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OCR for page 457
Sex
AaC (2-amino-9H-pyrido
[2,3-b]indole),
280-284 passim*
absinthe, 202
Acceptable Daily Intake
(ADI), 321, 324,
431-432
achlorhydria, 172, 393
acrylonitrile, 13, 315,
332; see also
food additives
additives, food, see
food additives
adriamycin, 292
aflatoxins, 12, 26, 42,
87, 112-115
passim, 142, 151,
204, 234-240, 257,
291, 392, 401, 402,
435; see also
mycotoxins
agar, 133
Agaricus bisporus
(mushroom), 240,
242, 257
agaritine, 240
age, and cancer, 376-377
air, 1, 23, 24, 162,
253, 279
alcohol consumption
alimentary tract
cancer and, 205
and cancer, 11, 16,
108, 202-208, 383
carcinogens and,
206-208 passim
cigarette smoking and,
11, 16, 205-206,
207, 208, 391
colon cancer and,
203, 400
colorectal cancer
and, 11, 202-203,
208, 400
epidemiological
evidence on, 202-206
esophageal cancer
and, 11, 140, 144,
202-208 passim,
391-393, 402
experimental evidence
on, 206-208
gastrointestinal
cancer and, 16, 202
head and neck cancer
and, 206
intestinal cancer
and, 108, 400
kidney cancer and,
202
laryngeal cancer and,
11, 139, 145, 202,
204, 208, 383, 391
liver cancer and, 11,
204, 208, 401-402
lung cancer and, 202,
204
malnutrition and, 206
mechanisms for cancer
induction, 205,
206-208
microsomal enzymes
and, 207
Mormons and, 381
nutritional status
and, 206
oral cavity cancer
and, 11, 202-208
passim, 383, 391
pancreatic cancer
and, 202, 403
pharyngeal cancer
and, 202, 204
Plummer-Vinson
syndrome and, 206
prostate cancer and,
202
rectal cancer and,
202, 203, 208, 400,
401
renal cancer and, 406
respiratory tract
cancer and, 11, 16,
205, 206, 208
*Subject mentioned at intervals throughout page range cited.
457
stomach cancer and,
202
urinary bladder
cancer and, 406
vinyl chloride and,
313
see also specific
a l cohol ic beverages
alcoholic beverages, see
alcohol consumption
and speck f ic
a l cohol ic beverages
aldicarb, 319, 323, 324
aldrin, 319
alfalfa, 133, 245, 364
alimentary tract cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 205
cigarette smoking
and, 205
iron and, 173
alkyl derivatives, 285
alkylating agents, 39,
277
allylic benzene deriva-
tives, 243-244
almonds, 235
American Cancer Society,
381
Ames test, 39, 185, 207
243-251 passim,
257, 278, 307, 311,
314, 315, 317, 328,
330, 331; see also
mutagenicity tests;
Salmonella
typhimurium
amides, 145, 252, 396
amines, 144, 145, 247,
252, 253, 254, 285,
396
amino acids
deficiency, 109-112
hydrolysate, 89
leukemia and, 110
mutagens from, 279-284
protein and, 42-43,
109-112, 114
OCR for page 458
458 Index
pyrolysates, 279-284
passim, 290, 292
carcinogenesis and,
109-112; see also
specific amino
acids
2-aminoacetylfluorene
(2-AAF), 86-87, 114,
164, 177, 290, 312,
326
aminofluorene (AF), 113,
291
aminopyrene, 148
aniline dyes, 20
animal protein, 392
animal studies, see
experimental
evidence; labora-
tory methods
anise, 243
anticarcinogens, 27, 164
antimony, 162
antioxidants, 13,
291-292, 311-313,
360-362, 364; see
also anticarcino-
gens; inhibitors;
and specific
ant i oxidants
antipyrine, 365
AOM (azoxymethane), 83,
87, 88, 92, 132-133
aplastic anemia, 318
apple juice, 249
apples, 182, 184,
289, 290
apoenzymes, 151
Aroclor 1254, 326
aromatic amines, 39,
277, 365
aromatic isothio-
cyanates, 359,
362-363, 366
arsenic
and cancer, 10-11,
162, 163, 179,
181-184
cigarette smoking
and, 183
cocarcinogenicity, 183
epidemiological
evidence on, 182,
183-184
experimental evidence
on, 182-183, 184
drinking water and,
10, 181, 182, 183
liver cancer and, 182
lung cancer and, 182,
183
mutagenicity, 183
250,
skin cancer and, 182,
183
toxicity, 181
wine drinking and, 182
see also minerals
aryl hydrocarbon
hydroxylase (AHH),
363
asbestos, 20
ascorbic acid, see
vitamin C
aspartame, 310-311;
see also
food additives
aspartic acid, 310
Aspergillus sp.,
235, 237, 287
atherosclerosis, 30, 77,
398
atmospheric dust, 184
automobile exhaust, 184
azaserine, 87
azo dyes, 306, 364
B vitamins
calories and, 150 bile
cancer and, 7, 149-152
colon cancer and, 151
epidemiological
evidence on, 150
experimental evidence
on, 150-152
hepatic cancer and,
150, 151
protein and, 150
see also vitamins
and specific B
vitamins
Bacillus subtilis rec
assay, 180, 183,
185, 244
bacon, 253, 395; see
also salt-cured
(salt-pickled)
foods; nitrites;
nitrosamines
baked goods, 252
bananas, 393
beans, 53, 54
beef, 62, 74, 76, 87,
88, 108, 109, 278,
280, 284-285, 289,
316, 397, 399, 407,
408, 410 .
beer, 11, 108, 202, 208,
251, 253, 286, 392,
398, 400, 406; see
also alcohol con-
sumption
benz [a] anthracene (BA),
328-329, 331; see
also polycyclic
aromatic hydro-
carbons
benzo [a] pyrene (BaP),
12, 68, 141, 142,
146, 207, 278, 279,
290, 291, 292, 328,
329, 330, 331, 361,
362, 363; see also
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons
benzpyrene, 68; see
also polycyclic
aromatic hydro-
carbons
benzyl isothiocyanate,
362, 363; see
also aromatic
isothiocyanates
beriberi, 30
beryllium, 179
betel nuts, 249
beverages, see alcohol
consumption; coffee;
tea; and specific
beverages
_ acids, 5, 80,
81-83, 89, 90, 92,
130, 132, 133; see
also bile salts;
fecal steroids
bile duct cancer,
cholesterol and, 78
bile salts, 82; see
also bile acids;
fecal steroids
biliary cancer, body
weight and, 68
bioassays, see
laboratory methods
biological markers,
35-36; see also
dietary data
bladder cancer, see
urinary bladder
cancer
body wastes, measurement
of substances in, 35
bologna, 315
bone marrow cancer, cell
behavior and, 19
Botrylio cinerea, 24 8
bowel, large, see colon
cancer
bowel cancer, see
colon cancer
bracken fern (Pteridium
aquilinum), 244-
245, 406
OCR for page 459
Index 459
brain cancer
carcinogens and, 27
vinyl chloride and,
314
bran, 7, 133, 134
brandy, 202, 249, 288
bread, 123, 251, 285,
289, 393, 408
breakfast cereals, 60
breast cancer
body weight and,
67-68, 407, 408
cadmium and, 179
calories and, 67,
106, 407
carbohydrates and,
123, 126
cholesterol and, 79,
80, 408
cigarette smoking
and, 382
copper and, 174
dairy products and,
61, 73
DES and, 316
diet and, 2, 25, 42,
372, 382, 383,
407-409
DMBA and, 84
endometrial cancer
and, 109, 409
ethnic groups and,
73, 373, 375, 382,
383, 408, 410
epidemiological
evidence on, 407-409
fats and, 4, 5, 14,
42, 73-74, 76, 77,
89-93 passim,
106-107, 382, 383,
384, 407, 408, 440
fibers and, 383
height and, 67-68,
407, 408
hormones and,
316-317, 409
. .
Incidence
correlations,
378-380, 384
iodine and, 176, 177
Japanese and, 382,
383, 408
migration and, 374,
376, 407
Mormons and, 382,
384, 410
mortality from, 409
NMU and, 85
ovarian cancer and,
410
Parsi/Hindu com-
munities and, 382
protease inhibitors
and, 363
protein and, 73, 74,
106-107, 407, 408
risk factors in,
407-408
selenium and, 163, 164
Seventh-Day Adventists
and, 73-74, 381, 384
socioeconomic status
and, 379-381, 384
starches and, 123
sugars and, 73, 123
vinyl chloride and,
314
zinc and, 169, 170
broccoli, 11, 60, 62,
289, 290, 359, 362,
364, 366, 399; see
also cruciferous
vegetables
bronchogenic cancer
copper and, 174
zinc and, 170, 171
brussels sprouts, 11,
290, 359, 362, 364,
365, 366, 399; see
also cruciferous
vegetables
Burkitt's lymphoma, 24
butter, 58, 61, 249,
313, 408, 410
butylated hydroxyanisole
(BHA), 291, 311-313,
360-362, 364;
inhibition (table),
361; see also
antioxidants; food
additives
butylated hydroxytoluene
(BHT), 291, 311-313,
365; see also
antioxidants; food
additives
cabbage, 11, 60, 289,
290, 359, 362, 364,
365, 366, 395, 399;
see also cru-
ciferous vegetables
cadmium
and cancer, 10-11,
162, 163, 179-181
breast cancer and, 179
endometrial cancer
and, 179, 180
epidemiological
evidence on, 179-180
experimental evidence
on, 180
intestinal cancer and,
179
leukemia and, 179
liver cancer and, 180
lung cancer and, 179
oral cavity cancer
and, 179
pharyngeal cancer
and, 179
prostate cancer and,
179, 180, 181,
410-411
renal cancer and, 180,
181, 406
selenium and, 167
skin cancer and, 179
toxicity, 179
tumors and, 179, 180
uterine cancer and,
179, 180
urinary bladder
cancer and, 179
see al so minerals
caffeine
carcinogenesis and,
224, 246-247
mutagenesis and,
247-248, 287
see also coffee
calcium, 52, 62, 392
calories
and cancer, 66-70
B vitamins and, 150
animal experiments
and, 68-70
breast cancer and, 67,
106, 407
carbohydrates and, 66
colorectal cancer
and, 67, 132
colon cancer and,
67, 400
diets high in, 69, 404
diets low in, 69
epidemiological
evidence on, 66-68,
69
experimental evidence
on, 68-70
fats and, 36, 66
fiber and, 66
laboratory methods
for, 43
rectal cancer and, 67,
400
total caloric intake,
3-4, 15, 43, 51, 52,
53, 59, 66-70, 83
OCR for page 460
460 Index
cancer
affluence and, 384
age and, 376-377
alcohol consumption
and, 11, 16, 108,
202-208, 383
allylic and pro-
penylic benzene
derivatives and, 243
animal metabolites
and, 250-251
arsenic and, 10-11,
162, 163, 179, 181-
184
B vitamins and, 7,
149-152
body weight and, 66-70
bracken ferm toxins
and, 244
carbohydrates and, 6,
123-127
causes of, 23-28
cadmium and, 10-11,
162, 163, 179-181
cell heredity and,
19-20
cholesterol and, 4,
5, 73-93 passim
choline and, 27, 86,
149-150
coffee and, 246-247
contaminants and, 3,
13-14, 15, 23, 31,
51, 217-228, 317-332
copper and, 173-175
coumarin and, 2SO
cycasin and, 248
dietary patterns and,
3, 56, 371, 372,
382-383, 384,
437-440
epidemiological
methodology, 31-38,
43-46
estrogenic compounds
and, 245-246
ethnic groups and, 73,
74, 78-79, 131-132,
372-374, 375, 382,
383, 402, 404, 408,
410
fats and, 4-5, 42,
73-93 passim,
382-383, 384
fermentation products
and, 251
fiber and, 6-7, 33,
61, 82, 130-134
food additives and,
11, 13, 14, 15, 51,
217-228, 304-317,
332
geographical
differences and,
372-384 passim
hormones and, 251
hydrazines and, 12,
240-242
incidence, 20-21,
23-26, 38, 58-59,
63, 66, 73, 74, 75,
372-384
incidence correla-
tions, 378-379, 380
(table), 384
iodine and, 10,
175-178
iron and, 9, 10,
172-173, 179
laboratory
methodology, 38-46
lead and, 10-11,
162, 179, 184-186
n lifestyle" and,
439-440
lipids and, 4-5, 73-93
methylxanthines and,
247-248
migration and, 20,
23-25, 374-376,
384, 398, 403, 407
minerals and, 9-11,
162-186, 359
molybdenum and, 10,
178-179
mortality, 25, 38,
67-68, 73, 74, 75,
372-384, 440
mutagens and, 12,
21-22, 26, 217,
277-292
mycotoxins and, 12,
26, 243-240, 257
naturally occurring
carcinogens and,
12, 38, 42, 217,
234-258
nature of, 17-28
nitrate, nitrite, and
N-nitroso come
pounds and, 252,
257, 258
nonnutrients and, 3,
11, 15, 62, 217-228,
304-333
nutrients and, 3, 11,
51-63
parasorbic acid and,
250
promoters (agents) of,
21, 22, 28, 359-360
protein and, 5-6, 106-
116, 382-383
pyrrolizidine
alkaloids and,
242-243
radiation and, 24
relationship to diets,
2, 3-4, 17-28, 391-
411, 437-440
relationship to other
diseases, 384
religious groups and,
73-74, 76, 381-382,
384, 398, 402, 403,
410
risk to human health,
14, 430-440
selenium and, 9-10,
162-169
socioeconomic status
and, 379-381
tannins and, 249
thiourea and, 248-249
time trends and,
376-378
total caloric intake
and, 3-4, 66-70
tryptophan and, 250
vegetables and, 358-
359, 366
vitamin A and, 7-8,
138-144
vitamin C and, 7-8,
138, 144-147
vitamin E and, 7,
8-9, 138, 147-149
vitamin K and, 7,
138
vitamins and, 7-9, 11,
138-152, 359
zinc and, 10, 169-
172
see also specific
types of cancer
cancer, tests for, see
epidemiological
evidence; epidemio-
logical methods;
experimental evi-
dence; laboratory
methods
cancer risk
Acceptable Daily
Intake (ADI) and,
431-432
assessment of, 430-440
contribution of diet
to, 14, 439-440
diet and, see
specific foods,
nutrients, and
nonnutritive
dietary components
OCR for page 461
Index 461
diet-related car-
c~nogenes~s and,
437-439
dietary guidelines
for lowering, 14-16
epidemiological
studies and, 436-437
estimation of, 436-437
food additives and,
see food
additives; and
specific f ood
additives
Food Safety Council
and, 432, 433
inhibitors of, 11,
358-366
initiators of, 430-434
mathematical models
for, 432-434,
437-438
modifiers of, 430-431,
434-435
mutagenicity tests
and, 435-436
quantitation of,
437-438
Recommended Dietary
Allowances and, 438
canthaxanthin, 143
captan, 320
caramel, 249, 286
carbamates, 318, 319,
324; see also
aldicarb; carbaryl
carbamoyl phosphate, 251
carbaryl, 323, 324
carbohydrates
and cancer, 6, 123-127
breast cancer and, 123
diets high in, 61
epidemiological
evidence on,
123-124, 126-127
epidemiological
methods for, 36
esophageal cancer and,
123-124
experimental
evidence on, 124-127
fiber and, 61, 130
mutagens and, 285-286
stomach cancer and,
123
total caloric intake
and, 66
see also specific
carbohydrates
carcinogenesis
chemically induced,
26-28
early stages, 26-27
experimentally
induced, 21-23,
26-28
inhibitors of, 11,
358-366
initiators of, 21-22,
26-28, 431-434
late stages, 27-28
modifiers of, 434-435
"spontaneous, n 22-23,
26
see also cancer;
carcinogens
carcinogens
alcohol and, 207-208
passim
anticarcinogens, 27,
164
cocarcinogens, 27,
81, 173, 177, 183,
207, 247
enzyme systems and,
364-365
laboratory methods
for, 38-43
naturally occurring,
12, 38, 42, 217,
234-258, 277-278
nonspecific, 22
procarcinogens, 130,
167, 207
regulation of, 218,
219
see also
carcinogenesis
cardiovascular disease,
77, 384, 400
carotenes, 7, 8, 11, 15,
36, 58, 60, 61, 62,
138, 140-144
passim, 366, 405;
see also vitamin A
carrots, 140, 395, 406,
410; see also
carotenes
casein, 110, 111-116
passim, 280, 290
cassava, 170, 393
cassia, 249
cattle, 316, 406
cauliflower, 11, 362,
364, 366
celery, 358, 364, 395
cells
abnormal, 17, 18-20,
21, 39-40
behavior, 18-19,
430-431
cultures, 45, 146, 167
division, 17-18
heredity, 19-20
multiplication, 17-20
passim, 277
normal, 17-18, 21
cellulose, 7, 123, 130,
131, 133, 134, 398
cereals, 6, 7, 8, 15,
51, 60, 123, 134,
163, 252, 318, 398,
399
cervical cancer
body weight and, 68
cigarette smoking and,
377, 382
DES and, 316, 317
diet and, 382
incidence cor-
relations and, 380
Mormons and, 382
protein and, 382
charcoal-broiled steak
and, 278-279
cheese, 61, 109, 279,
288, 325, 408, 410
chenodeoxycholic acid,
83; see also bile
acids
chicken, 280, 290
Chinese hamster ovary
cells, 285-286,
291, 312, 328; see
also mutagenicity
tests
chlordane, 318, 319,
321, 325
chlorinated compounds,
277, 319
chlorinated hydrocarbons,
325
chlorinated naphtha-
lenes, 325
chlorogenic acid, 247
chlorophyll, 290
chocolate, 406
cholangiofibrosis, 113
cholesterol
and cancer, 4, 5,
73-93 passim
bile duct cancer and,
78
breast cancer and, 79,
80, 408
cardiovascular
disease and, 77
colon cancer and,
77-81, 90-91, 131,
383, 396-401
passim
colorectal cancer and,
79, 132, 398
coronary heart disease
and, 79, 398
OCR for page 462
462 Index
dietary, 77, 80, 90
epidemiological
evidence on, 77-81,
90
epidemiological
methods for, 34, 35
esophageal cancer
and, 79
ethnic groups and, 78-
79
hematopoietic system
and, 79
Hodgkin's disease and,
79
leukemia and, 79
liver cancer and,
78, 79
lung cancer and, 79
lymphatic system and,
79
noncoronary heart
disease and, 79
oral cavity cancer
and, 79
plasma, 78
pancreatic cancer
and, 78, 79
rectal cancer
and, 78, 80
serum, 77-81
stomach cancer
and, 78
see also fats;
lipids
cholestyramine, 83
cholic acid, 81, 83
choline, 27, 86,
149-150, 151; see
also B vitamins
chromatic exchange
assay, 312
chromium, 162, 179
chronic toxicity tests,
432; see also
experimental
evidence; labora-
tory methods
chrysene, 207
cigarette smoking
alimentary tract
cancer and, 205
alcohol consumption
and, 11, 16,
205-206, 207, 208,
391
arsenic and, 183
breast cancer and, 382
cervical cancer and,
377, 382
endometrial cancer
and, 382
esophageal cancer and,
11, 140, 144, 205,
208, 391
gastrointestinal tract
cancer and, 16
laryngeal cancer and,
11, 139, 145, 208,
391
lung cancer and, 11,
20-21, 23, 25, 139,
372, 378, 404, 405
Mormons and, 381-382
oral cavity cancer
and, 11, 205, 206,
208, 391
ovarian cancer and,
382
pancreatic cancer and,
403
pharyngeal cancer
and, 205
renal cancer and, 406
respiratory tract
cancer and, 1, 11,
16, 205, 206, 208
Seventh-Day Adventists
and, 381
skin cancer and, 378
stomach cancer and,
140, 358, 377, 382,
396 /
urinary bladder
cancer and, 139,
304, 405
cinnamic acid, 362
cirrhosis, 11, 113, 164,
165, 204, 208, 238,
391, 402; see
also liver cancer
citrus fruits, 15, 36,
60-61, 144, 395
clofibrate, cancer and,
78
clover, 245
coconut oil, 83, 85, 88
coenzymes, 151
cobalt, 179
cocoa, 286
coffee, 139, 224, 246-
247, 249, 279, 286,
287, 365, 381, 399,
402, 403, 405, 406,
410; see also
caffeine
coffee beans, 365
cole slaw, 358, 395
co. on cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 203, 400
B vitamins and, 151
body weight and, 68
calories and, 67, 400
cholesterol and,
77-83, 90-91, 131,
383, 396-401
passim
coronary heart disease
and, 398
cruciferous vegetables
and, 359, 401
diet and, 2, 14, 25,
42, 372, 383, 396-
401 passim
dietary fiber and, 7,
75, 130-134 passim,
359, 383, 384,
396-401 passim
endometrial cancer
and, 410
ethnic groups and,
132, 373, 374, 375
fats and, 4, 5, 7,
14, 42, 75-77,
81-83passim, 92,
93, 383, 384,
396-401 passim
fecal steroids and,
36, 81-83
glucose and, 125
incidence
correlations,
378-380, 384
meat and, 396-401
passim
migration and,
374-376, 398
Mormons and, 382,
384, 398
mycotoxins and,
237
Pa rs i/Hi ndu communi-
ties and, 382
protein and, 107-108,
400
selenium and, 163,
397
Seventh-Day Adventists
and, 76, 381, 384,
394
p-sitosterol and, 364
socioeconomic status
and, 379-381, 397
vegetables and, 359,
396-401 passim
vitamin A and, 142
vitamin C and, 145,
146
zinc and, 170
colorectal cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 11, 202-203,
208, 400
OCR for page 463
Index 463
calories and, 67, 132
cholesterol and,
79, 132, 396-401
passim
diet and, 382,
396-401 passim
cholesterol and, 79,
132
fats and, 76, 132,
382, 440
fiber and, 6-7,
130-134 passim,
399
incidence
correlations, 378,
384
migration and, 396
protein and, 106,
107, 132
selenium and, 164,
397
Seventh-Day Adventists
and, 381
socioeconomic status
and, 384
vegetables and, 359,
400
vitamin A and, 140,
399
vitamin C and, 132
contaminants, environ-
mental
and cancer, 3, 13-14,
15, 23, 31, 51,
217-228, 317-332
animal drugs as, 218,
221
bioassayed chemicals
(table), 225
carcinogenicity of,
224-228
direct additives,
218-221 passim
epidemiological
evidence on,
317-332 passim
experimental evidence
on, 317-332 passim
fat-soluble,:59, 62
heavy metals as, 222,
224
human exposure to, 222
indirect additives,
218-221 passim
industrial chemicals
as, 218, 222, 224
mutagenicity of,
224-225
naturally occurring,
15, 225
pesticide residues
as, 218, 221, 222,
224, 317-325
polyvinyl chloride as,
313
recommendations for,
15-16
toxicity, 224
trace elements, 162-
163
unavoidably added
constituents, 218,
221
see also specific
contaminants
cooking fats, 58, 59
copper
and cancer, 10,
173-175
breast cancer and, 174
bronchogenic cancer
and, 174
epidemiological
evidence on, 174,
175
experimental
evidence on, 175
intestinal cancer and,
174
leukemia and, 174
liver tumors and, 175
lung cancer and, 174
selenium and, 174
skin cancer and, 174
stomach cancer and,
169, 174
thyroid cancer and,
174
toxicity, 175
zinc and, 169, 170
see al so minerals
copper salts, 175
coprostanol, 81
coprostanone, 81
corn, 83-88 passim,
111, 169-170, 222,
235, 392, 393, 408
coronary heart disease,
32, 79, 384, 398
corpus uteri, see
uterine cancer
cottage cheese, 61
coumarin, 249-250, 257,
365
coumestrol, 245, 246
cranberries, 250
cream, 61, 410
Crotal aria
(rattleboxes), 242
croton oil, 22, 143, 149
cruciferous vegetables,
11, 60, 61, 62,
145, 359, 362, 364,
365, 366, 401; see
al so broccoli;
Brussels sprouts;
cabbage; cauli-
flower; raw vege-
tables; vegetables
cured foods, see salt-
cured (salt-pickled)
foods
cuttlefish, 280
cycad nuts, 248, 257, 401
cycasin, 248, 401
cyclamates, 304, 305,
308-309; see also
food additives;
saccharin
cyclodienes, 318; see
also organochlorine
compounds
cyclohexylamine, 309
cystic lesions, 113
cystine, 110
D
dairy products, 53, 54,
61, 73, 318, 326,
398, 399, 408; see
also specific dairy
products
Delaney Clause, see
Federal Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act
deoxycholic acid, 81;
see also bile
acids; bile salts
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), 21, 26, 27,
39, 40, 114, 167,
177, 183, 185, 248,
250, 256, 277, 278,
279, 286, 307, 317
desserts, sweet, 74, 408
dextrin, 124
dextrose, 222
diabetes, 306, 308, 403
diazinon, 319, 322
dibenz [a ~lanthracene
(DBA), 328, 331, 361
3,4,9,10-dibenzpyrene,
148
dichlorodiphenyltri-
chloroethane (DDT),
318, 319, 320
dieldrin, 319, 320; see
also organochlorine
compounds
OCR for page 464
464 Index
diepoxybutane, 292
dietary data
analysis of, 36, 37-38
bias and, 35
biological markers,
35-36
diet history, 34, 44,
145
food diaries, 75
food disappearance
data, 33, 44, 163,
174, 383, 397
food models, 34
food records, 34,
44, 145
group, 32-33, 44
household food
inventories, 32, 44
individual, 33, 44
interviews, 35
per capita intake,
32, 33
recent recall, 33,
44, 145
see al so epidemi-
ological methods
dietary fiber, see
fiber
dietary intake, methods
for determining,
32-36
dietary patterns, see
diets
diethylstilbestrol
(DES), 316-317;
see al so food
additives;
contaminants
dietary guidelines
alcohol consumption
and, 16
calories and, 15
cancer risk and, 14-16
carotenes and, 15
cereals, whole grain,
and, 15
cigarette smoking
and, 16
contaminants and, 15
cruciferous vege-
tables and, 15
fats and, 14-15
food additives and,
fruits and, 15
mutagens and, 16
nonnutritive
components and,
15-16 dimethylamide, 145
nutrient supplements 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] -
and, 15 anthracene, see
dimethylbenz [a] -
anthracene
salt-cured (salt-
pickled) foods and,
15
smoked foods and, 16
vegetables and, 15
diets
dietary patterns
3, 56, 371, 372,
382-383, 384,
437-440
epidemiological
methods for, 31-38
fiber free, 133
high calorie, 69, 404
high carbohydrate, 61
high fat, 3, 4-5, 14-
15, 42, 73, 76, 77,
82, 84-88 passim,
92, 399, 404, 408
high fiber, 6-7, 61,
131, 133
high protein, 112-115
passim
high selenium, 164
lacto-ovovegetarian,
381, 398
lipotrope-deficient,
151
low calorie, 69
low fat, 3, 4-5,
14-15, 69, 82, 84,
87, 88, 92
low fiber, 6-7, 76,
130, 133, 399
low protein, 112-115
passim
low selenium, 165
relationship to
cancer, 2, 3-4,
17-28, 391-411,
437-440
vegetarian, 363, 399,
411
see al so dietary
data; foods
3,4-dihydroxycinnamic
acid (caffeic
acid), 362
3,3'-diindolylmethane,
362, 365
diketopiperazine (DKP),
310, 311
15 dill weed, 286
3.2'-dimethvl-4-
dimethylbenz [a] anthracene
(DMBA), 84-86
passim, 88, 114,
115, 124, 148, 168,
171, 177, 183, 245,
329, 361, 362, 363
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
(DMH), 83, 88-89,
91, 114, 125, 132,
142, 146, 149, 173,
363
dimethylsulfoxide, 279
diseases, see specific
diseases
distilled spirits, and
cancer, 203, 288,
400; see also
alcohol consumption
diverticulitis, 384
diverticulosis, 398
dose-response models,
432-433; see also
cancer risk
drinking water
E
aminobiphenyl (DAB,
DMAB), 88, 132-133,
326
eggplant, 289
eggs, 8, 54, 108, 109,
147, 279, 288, 325,
382, 402, 403, 407,
410
Ehrlich ascites cells,
167, 170
electrophiles, 364
endemic goiter and, 175,
176, 177
endocrine glands, 17
body weight and,
68, 409
endometrial cancer
body weight and, 68,
409
breast cancer and,
109, 409
cadmium and, 179, 180
caloric intake and, 68
OCR for page 465
Index 465
cigarette smoking and,
382
colon cancer and, 409
DES and, 316
diet and, 2, 25,
372, 382, 409
ethnic groups and,
373, 375
estrogens and, 409
fats and, 382, 384,
409
incidence correla-
tions, 20-21,
378-380, 384
iodine and, 176, 177
Mormons and, 382
obesity and, 409
ovarian cancer and,
410
protein and, 106, 109
socioeconomic status
and, 409
vitamin C and, 145
environmental con-
taminants, see
contaminants
Environmental Protection
Agency, 317, 325,
434
epithelial cells, and
cancer, 17, 18, 19,
141, 143, 330
epidemiological evidence
alcohol consumption,
202-206
arsenic, 182, 183-184
B vitamins, 150
cadmium, 179-180
calories, 66-68
carbohydrates,
123-124, 126-127
cholesterol, 77-81, 90
contaminants, 317-332
passim
copper, 174, 175
criteria for
assessment.
43-44
cyclamates, 308, 309
dietary fiber, 130-
132, 134
fats, 73-77, 89-90,
91-93
food additives, 304-
317 passim, 332
hydrazines, 240, 242
iodine, 176, 177, 178
iron, 172-173
lead, 184, 185
minerals, 162
molybdenum, 178, 179
.. 37-38,
mycotoxins, 236-237,
238-239
plant metabolites,
244, 246
nitrate, nitrite, and
N-n itroso com-
pounds, 253-254, 256
protein, 106-109, 116
selenium, 163-164, 168
total caloric intake,
66-68, 69
vitamin A, 138-140
vitamin C, 144-145
vitamin E, 147
zinc, 169-170, 171,
172
see al so dietary
data; epidemio-
logical methods
epidemiological methods
assessment of, 37-38,
436-437
bias and, 37
case-control studies,
31, 34, 35, 37, 44,
46, 436
cohort studies, 32,
35, 37, 44, 436, 437
correlation studies,
31, 38, 44, 437
criteria for
assessment of,
37-38, 43-44
descriptive studies,
31, 44
intervention studies,
32
interviews, 37
limitations of,
31-32, 37-38
see al so dietary
data; epidemio-
logical evidence
epidemiology, see
epidemiological
evidence; epidemio-
logical methods
Epstein-Barr virus, 24
Escherichia cod i, 178
180, 183, 250, 314,
315, 317
esophageal cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 11, 140, 144,
202-208 passim,
391-393, 402
carbohydrates and,
123-124
cholesterol and, 79
cigarette smoking and,
11, 140, 144, 205,
208, 391
coffee and, 249
diet and, 15, 372,
391-393
ethnic groups and,
373, 374
fats and, 392
hot beverages and,
392, 393
incidence correla-
tions, 379-380, 384
iron and, 170, 172
moldy foods and, 392,
393
molybdenum and, 10,
178, 179, 392
mycotoxins and, 237,
392, 393
nitrate, nitrite, and
N-nitroso com-
pounds and, 253,
256, 258
pickled foods and,
237, 392, 393
socioeconomic status
and, 381
vegetables and,
139-140, 392, 393
vitamin A and,
139-140, 144,
vitamin C and,
144-145, 147,
179, 392
zinc and, 169-170, 171
essential fatty acids,
85, 86, 91
estragole, 243-244, 257
estrogenic compounds,
245-246
estrone, 245
ethanol, 203-207
passim, 251, 391,
400; see also
alcohol consumption
ethnic groups 73, 74, 78-
79, 131-132, 372-
374, 375, 383, 402,
404, 408, 410
ethnic groups, cancer
incidence in
(tables), 373, 375
ethyl carbamate
(urethan), 251
eugenol, 257
experimental evidence
alcohol consumption,
206-208
arsenic, 182-183, 184
B vitamins, 150-152
cadmium, 180
calories and, 68-70
carbohydrates and,
124-127
392
8, 140,
178,
OCR for page 466
466 Index
carcinogenesis
inhibitors, 358-366
contaminants, 31t-332
passim
copper, 175
dietary fiber, 132-134
fats, 83-89, 91-93
fermentation products,
251
food additives, 304-
317 passim, 332
hormones and, 251
iodine, 177-178
iron, 173
lead; 184, 185
minerals, 162-163
molybdenum, 178, 179
mycotoxins, 237-238
nitrate, nitrite, and
N-nitroso com
pounds, 254, 257
nitrosamines, see
n~trate,-nitrite,
and N-nitroso
. compounds
plant metabolites,
242-250 passim
protein, 109-116
selenium, 164-168
total caloric intake,
68-70
tryptophan and, 250
vitamin A, 141-144
vitamin C, 145-147
vitamin E, 147-149
zinc, 170-172
F
FANFT (N-[4-(5-nitro-2-
furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-
formamide), 141,
146, 307
FAD/WHO Joint Expert
Committee on Food
Additives, 219, 224
fats
and cancer, 4-5, 33,
73-93 passim,
382-383, 384
breast cancer and,
42, 73-74, 76-77,
89-90, 106-107,
382, 383-384, 407,
408, 440
colon cancer and, 4,
5, 7, 14, 42, 75-77,
81-93 passim, 383,
384, 396-401 passim
colorectal cancer
and, 7,8, 76, 132,
382, 440
dietary, 4, 5, 68-69,
73-93 passim,
106-107
dietary guidelines
for, 14-1S
diets high in, 3,
4-5, 14-15, 42, 73,
76, 77, 82, 84-88
passim, 92, 393,
, .
404, 408
diets low in, 3, 4-5,
14-15, 69, 82, 84,
87, 88, 92
endometrial cancer
and, 382, 384, 409
epidemiological
evidence on, 78-77,
89-90, 92-93
epidemiological
methods for, 36
esophageal cancer
and, 392
experimental evidence
on, 83-89, 91-93
fiber and, 6-7
gastrointestinal tract
cancer and, 75-77
hepatic cancer and,
86-87
intestinal cancer and,
75, 76, 87-89, 92,
383
mutagens, 279
organochlorine
compounds and, 318
ovarian cancer and,
74, 382, 384, 409
pancreatic cancer and,
75, 76, 87, 382,
384, 402
polyunsaturated, 4,
5, 15, 36, 73, 77,
89-93 passim,
290, 384
prostate cancer and,
4, 74, 89, 246,
383, 410, 411
protein and, 5-6,
106-107, 383
rectal cancer and, 75,
76, 107, 384,
396-401 passim
renal cancer and, 406
reproductive organs
and, 74-75
saturated, 4, 5, 15,
36, 67, 73-77
passim, 80, 85-93
passim, 132, 290,
384, 399, 400, 401,
408, 440
stomach cancer and, 75
total caloric intake
and, 66
urinary bladder
cancer and, 382, 405
see also
cholesterol;
lipids; and
specific fats
fecal steroids, 36, 81-
83, 90-91; see
al so bile acids;
bile salts
Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act, 13,
217-218, 219,
220-221, 332
fermentation products,
251
fermented milk products,
398
fiber
and cancer, 6-7, 33,
61, 82, 130-134, 359
breast cancer and, 383
caloric intake and, 4
carbohydrates and, 61,
130
colon cancer and, 7,
75, 130-134
passim, 359, 383,
384, 396-401
passim
colorectal cancer
and, 6-7, 130-134
passim, 399
crude, 130, 132
dietary, 6-7, 123,
130-134
diets high in, 6-7,
61, 131, 133
diets low in, 6-7,
76, 130, 133, 399
epidemiological
evidence on,
130-132, 134
experimental evidence
on, 132-134
pentosan fraction
and, 130, 131, 133,
398
rectal cancer and,
131, 359, 396-401
passim
total caloric intake
and, 66
vegetables and, 131
see al so speci f ic
f ibers
OCR for page 467
Index 467
fiddlehead greens and,
244, 406
Finnish Cancer Registry,
402
fish, 12, 53, 54, 60,
181, 279, 285, 292,
318, 325, 326, 329,
330, 395, 399; see
al so seafood
fish protein, 392
flavones, 11, 12, 51, Food
359, 363, 435
flavonoids, see
flavones; plant
flavonoids
Flavor and Extracts
Manufacturing Food
Association (FEMA),
224
flour, 51, 53, 54, 55,
56, 123
fluorine, 162
folate, 149, 151; see
al so B vitamins
follicular carcinoma,
176, 177
food additives
ADI and, 432
and cancer, 11, 13,
14, 15, 217-228,
304-317, 332
annual use in United
States (table), 223
· . .
carclnogenlalty,
224-228, 277,
304-317 passim
. .
carcinogenic,
suspected or proven
(table), 226-227
coloring agents, 55,
218, 220, 224
direct, 218-221
passim
epidemiological
evidence on,
304-317 passim,
332
experimental evidence
on, 304-317
passim, 332
flavoring ingredients,
218, 220, 224
human exposure to, 222
indirect, 218-221
passes
intentional, 218, 219,
220, 222, 226-227
mutagenicity, 224-225,
304-317 passim
recommendations for,
15
regulation of, 218,
219
toxicity, 224
unintentional, 218,
219, 221, 222, 227
see al so Federal
Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act; and
speck fic food
additives
Additives Amendment,
see Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic
Act
Food and Agriculture
Organization, 235
and Drug
Administration, 13,
164, 177, 181, 217,
219, 222, 254, 305,
310, 311, 313, 316,
318, 321, 325, 326,
332, 434
food constitutents,
categories of,
220-221; see also
food additives;
contaminants
food disappearance data,
33, 44, 163, 174,
383, 397; see
al so dietary data
foods
pickled, 393, 394
processed, 51-63
passim, 217-228
passim, 304-317
passim
salt-cured, 3, 15
salt-pickled, 3, 15,
396
salty, 59, 395
smoked, 12, 15, 59,
279, 292, 329, 330,
331, 394, 396
spiced, 393
starchy, 285
see also carcino-
gens; contaminants;
diets; food addi-
tives; mutagens;
nonnutrients;
nutrients; and
speck fic food s
forage crops, 163
french-fried potatoes, 60
fruit juices, 55, 252;
see also specific
f ruit juices
fruits, 3, 6, 7, 8, 15,
53, 54, 55, 56, 58,
134, 140, 147, 181,
249, 286, 288, 289,
329, 363, 381, 392,
393; see al so
Food Safety Council, speck fic fruits
Scientific fumaric acid, 222
Committee of the, fungi, 392
432, 433 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-
changes in supply,
51-62, 217
cooked, 278-286,
292, 329, 331
cured, 3, 15, 396
dried, 55, 59,
395
effects on enzyme
systems, 364-365
epidemiological
methods for, 32-36,
41-43
extracts, 43, 287-288
fermented, 237
fresh, 51-63 passim,
394
fried, 395, 408
laboratory methods
for, 38-43
moldy, 59, 237,
392, 393
mutagens in, 277-
292
mutagens in (tables),
281, 282, 283
nitrofuryl)acrylamide
(AF-2), 278
Fusarium molds, 245,
392
galangin, 286
gallbladder cancer
body weight and, 68
diets and, 404
ethnic groups and,
373, 375, 404
incidence correla-
tions, 380
gallium, 162
gallstones, 404
gastric cancer, see
stomach cancer
gastrointestinal tract
cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 16, 202
cigarette smoking
and, 16
OCR for page 468
4~68 Index
diet and, 2, 372
ethnic groups and,
372-373
fats and, 75-77
PAM's and, 330
selenium and, 163, H
164, 168
vegetables and, 358
vinyl chloride and,
314
genistein, 245, 246
genitourinary tract
cancer, selenium
and, 163
germanium, 162
ginger, 289
Glu-P-1, 280-284
passim, 290
Glu-P-2, 280-284 passim
glucose, 124, 125, 285
§-glucosidase, 248, 257
L-glutamic acid, 280-284
passim
glutathione peroxidase,
167
glutathione S-trans-
ferase, 167, 360-
365 passim
gluten, 280
glycosides, 12, 248,
287, 292
geographical differences,
and cancer, 372-384
passim
grains, 6, 7, 15, 51,
53, 56, 134, 178,
179, 329, 381, 393;
see also specific
grains
grape juice, 249, 288
grapes, 250
GRAS (Generally
Recognized as Safe)
substances, 218,
219, 220, 311; see
also Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic
Act; food additives
green and yellow vege-
tables, 11, 138-140,
143, 243, 358-359,
366, 396; see
also cruciferous
vegetables;
raw vegetables;
vegetables; and
speck fic vegetabl es
green peppers, 289
groundnuts, 236
gums, 130
Gyromitra esculenta hypochlorhydria, 172,
(mushroom), 393
241-242, 257
I
ham, 254, 406
hamburgers, 285
hard liquor, see liquor
barman, 289-290
heart diseases, see
cardiovascular
disease; coronary
heart disease;
noncoronary heart
disease
heliotrine, 242, 243
Heliotropium
(heliotropes), 242
Belix pomatia ( snail),
287
hematochromatosis, 172
hematopoietic system,
cholesterol and, 79
hemicellulose, 130
hemin, 290
hepatic cancer, see
liver cancer
hepatitis, 204
hepatitis B virus, 204,
236-237, 240, 401,
402
hepatitis-associated
antigen (HAA), 202
hepatomas, see liver
cancer
heptachlor, 318, 319,
320, 325; see
also organo-
chlorine compounds
heredity, and cancer, 23
hexachlorobenzene (HCB),
319, 320, 325; see
also organo-
chlorine compounds
Hodgkin's disease, 79,
164
hormones, 18, 66, 251,
316-317, 409
human studies, see
dietary data;
epidemiological
evidence; epidemio-
logical methods;
cancer risk,
assessment of
hydrazines, 12, 240-242,
257
hydroxylating enzymes,
167
indium, 162
indole-3-carbinol, 362,
365
indoles, 11, 62, 359,
362, 365, 366
inhibitors, see cancer
risk; carcinogenesis
inositol, 151; see also
B vitamins
International Agency for
Research on Cancer,
224, 234, 306
intestinal cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 108, 400
cadmium and, 179
caloric intake and, 67
causes, 23
copper and, 174
diet and, 382
fats and, 75, 76, 77
87-89, 92, 383
fiber and, see colon
cancer
lead and, 184
protein and,
107-108, 114
zinc and, 169
see also colon
cancer; colorectal
cancer; gastro-
intestinal tract
cancer; rectal
cancer
insecticides, see
pesticides
· . ~
lOC , lne
and cancer, 10,
175-178
breast cancer and,
176, 177
deficiency, 177
endometrial cancer
and, 176, 177
epidemiological
evidence, 176, 177,
178
experimental evidence
177-178
ovarian cancer and,
176, 177
thyroid cancer and,
10, 176, 177, 178
see al so minerals
OCR for page 469
Index 469
IQ, 282, 283, 285; see
also amino acids,
pyrolysates
iron
proteins and, 106
vinyl chloride and,
314
see also renal
cancer
alimentary tract
cancer and, 172
and cancer, 9, 10,
172-173, 179
deficiency of, 10,
172, 173, 393-394
epidemiological
evidence on, 172-173
esophageal cancer
and, 170, 172
experimental evidence
on, 173
heme, 62
hepatic cancer and,
173
high concentrations
of, 10 laboratory studies,
laryngeal cancer and,
172
lung cancer and, 172
nutritional status
and, 206
Plummer-Vinson
syndrome and,
stomach cancer
10, 172, 173
supply, 51
vitamins and, 172
ischemic heart disease,
78, 384
isorhamnetin, 286
isothiocyanates, 11, 51,
62
jams, 286
K
206
and,
ksempferol, 12, 286,
288, 292
kahweol palmitate, 365
kale, 60, 329
Kanechlor 400, 325, 326
Kepone (chlordecone),
319, 321, 324: see
also organo-
chlorine compounds
kidney, cancer of
alcohol consumption
and, 202
ethnic groups and,
373, 375
lead and, 184
L
laboratory animals,
see experimental
evidence
laboratory methods
· ·
carclnogenesls and,
38-43
evaluation of, 43-46
molecular structure
analysis, 38-39
short-term tests,
39-40
see experimental
evidence;
laboratory methods
laburnum shrubs, 248
lactose, 125, 126
lamb, 399
lard, 58, 59, 83, 85, 88
laryngeal cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 11, 139, 145,
202, 204, 208, 383,
391
cigarette smoking
and, 11, 139, 145,
208, 391
diet and, 383
iron and, 172
vegetables and, 139
vitamin A and, 7,
139, 143, 145
vitamin C and, 139,
145
lasiocarpine, 242, 243
lead
and cancer, 10-11,
162, 179, 184-186
carclnogen~cley,
184-185
drinking water and,
184-185
epidemiological
evidence on, 184-185
experimental
evidence on, 184-185
intestinal cancer
and, 184
kidney cancer and,
184
leukemia and, 184
mutagenicity, 18S
ovarian cancer and,
184
stomach cancer and,
184
lead compounds, and
cancer, 181-185
lecithin, 222
legumes, 108
leiomyomas, 19
lemons, 250
lettuce, 289-290, 358,
395, 396; see
also raw vegetables
leukemias
amino acids and, 110
ascorbic acid and, 110
cadmium and, 179
caloric intake and, 67
cholesterol and, 79
copper and, 174
lead and, 184
pesticides and, 318
proteins and, 114
types of, 19, 22
selenium and, 163
zinc and, 169, 170
lignin, 130
lima beans, 363
lime, 174
1indane, 318, 319, 321,
325
linear dose-response
model, 432
linoleate, 84; see also
essential fatty
acids; poly-
unsaturated fatty
acids
linoleic acid, 85, 86,
87, 132, 290; see
also essential
fatty acids; poly-
unsaturated fatty
acids
lentils, 392
lip, cancer of the,
see oral cavity
cancer
lipids, 4-5, 73-93, 148;
see also choles-
terol; fats
lipoperoxides, 167
lipoproteins, 81
liposomes, 82
lipotropes, 86, 89, 91,
151, 206
liquor, 329, 406; see
also alcohol
consumption
liver (food), 7, 138,
139, 140, 410
OCR for page 470
470 Index
liver cancer
AAF and, 86-87
aflatoxins and, 401,
402
alcohol consumption
and, 11, 204, 208,
401-402
arsenic and, 182
B vitamins and, 150,
151
cadmium and, 180
carbohydrates and, 126
cholesterol and, 78,
79
choline and, 26, 27
cigarette smoking
and, 11
cycasin and, 248
diets and, 372,
401-402
ethnic groups and,
373, 374, 375, 402
fats and, 86-87
incidence
correlations,
379-380, 384
iron and, 173
Mormons and, 402
mycotoxins and,
236-240 passim,
257, 401, 402
PCB's and, 326 passim, 285; see
selenium and, 164, 165 also amino acids
socioeconomic status
and, 381
vinyl chloride and,
314
see also cirrhosis
log-linear model, 432
log-logistic model, 432,
433
log-normal model, 432,
433
low fat diets, see
diets
low fat milk, 61
lung cancer
acrylonitrile and, 315
alcohol consumption
and, 202, 204
arsenic and, 182, 183
cadmium and, 179
carotenes and, 139,
143, 405
cholesterol and, 79
cigarette smoking
and, 1, 20-21, 23,
25, 139, 372, 378,
404, 405
copper and, 174
diet and, 14, 25,
404-405
ethnic groups and, 373
incidence
correlations,
20-21, 379, 384
iron and, 172
PAM's and, 329, 331
pesticides and, 319
selenium and, 163
socioeconomic status
and, 379-381
vegetables and, 139,
143, 404
vinyl chloride and,
314
vitamin A and,
138-139, 143,
405
zinc and, 170
lymphatic system
cholesterol and, 79
vinyl chloride and,
314
lymph node cancer,
behavior and,
Lys-P-1, 280-284
254, 279, 284-285,
292, 318, 326, 329,
330, 381, 382, 397,
398, 403, 406, 408;
see also specific
meats
MeAaC, 280-284 passim
MeIQ, 282, 283
MeIQx, 282, 283
mercury, cadmium and, 167
methionine, 86, 110, 151;
see also amino
acids
methodology, see
7,
404
cell
19
passim; see
a l so amino acids,
pyrolysates
lysine, 280-284
M
macaroni, 58
macrozamine, 248
magnesium, 51, 52, 170,
393
maize, 202, 393
malathion, 319, 322;
see al so organo-
phosphates
malonaldehyde, 167
mammary tumors, see
breast cancer
manganese, 175
maple syrup, 249
margarine, 58, 313, 315,
408, 410
Market Basket Surveys,
13, 179, 181, 222,
318, 321, 332
mathematical models,
432-434
meats, 12, 53, 54, 60,
62, 73, 74, 76,
106, 107-108, 109,
163, 181, 252, 253,
dietary data;
epidemiological
methods
methoxychlor, 321
metrifonate, 360
metronidazole, 360
3-methyl-4-aminoazo-
benzene (3'-DMAB),
326
methyl donors, 26
methyl parathion, 319,
322; see also
organophosphates
methylazoxymethanol
(MAM), 132-133,
248, 361
methylxanthines,
247-248, 257
3-methylcholanthrene
(3-MCA), 69, 81,
83, 110, 114, 141,
146, 148, 290, 311,
329
methylquanidine, 174
methylurea, 145
migrants, see migration
migration, 20, 23-25,
374-376, 384, 398,
403, 407
milk, 61, 109, 139, 140,
235, 245, 279, 288,
325, 396, 398, 399,
402, 406, 407, 408,
410
milk products, 61, 410
millet, 170, 393
mineral oil, 331
minerals
and cancer, 9-11,
162-186, 359
availability in food
supply, 51
epidemiological
evidence on, 162
experimental evidence
on, 162-163
toxicity, 30
OCR for page 471
Index 471
carcinogenicity of,
284, 287
comutagens, 278,
288-292 passim
cooked foods and,
278-286, 292
cooked foods and
(tables), 281, 282,
283
fatty acids and, 290
in food and beverage
extracts, 287-288
low-temperature meat
and, 284-285
nitrites and, 290-291
plant flavonoids and,
286-287, 292
see al so speck f ic
mutagens
mutton, 330, 394
mycotoxins
and cancer, 12, 26,
234-240, 257
carcinogenicity and
mutagenicity
(table), 239
colon cancer and, 237
epidemiological
evidence on,
236-237, 238-239
experimental
evidence on,
236-238, 257
esophageal cancer
and, 237, 392, 393
liver cancer and,
236-240 passim,
257, 401
tumors and, 236, 238,
257
see al so speck f ic
mycotoxins
myocardial infarction,
398
myricetin, 286, 288
see al so speck f ic
mineral s
mint leaf, 289
mirestrol, 245
miticides, 318
molds, see mycotoxins
molybdenum
and cancer, 10,
178-179
ascorbic acid and, 1
deficiency of, 178,
179
epidemiological
evidence on, 178,
179
esophageal cancer
and, 10, 178, 179,
392
experimental
evidence on, 178,
179
stomach cancer and, 10
monocrotaline, 242, 243,
257
Mormons, 381-382, 384,
398, 402, 403, 410
morpholine, 145
mouth cancer, see oral
cavity cancer
multihit model, 433
multistage model, 433,
434
mushrooms, 12, 240-242,
257, 289; see
al so hydrazines;
and speck f ic
mushrooms
mustard greens, 290
mutagenesis
antioxidants and,
291-292
cancer experiments
and, 21-22, 26-28
carbohydrates and,
285-286
laboratory methods
for, 39-40, 41-43
modifiers of, 289-292 N
tests for, 277-278, N-methyl-N'-nitro-
see also mutagens
mutagenicity tests,
277-278, 435-436;
see al so mutagens
mutagens
and cancer, 12,
21-22, 26, 217,
277-292
antimutagens, 288-292
passim
_78
N-nitrosoguanidine
(MNNG), 82, 89,
142, 174, 291
N-methylaniline, 145
N-nitroso compounds,
8, 11, 15, 145,
146, 147, 148, 151,
237, 252-258
passim, 324, 330,
392, 393, 396; see
al so carbamates;
nitrosamines;
pesticides
N-nitrosocarbaryl, 324
N-nitrosodiethylamine
(NDEA), 326
N-nitrosomethylurea
(NMU), 83, 85, 88,
133, 307, 309, 364
N-nitrosonornicotine,
207
N-nitrosopyrrolidine,
207, 253
N-nitrososarcosine, 178
p-naphthoflavone, 363
National Cancer
Institute, 305, 372
National Cancer
Institute Carcino-
genesis Bioassay
Program, 224
National Cancer Survey
(1959-1971), third,
378
National Research
Council, 234
nickel, 162, 175, 179
nicotinic acid, 51, 52,
170, 393; see
al so B vitamins
niobium, 162
nitrate, nitrite, and
N-nitroso
compounds
and cancer, 252-257,
258
dietary guidelines
for, 15
epidemiological
evidence on,
253-254, 256
esophageal cancer
and, 253, 256, 258
experimental evidence
on, 254-257
in foods, levels of
human exposure to,.
252-254, 258
stomach cancer and,
253, 254, 256, 258,
393-394
urinary bladder
cancer and, 254
see al so nitrates;
nitrites; N-
nitroso compounds
nitrates, 172, 178, 179,
252-258 passim,
393, 394, 395, 396;
see al so nitrate,
nitrite, and
N-nitroso
compounds
OCR for page 472
472 Index
nitrites, 145, 148, 172,
179, 247, 252-258
passim, 290, 324,
330, 394, 396; see
al so nitrate,
nitrite, and
N-nitroso
compounds
2-nitrofluorene, 290
nitrofuran, 250
nitrosamines, 8, 10,
144, 149, 172, 119,
207, 247, 253, 258,
291, 324, 331, 392,
396, 406; see also
N-nitroso compounds
nitrosodiethylamine, 255,
361
nitrosodimethylamine,
248, 255, 312
nitrosomethylbenzylamine
(NMBA), 171
nonnutritive dietary
components, 3, 11,
15, 62, 217-228,
234-258, 277-292,
304-332, 358-366;
see also specific
nonnutrients; non-
nutritive dietary
components
norharman, 289-290
nucleic acid, 169
nutrients
and cancer, 3, 11,
51-63
annual per capita
intake of, 53-56
daily per capita
intake of, 51-53
dietary guidelines
for, 14-16
epidemiological
studies on, 32, 33,
36, 66-68
.total caloric intake
and, 66-70
see also specific
nutrients
nutritional status,
alcohol and, 206
nuts, 53, 235, 249; see
also speck fic nuts
o
obesity, 3, 28, 30, 66,
67-68, 69, 91, 404,
409
79
organochlorine
pesticides (table),
320-323, 332
organophosphates, 318,
319, 324; see also
specific compounds
Office of Technology
Assessment (OTA),
434
oils, 73, 402, 405, 410;
see also specific
oils
oleic acid, 132, 290
olive oil, 315, 331
onions, 280, 288
opium, 392
oral cavity cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 11, 202-208
passim, 383, 391
cadmium and, 179
cigarette smoking
and, 11, 205, 206,
208, 391
cholesterol and,
coffee and, 246
diets and, 383
socioeconomic
status and, 379-381
zinc and, 170
orange juice, 36, 55
oranges, 36, 250
organic compounds,
natural and
synthetic, 317
organochlorine
compounds, 14,
317-325 passim:
see also
contaminants;
organochlorine
pesticides;
pesticides
iodine and, 176, 177
lead and, 184
Mormons and, 382
selenium and, 163
zinc and, 170
oxytetracycline, 145
p
pai-kan, 202
palladium, 162, 163
palm kernels, 245
palmitic acid, 290
pancreatic cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 202, 403
cholesterol and, 78,
79
cigarette smoking
and, 403
coffee and, 246, 403
diabetes and, 403
diets and, 372, 382,
402-403
ethnic groups and,
373, 374, 375
fats and, 75, 76,
86-87, 382, 384, 402
incidence correla-
tions, 379-380, 384
migration and, 403
Mormons and, 403
proteins and, 106,
108, 402
saccharin and, 306,
308
selenium and, 163
socioeconomic status
and, 381
sugar and, 123
parasorbic acid, 250, 257
parathion, 319, 322, 324;
ovarian cancer see also organo-
phosphates
Parsi/Hindu communities,
382
parsley, 290
peaches, 288
peanut oil, 82, 236
peanuts, 170, 235, 236,
393
pears, 250
peas, 53
pecans, 235
pectin, 130, 133
pentachloronitrobenzene
(PCNB), 320
pentosans, 130, 131,
133, 398; see
also fiber
body weight and, 68
breast cancer and,
cigarette smoking
and, 382
colon cancer and, 410
diets and, 372, 382,
409-410
endometrial cancer
and, 410
ethnic groups and, 373
fats and, 74, 382,
384, 409
incidence
correlations,
378-380
incidence rates,
378-380, 384
410
OCR for page 473
Index 473
perchlorate, 177 polYchlorinated
pernicious anemia, 172,
394
pesticides, 14, 60, 62,
182, 219, 221, 222,
224, 317-325; see
also contaminants:
organochlorine
compounds; organo-
chlorine pesticides;
and speck f ic
pesticides
pharyngeal cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 202, 204
cadmium and, 179
cigarette smoking
and, 205
Phe-P-1, 280-284
passim; see
a l so amino acids,
pyrolysates
phenacetin, 365
phenanthrene, 207
phenethyl
isothiocyanate, 362
phenols, 11, 149, 252,
256, 359, 360-362,
366; see also
butylated hydroxy-
anisole; butylated
hydroxytoluene;
and specific
antioxidants
phenylalanine, 310; see
al so amino acids;
Phe-P-1
phorbol esters, 22, 307,
364; see also
cancer, promoters
(agents) of
phosphorus, 52
phytohemagglutinin, 312
pickled vegetables, 237,
392, 395
pickles, 286, 392, 393
pineapple, 289
piperazine, 145
pistachios, 235
pituitary gland, 111
plant flavonoids,
286-287, 292; see
also flavones
plant metabolites,
242-250, 257
Plummer-Vinson syndrome,
172, 173, 206
polybrominated biphenyls
(PBB's), 328; see
also contaminants
biphenyls (PCB's),
14, 279, 325-327,
328, 332; car-
cinogenicity of
(table), 327;
mutagenicity of
(table), 327; see
also contaminants
polychlorinated
dibenzofurans,
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAH's), 14, 39,
141, 207, 277,
278-279, 292,
328-331, 332, 364,
396; see also
contaminants
325
polypopsis, 398
polyunsaturated fatty
acids, 165, 167, 168
polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), 313
pork, 74, 108, 383, 398,
408, 410
potassium arsenite, 182
potatoes, 53, 54, 55,
56, 58, 60, 123,
126, 131, 181, 285,
393, 398, 402, 408
poultry, 53, 54, 60,
109, 181, 318
powdered milk, 182, 245
praziquantel, 360
primary hepatocellular
carcinoma (PHC),
236-237
probit model, 433
propenylic benzene
derivatives, 243-244
p-propiolactone, 291
prostate cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 202
cadmium and, 179,
180, 181, 410-411
coffee and, 246, 410
DES and, 316
diet and, 372, 383,
410-411
ethnic groups and,
74, 373, 374, 375,
410
fats and, 4, 74, 89,
246, 383, 410, 411
incidence correla-
tions, 378, 384
Mormons and, 410
protein and, 106,
109, 410, 411
selenium and, 163
vegetables and, 411
vitamin A and, 140,
410, 411
zinc and, 169, 170
protease inhibitors,
359, 360, 363-364
protein
and cancer, 5-6, 33,
106-116, 382-383
B vitamins and, 150
breast cancer and,
73, 74, 106-107,
407, 408
cervical cancer and,
382
colon cancer and,
107-108, 400
colorectal cancer
and, 106, 107, 132
diets high in,
112-115 passim
diets low in, 112-llS
passim
endometrial cancer
and, 106, 109
epidemiological
evidence on,
106-109, 116
epidemiological
methods for, 36
experimental evidence
on, 109-116
fats and, 5-6, 106-
107, 383
intestinal cancer
and, 107-108, 114
kidney cancer and,
106
laboratory diets and,
43
pancreatic cancer
and, 106, 108, 402
prostate cancer and,
106, 109, 410, 411
pyrolyzed, 279-284
passim, 292
renal cancer and,
109, 406
selenium and, 164, 168
stomach cancer and,
382
pyridoxine, 149, 152;
see al so B
vitamins
pyrolyzed amino acids,
279-284 passim,
290, 292; see also
speci fic pyrolysis
products
OCR for page 474
474 Index
pyrolyzed proteins,
279-284 passim,
292
pyrrolizidine alkaloids,
242-243, 257, 401
Q
quercetin, 12, 245, 286,
287, 288, 292
quercetin pentamethyl
ether, 363
R
radiation, 24, 173, 364
radioactive substances,
natural and
synthetic, 317
raisins, 288
raspberries, 288
Recommended Dietary
Allowances, 169,
438
raw vegetables, 358,
359, 395, 396; see
also cruciferous
vegetables; vege-
tables; and spe-
cific vegetables
rectal cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 202, 203, 208,
400, 401
body weight and, 68
calories and, 67, 400
cholesterol and, 78,
80
diet and, 372,
396-401 passim
ethnic groups and,
373, 375
fats and, 75, 76,
107, 384, 396-401
passim
fiber and, 131, 359,
396-401 passim
migration and, 376
incidence
correlations,
378-380, 384
Mormons and, 382
Pars i/Hindu
communities and, 382
protein and, 107, 400
selenium and, 163
socioeconomic status
and, 379
vegetables and,
396-401 passim
red cabbage, 358; see
also raw vegetables
religious groups, 73-74,
76, 381-382, 384,
398, 402, 403, 410;
see also Mormons;
Pars i/Hi ndu
communities;
Seventh-Day
Adventists
renal cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 406
cadmium and, 180,
181, 406
cigarette smoking
and, 406
coffee and, 246, 406
diet and, 406
fats and, 406
migration and, 376
protein and, 109, 406
socioeconomic status
and, 379
respiratory tract cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 11, 16, 205,
206, 208
cigarette smoking
and, 1, 11, 16,
205, 206, 208
diets and, 2, 372
vinyl chloride and,
314
see al so lung
cancer; and other
specific cancers
retinoids, 8, 141, 142,
144; see al so
vitamin A
retinal, preformed,
see v itamin A
retinyl acetate, 142
retrorsine, 242, 243
rhodium, 162, 163
riboflavin, see
vitamin B2
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
177, 279
rice, 288
rice gruel, tea-cooked,
392
rice oil, 325
risk assessment, see
cancer risk
roughage, 131, 398
rutin, 363
S
saccharin, 13, 57,
304-309, 332, 406;
see also food
additives
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, 185,
244, 249
Safe Drinking Water
Committee, 431,
434, 435
safflower oil, 89
safrole, 243-244, 257,
401
Salmonella sp., see
Ames test;
Salmonella
typhimurium
Salmonella /microsome
assay, see Ames
test; Salmonella
typhimurium
Salmonella
typhimurium, 39,
173, 241, 242, 244,
247, 249, 278, 279,
285-291 passim,
307; see also
Ames test
salt, 222
salt-cured (salt-pickled)
foods, 3, 15, 396;
see also pickled
vegetables; pickles
salted fish, 395
sardines, 280, 282, 289
sassafras, 243
sausages, 254, 406
Schizasaccharomyces
pombe, 314
scurvy, 30, 51
seafood, 109, 163, 279,
329; see also fish
seeds, 363
Select Committee on GRAS
Substances (SCOGS),
224
selenate, 163, 164, 165
selenides, 164
seleniferous grains, 164
selenite, 162, 165
selenium
and cancer, 9-10,
162, 163-168
as an antioxidant, 291
antitumor effects,
165-167, 168
breast cancer and,
163, 164
cadmium and, 167
OCR for page 475
Index 475
carcinogenicity,
164-165
colon cancer and,
163, 397
colorectal cancer
and, 164, 397
copper and, 174
dietary levels of,
9-10, 163-165
diets high in, 164
diets low in, 165
drinking water and,
164
epidemiological
evidence on,
163-164, 168
experimental evident
on, 164-168
gastrointestinal
tract cancer and,
163, 164, 168
genitourinary tract
cancer and, 163
leukemia and, 163
liver cancer and,
164, 165
lung cancer and, 163
mercury and, 167
mutagenicity of, 167
ovarian cancer and,
163
pancreatic cancer
and, 163
prostate cancer and,
163
protein and, 164, 168
rectal cancer and, 163
skin cancer and, 163
toxicity, 9, 163,
167, 168
urinary bladder
cancer and, 163
Senecio (ragworts), 242
senkirkine, 242, 243
serum glutamic-pyruvic
transaminase
(SGPT), 148
Seventh-Day Adventists,
73-74, 381, 384,
398, 399
shallot, 289
sheep, 316
shellfish, 279, 329;
see also seafood
shochu, 202
short-term tests, see
mutagenicity tests
shortening, 58, 59; see
also fats
single-hit model, 433
p-sitosterol, 359, 364
skim milk powder, 68
skin cancer
arsenic and, 182, 183
cadmium and, 179
cigarette smoking
and, 378
copper and, 174
experimentally
induced, 21-22
PAM's and, 329, 331
retinoids and, 143,
144
selenium and, 163
sunlight and, 24
vinyl chloride and,
314
vitamin A and, 143,
144
zinc and, 169
smoked foods, 12, 15, 59,
279, 292, 329, 330,
331, 394, 396; see
also specific foods
socioeconomic status,
379-381, 384, 397,
409
sodium ascorbate, 291
sodium chenodeoxycholate,
82; see also bile
salts
sodium cyclamate, 308,
309; see al so
cyclamates
sodium lithocholate, 82;
see al so bile
salts
sodium nitrite, 148, 290;
see also nitrate,
nitrite, and N-
nitroso compounds
sodium saccharin, 304,
307; see also
saccharin
soft drinks, 55, 310, 406
soil, 279
sorbic acid, 255-256
Sorbus aucuparia
(mountain ash), 250
soybeans, 53, 56, 182,
245, 280, 281, 363
spices, 289; see also
specific spices
spinach, 290, 329, 364;
see also raw
vegetables
squamous cells, 141, 142
starches, 58, 62, 108,
123, 124, 126, 279
stearic acid, 290
steroid hormones, 365
stomach cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 202
cadmium and, 180
caloric intake and, 67
carbohydrates and,
123, 126
cholesterol and, 78
cigarette smoking
and, 140, 358, 377,
382, 396
copper and, 169, 174
decreased incidence
of, 378
diet and, 14, 15,
372, 382, 383,
393-396
ethnic groups and,
373, 374, 375
fats and, 75
incidence cor-
relations, 378-380
incidence rate, 21
lead and, 184
migration and, 374,
394, 395, 396
milk and, 396
molybdenum and, 10
Mormons and, 382
nitrate, nitrite, and
N-nitroso com-
pounds and, 253,
254, 256, 258, 330,
393-394
PAM's and, 329-330,
331
pesticides and, 319,
324
protein and, 382
salt-cured foods and,
254, 256, 258, 324,
331, 393-396
passed
smoked foods and,
329-330, 331, 394,
396
socioeconomic status
and, 379
starches and, 123
vinyl chloride and,
314
vegetables and, 358
vitamin A and, 140
vitamin C and, 8,
144, 147, 395, 396
zinc and, 169
strawberries, 288
stress, and cancer, 24
sucrose, 111, 124, 125
sugars, 13, 53, 54, 73,
108, 123, 124, 126,
OCR for page 476
476 Index
222, 285, 286, 310,
382, 402; see also
speck fic sugars and
nonnutritive
sweeteners
sunlight, and cancer, 24
supplements (dietary),
8, 9, 139, 144, 169
Surveillance,
Epidemiology, and
End Results (SEER)
Program, 372, 378
sweet potatoes, 53, 60
sweeteners,
nonnutritive, see
aspartame;
cyclamates;
saccharin; sugars
symphytine, 242, 243
Symphy f us s p.
(comfrey), 243
tannin acid, see
tannins
tannins, 249-250, 257
tarragon, 243
tea, 224, 247, 249, 286,
287-288, 381, 403,
406
tellurium, 162
testicular cancer,
incidence cor-
relations, 378
2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-
dibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD), 173
theobromine, 247
theophylline, 247
thiamine, 30, 149,
see al so B
vitamins
thiocyanate, 256
thiourea, 248-249,
thyroid cancer
copper and, 174
iodine and, 10, 176
tin, 162
tissues
abnormal, 18-20
normal growth of,
17-18
titanium, 162
tobacco, 329, 381; see
also alcohol
consumption;
cigarette smoking;
lung cancer
152;
a-tocopherol, see
vitamin E
tofu, 279, 288
o-toluenesulfonamide, 306
tomato products, 55, 56
tomatoes, 60, 250, 395
tongue cancer, see
oral cavity cancer
tonka beans, 249
total caloric intake,
see calories
total fat, see fats
total proteins, see
protein
toxaphene, 318, 319, 321,
325; see also
organochlorine
compounds
trace elements, 11, 162-
163, 179, 181, 184,
392; see also
specific elements
trace minerals, 51, 317,
393; see also
specific minerals
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-
phosphate, 278
trout, 330, 394
Trp-P-1, 280-284
passim, 290; see
also amino acids,
pyrolyeates
Trp-P-2, 280-284
passim, 290; see
also amino acids,
pyrolysates
tryptophan, 151, 250,
280-284 passim,
289
tumors, see car-
cinogenesis; and
specific nutrient
or nonnutritive
component
Turner's syndrome, 316
257 Tussilago farfara
(coltsfoot), 243,
257
type IV hyperlipoprotein-
emia, 404
U
United Nations Environ-
ment Program, 235
,-unsaturated esters,
243
upper alimentary tract,
see alimentary
cancer
upper respiratory tract,
see respiratory
tract cancer and
lung cancer
urethane, 183, 312, 361
uridine diphosphate
(UDP), 360
urinary bladder cancer
alcohol consumption
and, 406
aniline dyes and, 20
cadmium and, 179
cigarette smoking
and, 139, 304, 405
coffee and, 246, 405,
406
cyclamates and, 304,
305, 309
diet and, 2, 372,
382, 405-406
ethnic groups and,
373, 374, 375
fats and, 382, 405
incidence cor-
relations, 378
nitrate, nitrite, and
N-nitroso com-
pounds and, 254
nonnutritive
sweeteners and,
405, 406
saccharin and,
304-306, 307, 309,
406
selenium and, 163
vegetables and, 143,
406
vitamin A and, 7, 8,
139, 141, 143, 406
socioeconoimc status
and, 381
zinc and, 170
U.S. Congress, 434
U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 36,
240, 316
uterine cancer, see
endometrial cancer
V
vaginal cancer, DES and,
316, 317
vanadium, 162
vegetable oils, 8, 36,
59, 147, 279, 329;
see al so fats,
polyunsaturated
vegetables, 3, 6, 7, 8,
11, 12, 15, 36, 53,
OCR for page 477
Index 477
54, 55, 56, 60, 61,
62, 131, 134, 138,
139, 140, 143, 145,
147, 178, 181, 243,
252, 279, 288, 289,
290, 292, 329,
358-359, 363, 364,
365, 366, 381, 392,
393, 394, 395, 396,
398, 399, 400, 403,
404, 411, 435; see
also speck tic
vegetabl es
Verticil l sum
albo~atrum, 248
vinegars, 286, 313
vinyl chloride, 13,
313-315, 332; see
also food additives
vitamin A
and cancer, 7-8,
138-144
as an antioxidant, 291
bladder calculi and,
125
p-carotene and, 138, 140,
143
colon cancer and, 142
colorectal cancer
and, 140, 399
deficiency, 7, 125,
126, 141-142, 206
epidemiological
evidence on, 138
epidemiological
methods for, 35
esophageal cancer
and, 139-140, 144,
392
excess, 142
experimental evidence
on, 141-144
foods containing, and
cancer, 138-144
passim
laryngeal cancer and,
7, 139, 143, 145
lung cancer and, 7,
138-139, 143, 404,
405
naturally occurring,
143
preformed, 62, 138,
405
prostate cancer and,
140, 410, 411
retinoids and, 138,
141, 143, 144
stomach cancer and,
140
toxicity of, 141-144
urinary bladder
cancer and, 7, 8,
139, 141, 143, 406
vegetable consumption
and, 61
see al so vitamins
vitamin B1, 51, 52;
see al so ~
vitamins; vitamins
vitamin B2 (riboflavin),
51, 52, 149, 150,
152, 170, 206, 392,
393; see also B
vitamins; vitamins
vitamin Be, 52, 151;
see al so P.
vitamins; vitamins
vitamin B12, 52, 149,
151, 152; see
also B vitamins;
vitamins
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
added, 58
and cancer, 7-8, 138,
144-147
antioxidant proper-
ties, 291
citrus fruits and,
60-61, 144
colon cancer and,
145, 146
colorectal cancer
and, 132
deficiency, 51, 146
endometrial cancer
and, 145
epidemiological
evidence on, 144-145
epidemiological
methods for, 36
esophageal cancer
and, 8, 140,
144-145, 147, 178,
179, 392
experimental evidence
on, 145-147
foods containing, and
cancer, 144-147
pass ~ m
high concentrations, 8
laryngeal cancer and,
139, 145
low concentrations, 8
nitrate, nitrite, and
N-nitroso com-
pounds and, 252,
253, 255
stomach cancer and,
8, 144, 147, 395,
396
scurvy and, 51
see also vitamins
vitamin E (~-tocopherol)
and cancer, 7, 8-9,
138, 147-149
antioxidant proper-
ties, 291
epidemiological
evidence on, 147
experimental evidence
on, 147-149
nitrate, nitrite, and
N-nitroso com-
pounds and, 253, 256
see also vitamins
v i tamins
and cancer, 7-9, 11,
138-152, 359
iron and, 172
nutritional status
and, 206
supply, 51
toxicity, 30
see also specific
vitamins
Vivonex, 89
W
walnuts, 235
wheat, 169-170, 393
wheat breads, 398
wheat germ oil, 148
wheat sprouts, 289
whiskies, 202, 288, 329
whole grain products, 6,
8, 15, 51, 147;
see also cereals;
grains
whole milk, 61, 138
whole wheat products, 7,
55, 134
wieners, 408
wines, 182, 202, 203,
208, 249, 251, 287,
288, 392, 400, 403,
406; see also
alcohol consumption
woodruff, 249
World Health Organiza-
tion, 181, 235, 321
X
xenobiotic compounds, 146
xylitol, 125-126, 127
OCR for page 478
478 Index
y
yams, 170, 393
yeast, 39, 286
yogurt, 61, 251
Yusho disease, 325
yttrium, 162
Zzearalenone, 245, 257
zinc
and cancer, 10,
169-172
bowel cancer and, 170
breast cancer and,
169, 170
bronchogenic cancer
and, 170, 171
copper and, 169, 170
deficiency, 206, 393
epidemiological
evidence on,
169-170, 171, 172
esophageal cancer
and, 169-170, 171
experimental evidence
on, 170-172
intestinal cancer
and, 169
leukemia and, 169, 170
lung cancer and, 170
oral cavity cancer
and, 170
ovarian cancer and,
170
prostate cancer and,
169, 170
skin cancer and, 169
stomach cancer and,
169
urinary tract cancer
and, 170
see al so minerals
zirconium, 162
Zymbal's gland, cancer,
of, and vinyl
chloride, 314
Representative terms from entire chapter:
epidemiological evidence
