenzene;
nitrophenols; petroleum products;
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons;
2, 4, 6-trich lorophenol)
OSHA (see Occupational Safety and Health
Administration)
PAM's (see polynuclear aromatic hydro-
carbons)
parathyroid hormone, 158, 166
PB (see polybutylene plastic pipe)
PE (see polyethylene pipe)
pesticides, DBCP in, 210, 214
petroleum asphalt, 4
petroleum products, crude and refined,
247-255
drinking water contamination by, 247,
249
health effects, 251-252, 253-254
hydrocarbon classes in, 247-248
(see also benzene; toluene)
pH, of water
A/C pipe effect on, 51, 57
adjustment of, 58
phenanthrene/anthracene, 4, 88, 99
phosphates, 159
health effects, 150
phosphorus in bioBllm, 118
. . .
plcr~c acid
dinitrophenol poisoning from, 237, 239
drinking water affected by, 238
properties of, 232
skin sensitivity to, 239
toxicity, 240
Pierce County, Washington, gastrointestinal
disease outbreak, 149
pigments, plastic pipe, 63
pipes, distribution, 12, 13, 110-111
cast-iron, 13, 15
concrete, 16
corrosion, 3, 32-33
leaching, 4, 5, 16, 33
microorganisms from, 125
predicting performance of, 24-25
unlined, 32
(see also asbestos/cement pipe; linings;
plastic pipe)
pitting, 27
plastic pipe, 16
advantages and disadvantages, 62
composition, 62-63
control measures for, 69-71
health effects, 65
leaching, 4, 61
solvents for joints of, 63-64, 66
tests of, 64-69
uses, 13, 16, 61-62
pneumoconiosis, 159
polybutylene plastic pipe, 13, 62 (see also
plastic pipe)
polyelectrolytes, 113
polyethylene pipe, 4, 13, 62 (see also plastic
pipe)
polymers
biofilm, 109, 117
extracellular, 113
organic compounds, 70
PVC, 63
polyneuropathy, aliphatic hydrocarbons and,
251
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 255-264
chlorination products of, 99
concentration in distribution system, 77
78, 82-92
health effects, 150, 259-263
lining materials, relation to, 4, 72-100
metabolism, 257-259
OCR for page 297
Index 297
Pascagoula, Mississippi, water system, 87- reservoirs, 11-12
89
Portland, Oregon, water system, 82, 88,
90
recommendations relating to, 263-264
SNARL, 264
solubility, 256
water distribution process effect on level
of, 86
polyphosphates, 3
health effects, 31-32
iron deposition control with, 94
polysaccharides, in biofilm, 113, 117
polyvinyl chloride pipe, 4, 13
field tests on, 67, 69
laboratory tests on, 64-67
metal concentrations in, 67
restrictions on use of, 70
stabilizers to reduce decomposition of, 63
uses, 62
vinyl chloride concentration in, 68
Portland, Oregon, PAH concentration in
water system, 82, 88, 90
potash aluminum, 156
pressure systems, 11
Pseudomonas, 29
PTH (see parathyroid hormone)
PVC (see polyvinyl chloride)
raw water, 5, 9
biological materials in, 124
organic compounds in, 113
PAH contamination of, 75
"red" water, 5
heavy metal concentration in, 94, 95
microorganisms and, 112, 122-123
Seattle, Washington, water system, 35-
36
refined petroleum (see petroleum products)
renal effects
aluminum, 159, 160-161
cadmium, 172
chloroform, 208-209
nitrobenzene, 226
reproductive system
DBCP effect on, 213-214
DMF effect on, 221
lead effect on, 181
nitrobenzene effect on, 227
algae in, 98, 124, 141
biological material in, 124-126
open, 113, 124-125, 141, 146
respiratory system
aluminum effect on, 159
arsenic effect on, 167
DMF effect on, 217
nitrites effect on, 205
nitrobenzene effect on, 224
risk, estimates of drinking water, 7-8
Safe Drinking Water Act, 138
amendments, 154
Safe Drinking Water Committee, 7-8, 152
sand filtration process, 108
San Francisco Bay area, A/C pipe effect
on water supply, 54
Saturation Index, 19, 23-24, 25, 53
Seattle, Washington
A/C pipe effect on water, 51
Tolt River studies, 35-37, 38
zinc effectiveness in corrosion control, 59
Seattle Water Metals Survey Committee, 37
sedimentation process, 108
selenium, 95
senile dementia, 160
Sewickley, Pennsylvania, diarrhea! disease
outbreak, 141
silicates, iron deposition prevention with, 93
(see inorganic hydrated silicates)
silicosis, 159
silver, 95, 183-187
health effects, 185-187
metabolism, 184-185
recommendations relating to, 187
SNARL, 187
water purification with, 184
skin
arsenic effect on, 167
DMF effect on, 215, 217, 218
dinitrophenols effect on, 238
nitrites effect on, 204
nitrobenzene effect on, 224
silver effect on, 186
trinitrophenols effect on, 239
SNARL (see suggested no-adverse-response
level)
sodium aluminate, 156
OCR for page 298
298 Ibex
sodium chloride, 176
sodium hexametaphosphate, 32
soft water, 33, 43
solubility, 2
constants in pipe, 24
corrosion and, 23
leaching governed by, 42
solvents, in plastic pipe joints, 63-64
used for PVC cement and primers, 66
warnings on, 70
Sphaerotilus (see iron bacteria)
stabilizers, plastic pipe, 63
stabilizing agents, from iron and manga-
nese, 3, 93-94
standpipe, 12
strontium, 6, 187-192
abundance of, 1%
health effects, 189-191
metabolism, 1~-189
SNARL, 192
uses, 187
Suffolk County, New York, diarrhea! dis-
ease outbreak, 141, 146
suggested no-adverse-response level, 7, 1S3-
154
acetonitrile, 205-206
aluminum, 166
barium, 170
benzene, 203, 254-255
cadmium, 172-174
chlorinated disinfectants (chlorine diox-
ide, chlorate, chlorite, and chlora-
mines), 177-178
chloroform, 209
DBCP, 214
dinitrophenol, 203, 245
DMF, 222
lead, 183
mononitrophenol, 203, 244-245
nitrobenzene, 203, 229
PAM's, 264
silver, 187
strontium, 192
2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 203, 268
trinitrophenol, 203, 245, 247
toluene, 254
sulfate, 192
collusion promotion, 30
sulfate-reducing bacteria, 14, 28
sulfide, 5
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, 29, 122-123
surface waters, 10
SWMS (see Seattle Water Metals Survey
Committee)
taste, water
biofilms and, 112
chlorination and, 130
teratogenicity
aluminum, 165-166
dinitrophenol, 243-244
DMF, 221
lead, 181, 182
nitrobenzene, 227
PAM's, 263
tetrachloroethylene, 4
health effects, 150
tetrahydrofuran, in plastic pipe joints, 64,
66
thermoplastic pipe, 13, 63
Thiabacillus (see sulfur-oxidizing bacteria)
THM (see trihalomethanes)
threshold limit value
barium, 167, 168
DMF, 215, 216
time-weighted average standard, nitrites,
203
TLV (see threshold limit value)
toluene, 250, 252, 254
trace metal content
Boston, Massachusetts, awe, 39-40, 41
Chicago, Illinois, water treatment system,
35, 36
2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 264-268
health effects, 266-267
metabolism, 265
SNARL, 203, 268
uses, 264
trihalomethanes, 3
concentration, 97
in CPVC pipe water, 67
instantaneous, 97
reactions, 96
total, 97 ~
trinitrophenols
health effects, 238-239, 240
isomeric forms of, 231
metabolism, 235
properties of, 232
OCR for page 299
Index 299
SNARL, 203, 245, 247
uses, 231
TTHM (see trihalomethanes, total)
tuberculation, corrosion and, 13-14, 28
TWA (see time-weighted average standard)
uniform corrosion, 27
University of Michigan School of Public
Health, plastic pipe studies, 64
unplasticized PVC pipe, 63, 65
uPVC (see unplasticized PVC pipe)
U.S. Public Health Service, drinking water
standards, 64
valves, distribution system, 12
vinyl chloride
carcinogenicity, 4, 70
health effects, 150
in plastic pipe, 63, 67
vinyl epoxy, 4
waterborne diseases (see diseases, water-
borne)
water quality
A/C pipe effect on, 49-58
biofilm effect on, 112
biological effects on, 4-5
chemical effects on, 2-3
corrosion and, 29-30
effect on A/C pipe performance, 46-47,
49
indexes (see Aggressiveness Index; Lang-
elier Index; Saturation Index)
linings and, 3-4, 32-33, 71-92
microorganisms effect on, 122-123
plastic pipe effect on, 64
(see also biological quality of water;
chemical quality of water)
water supply system
disinfection, 12, 15
reliability, 16
source of, 9
treatment, 3, 10
(see also distribution system)
well water, 53
zinc
concentration in Boston area water, 50
corrosion and, 2, 32, 34, 59, 95
health effects, 150
Representative terms from entire chapter:
drinking water
